the challenges of integrating photovoltaic systems on power quality

7/22/2019 The Challenges of Integrating Photovoltaic Systems on Power Quality

1/99


2/99

kk

k. MOD@FQF]KJB9

K, Qj`fbm Bshkotoh Eueuùh mod`fro thft thks thosks ks obtkro`y tho prjmudt

jn ey jwb wjrl fbm hfs bjt aoob prosobtom jr suaekttom kb fby

kbstktutkjb jr ubkvorskty. ]ho kmofs tflob nrje jthor futhjrs hfvo aoob

prjpor`y fdlbjwòmgom fbm ronorobdom. ]hus tho thosks obtktòm tho

dhf`òbgos jn kbtogrftkbg phjtjvj`tfkd systoes jb pjwor quf`kty eoots

tho rogu`ftkjbs fbm roqukroeobts gjvorbkbg tho fwfrm jn f ATd.

(Hjbjurs) kb Oborgy Tystoes fbm Kbmustrkf` Futjeftkjb jn tho Kbstktuto jn

]odhbj`jgy A`fbdhfrmstjwb, Mua`kb, Kro`fbm.


3/99

kkk

kk. FAT]QFD]9Kb tho pfst, fbm ovob tjmfy, tho quf`kty jn pjwor hfm fbm hfs f`wfys

aoob fb frof jn djbdorb tj prjnosskjbf`s kb tho nko`m jn OòdtrkdfÒbgkboorkbg aut tho kbtorost kb pjwor quf`kty hfs aoob robowom fgfkb muo

tj tho morogu`ftkjb jn tho oòdtrkdkty efrlot fbm tho djeekteobt jn

bftkjbs tj dut mjwb groobhjuso gfs oeksskjbs fbm shjrtfgos kb njssk` nuo`.

Fs sudh, Shjtjvj`tfkd systoes djbstktuto jbo jn tho efkb rofsjbs njr tho

robowom kbtorost kb pjwor quf`kty.

]hks thosks `jjls kbtj tho kepfdts jn kbtogrftkbg phjtjvj`tfkd p`fbts jb

pjwor quf`kty fbm tho rosu`ts rovofòm thft tho vj`tfgo supp`kom ay tho

kbvortor djbtfkbs hfrejbkds thft oxdooms tho ?% stftom `kekt jn tho

Kbstktutkjb jn Oòdtrkdf` fbm Oòdtrjbkds Obgkboors rogu`ftkjb ?6;-6;;1.

]ho supp`y jatfkbom nrje tho S^ kbvortor wfs djepfrom tj thft supp`kom

ay tho Oòdtrkdkty supp`y ajfrm jn Kro`fbm ubmor sfeo `jfm djbmktkjbs fbm

fs kt wju`m fppofr nrje tho eofsuroeobts djbmudtom, tho tjtf` hfrejbkd

mkstjrtkjbs njr tho vj`tfgo whob pjworom nrje tho Oòdtrkdf` supp`y ajfrmjn Kro`fbm wfs wkthkb tho fddoptfaò `kekt jn tho Kbstktutkjb jn Oòdtrkdf`

Obgkboors rogu`ftkjb ?6;-6;;1.

Sjwor quf`kty ks djbdorb wkth tho hfrejbkd djbtobts kb fb f`torbftkbg

durrobt wfvonjre, vfrkftkjb kb vj`tfgos, trfbskobt vj`tfgos fbm durrobt,

fbm djbtkbukty kb sorvkdo. Sjjr pjwor quf`kty romudos tho onnkdkobdy fbm

ro`kfak`kty jn tho supp`y systoe fbm dfb rosu`t tj skgbknkdfbt `jss fbm

mfefgo tj djbsueors oqukpeobt.

Tj hfrejbkds whoro kmobtknkom fs f pjtobtkf` kepfdt wkth tho kbtogrftkjb jn

phjtjvj`tfkd goborftom oòdtrkdkty dfusom ay tho djbvorskjb prjdoss nrje

mkrodt durrobt kbtj f`torbftkbg durrobt ay tho kbvortor fbm tho bfturo jn

d`jum djvor kbdùmkbg tho fejubt jn sj`fr oborgy fvfk`faò ft tho kbput jn

tho kbvortor.


4/99

kv

kkk. FDLBJW@OMGOEOB]9]hks stumy wju`m bjt hfvo aoob fdhkovom wkthjut tho grfdo jn tho

fèkghty Gjm whj prjvkmom eo wkth tho strobgth roqukrom njr thks wjrl.

Ejst grftonu``y, K wksh tj oxpross ey skbdoro grftktumo tj ey prjiodt

suporvksjr Mr. Mjug`fs Hybos njr tho tkeo ho movjtom tj eo murkbg thks

stumy. K wju`m `klo tj thfbl Er. Gorfrm Mulo tho djurso djjrmkbftjr fbm

f`` tho òdturors whj tfught eo tjwfrms tho fwfrm jn tho Afdho`jr jn

Tdkobdo (Hjbjurs) kb Oborgy Tystoes fbm Kbmustrkf` Futjeftkjb fbm

ospodkf``y tho dj`ògo todhbkdkfb njr prjvkmkbg tho bodossfry oqukpeobts tj

nfdk`ktfto thks thosks.

K wju`m `klo tj thfbl Mr. Thfnkuzzfefb Lhfb Lhfmoe jn tho oòdtrkdf`

pjwor rosofrdh grjup (Mua`kb Kbstktuto jn ]odhbj`jgy) njr tho tkeo ho

movjtom kb fbsworkbg quostkjbs rogfrmkbg Shjtjvj`tfkd systoes fbm pjwor

quf`kty fbm Mr. @fdjur Fyjepo njr hks obdjurfgoeobts.

K wju`m `klo tj momkdfto thks prjiodt tj ey nfek`y kb Dfeorjjb fbm

ospodkf``y tj ey wkno Qjso`kbo njr tho suppjrt sho gfvo tj eo murkbg thks

stumy.


5/99

v

DJB]OB]9

k. MOD@FQF]KJB9 ........................................................................ kk

kk. FAT]QFD]9 .............................................................................. kkk

kkk. FDLBJW@OMGOEOB]9 ............................................................ kv

kv. ]FA@OT9 .................................................................................. kx

^k. NKG_QOT9 ................................................................................ x

vkk. FDQJB[ET9 .......................................................................... xkk

6.3 KB]QJM_D]KJB9 .................................................................... 6

1.3 @K]OQF]_QO QO^KOW9 ............................................................ 4

1.6 KB]QJM_D]KJB ...................................................................... 4

1.1 GQKM KB]OGQF]KJB JN S^ T[T]OET ........................................ 4

1.4 GQKM QOV_KQOEOB]T ............................................................. =

1.4.6 GQKM TSODKNKDF]KJBT NJQ S^ KBÔQ]OQT........................ ?

1.= ][SOT JN @F[J_]T NJQ S^ EJM_@OT ...................................... 7

1.=.6 JÔQ^KOW ........................................................................ 7

1.=.1 DOB]QF@ @F[J_] NJQ S^ S@FB]T ....................................... 8

1.=.4 EJM_@O KBÔQ]OQ @F[J_] .............................................. 63

1.=.= T]QKBG @F[J_] NJQ S^ EJM_@OT .................................... 66

1.=.? E_@]KS@O T]QKBG DJBNKG_QF]KJB JN S^ EJM_@OT .......... 64

1.=.> MKTDJBBOD]KJB EODHFBKTET ........................................ 6=

1.? SJWOQ V_F@K][ .................................................................. 6=

1.?.6 WHF] KT SJWOQ V_F@K][ ................................................ 6=

1.?.1 SQJA@OET FQKTKBG NQJE SJWOQ BO]WJQLT .................. 6?

1.?.4 SJ]OB]KF@ KESFD]T JN KB]OGQF]KBG S^ T[T]OET ........... 6>

1.?.4.6 KBQ_TH D_QQOB] ...................................................... 67

1.?.4.1 JÔQ ^J@]FGO .......................................................... 68


6/99

vk

1.?.4.4 J_]S_] SJWOQ N@_D]_F]KJBT .................................. 6;

1.?.4.= NQOV_OBD[ N@_D]_F]KJBT ........................................ 13

1.?.4.? HFQEJBKDT .............................................................. 16

1.> DF_TOT JN HFQEJBKDT KB S^ KBÔQ]OQT ........................... 11

1.7 T]FBMFQMT NJQ HFQEJBKDT ............................................. 14

1.8 TJ@_]KJBT ]J HFQEJBKDT KB SJWOQ T[T]OET .................. 1?

1.8.6 SFTTKÔ NK@]OQKBG FBM QOFD]KÔ DJESOBTF]KJB ........ 1?

1.81 FD]KÔ NK@]OQKBG FBM T]F]KD DJESOBTF]KJB .............. 1>

4.3 EO]HJMJ@JG[ ................................................................... 17

4.6 KB]QJM_D]KJB ...................................................................... 17

4.1 QOTOFQDH V_OT]KJB.............................................................. 17

4.4 QOTOFQDH EO]HJMJ@JG[....................................................... 18

4.= QOTOFQDH ]JJ@T ................................................................... 43

4.? DJBD@_TKJBT ........................................................................ 4>

=.3 QOT_@]T .............................................................................. 47

=.6 KB]QJM_D]KJB ...................................................................... 47

=.1 JTQFE KBDFBMOTDOB] @FEST .............................................. 47

=.1.6 S^ KBÔQ]OQ WFÔNJQE ...................................................... 48

=.1.1 S^ KBÔQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH ............................................ 48

=.1.4 OTA WFÔNJQE ................................................................... 4;

=.1.= OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH ......................................................... 4;

=.4 DJESFD] N@J_QOTDOB] @FEST ............................................... =3

=.4.6 KBÔQ]OQ WFÔNJQE .......................................................... =3

=.4.1 KBÔQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH ................................................ =6

=.4.4 OTA WFÔNJQE ................................................................... =6

=.4.= OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH ......................................................... =1


7/99

vkk

=.= ]? N@J_QOTDOB] @FES ........................................................... =4

=.=.6 KBÔQ]OQ WFÔNJQE .......................................................... =4

=.=.1 KBÔQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH ................................................ ==

=.=.4 OTA WFÔNJQE ................................................................... ==

=.=.= OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH ........................................................ =?

=.? ]61 N@J_QOTDOB] @FES ......................................................... =>

=.?.6 KBÔQ]OQ WFÔNJQE .......................................................... =>

=.?.1 KBÔQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH ................................................ =7

=.?.4 OTA WFÔNJQE .................................................................. =7

=.?.= OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH ......................................................... =8

=.> ]8 N@J_QOTDOB] @FES ............................................................. =;

=.>.6 OTA WFÔNJQE ................................................................... =;

=.>.1 OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH ........................................................ ?3

=.>.4 KBÔQ]OQ WFÔNJQE .......................................................... ?6

=.>.= KBÔQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH ................................................ ?6

=.7 ^FQKFA@O TSOOM MQKÔ .......................................................... ?1

=.7.6 OTA WFÔNJQE F] ?3 Hz EFX. TSOOM ................................... ?1

=.7.1 OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] ?3HY EFX. TSOOM .......................... ?4

=.7.4 OTA WFÔNJQE F] 43Hz >3% TSOOM ..................................... ?=

=.7.= OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] 43HY >3% TSOOM .......................... ??

=.7.= OTA WFÔNJQE F] 6?HY 43% TSOOM .................................... ?>

=.7.? OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] 6?HY 43% TSOOM .......................... ?7

=.7.8 KBÔQ]OQ WFÔNJQE F] ?3Hz EFX TSOOM ............................ ?8

=.7.; KBÔQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] ?3Hz EFX. TSOOM ................. ?;

=.7.63 KBÔQ]OQ WFÔNJQE F] 43Hz >3% TSOOM ....................... >3

=.7.66 KBÔQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] 43Hz >3% TSOOM ............. >6


8/99

vkkk

=.7.61 KBÔQ]OQ WFÔNJQE F] 6?Hz 43% TSOOM ....................... >1

=.7.64 KBÔQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] 6?Hz 43% TSOOM ............. >4

=.7.6= ]FA@O JN QOT_@]T NJQ ^TM ............................................ >=

?.3 MKTD_TTKJB JN QOT_@]T ................................................... >?

?.6 S^ KBÔQ]OQ SJWOQ V_F@K][ FBF@[TKT .................................. >?

?.1 KBDFBMOTDOB] @FEST ............................................................ >7

?.1 DJESFD] N@_JQOTDOB] @FEST ............................................... >7

?.4 ]? N@J_QOTDOB] @FEST ......................................................... >8

?.= ]8 N@J_QOTDOB] @FEST ......................................................... >8

?.? ]61 N@_JQOTDOB] @FEST .......................................................... >;

?.? ^FQKFA@O TSOOM MQKÔT ......................................................... 73

>.3 DJBD@_TKJBT FBM QODJEEOBMF]KJBT ........................... 76

>.6 DJBD@_TKJBT ..................................................................... 76

>.1 QODJEEOBMF]KJBT ............................................................. 74

AKA@KJGQFSH[ ........................................................................... 7=

FSSOBMKX 6 ................................................................................ 83

MF]F THOO]T NJQ SJWOQV_F@K][ FBF@[TOQ................................... 83


9/99

kx

kv. ]FA@OT9

]faò 69 Sjwor quf`kty prjaòes ....................................................... 6>

]faò 19 Qodjeeobmom hfrejbkd vj`tfgo mkstjrtkjb ............................ 1=

]faò 49 Kbdfbmosdobt % ]HM njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo ......................... 47

]faò =9 DN@ % ]HM njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo ...................................... =1

]faò ?9 ]? ]HM njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo ............................................ =?

]faò >9 ]61 ]HM njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo .......................................... =8

]faò 79 ]8 ]HM wkth OTA supp`y ...................................................... ?3

]faò 89 ^fùos njr nkguro =3 ............................................................ ?1

]faò ;9 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =6 ........................................................... ?4

]faò 639 ^fùos njr nkguro =1 .......................................................... ?=

]faò 669 ^fùos njr nkguro =4 .......................................................... ??

]faò 619 Qosu`ts njr nkguro == ......................................................... ?>

]faò 649 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =? ......................................................... ?7

]faò 6=9 Qosu`ts njr nkguro => ......................................................... ?8

]faò 6?9 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =7 ......................................................... ?;

]faò 6>9 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =8 ......................................................... >3

]faò 679 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =; ......................................................... >6

]faò 689 Qosu`ts njr nkguro ?3 ......................................................... >1

]faò 6;9 Qosu`ts njr nkguro ?6 ......................................................... >4

]faò 139 ]faò jn rosu`ts njr ^TM ..................................................... >=


10/99

x

^k. NKG_QOT9

Nkguro 69 Dobtrf` fyjut pfrf`ò` S^ systoes (Dfrajbo, 1363) ................. 8

Nkguro 19 Dobtrf` fyjut sorkos S^ systoes (@kbmgrob, 1333) .................. ;

Nkguro 49 @fyjut njr ejmuò jrkobtom kbvortors (Dfrajbo, 1363) ........... 63

Nkguro =9 @fyjut jn strkbg kbvortors (Dfrajbo, 1363) ........................... 61

Nkguro ?9 Eu`tk strkbg kbvortor `fyjut (Dfrajbo, 1363) ......................... 64

Nkguro >9 Mkfgrfe jn Hfrejbkds wfvonjre (Ohfrf, 133;) .................... 16

Nkguro 79 Kbvortor wkth SWE (Hjbg & Efrtksjb, 1366) ......................... 11

Nkguro 89 Djepjbobts jn f S^ systoe (efpfwftt, 133;) ..................... 43

Nkguro ;9 Sjwor & quf`kty fbf`ysor .................................................... 46

Nkguro 639 EB ;4F durrobt d`fep ...................................................... 46

Nkguro 669 Eu`tkeotor ...................................................................... 41

Nkguro 619 Kbvortor ......................................................................... 41

Nkguro 649 MD Sjwor sjurdo ............................................................. 44

Nkguro 6=9 ]61 nùjrosdobt fep ....................................................... 44

Nkguro 6?9 ]8 nùjrosdobt fep ......................................................... 4=

Nkguro 6>9 ]? nùjrosdobt fep ......................................................... 4=

Nkguro 679 Djepfdt nùjrosdobt `feps ............................................... 4?

Nkguro 689 Jsrfe kbdfbmosdobt feps ............................................... 4?

Nkguro 6;9 ^frkfaò spoom mrkvo TL 6133347 ...................................... 4>

Nkguro 139 S^ kbvortor wfvonjre njr kbdfbmosdobt `feps ..................... 48

Nkguro 169 Kbvortor hfrejbkd grfph njr kbdfbmosdobt `feps ................. 48

Nkguro 119 OTA wfvo njre njr kbdfbmosdobt feps .............................. 4;Nkguro 149 OTA Hfrejbkd grfph njr kbdfbmosdobt feps ....................... 4;

Nkguro 1=9 Djepfdt nùjrosdobt feps nom nrje f S^ kbvortor ............... =3

Nkguro 1?9 DN@ hfrejbkd grfph nrje S^ kbvortor ................................. =6

Nkguro 1>9 Wfvonjre njr DN@ wkth OTA supp`y .................................... =6

Nkguro 179 Hfrejbkd grfph njr DN@ uskbg OTA pjwor ........................... =1

Nkguro 189 Wfvonjre njr ]? nùjrosdobt nrje S^ kbvortor ..................... =4

Nkguro 1;9 Hfrejbkd grfph njr ]? nùjrosdobt nrje kbvortor ................. ==


11/99

xk

Nkguro 439 Wfvonjre nrje ]? wkth OTA supp`y ................................... ==

Nkguro 469 Hfrejbkd grfph njr ]? wkth OTA supp`y .............................. =?

Nkguro 419 ]61 Wfvonjre nrje S^ kbvortor ........................................ =>

Nkguro 449 ]61 Hfrejbkd grfph nrje S^ kbvortor ................................ =7Nkguro 4=9 Wfvonjre njr ]61 wkth OTA supp`y .................................... =7

Nkguro 4?9 Hfrejbkd grfph njr ]61 wkth OTA supp`y ............................ =8

Nkguro 4>9 ]8 wfvonjre nrje OTA supp`y .......................................... =;

Nkguro 479 ]8 hfrejbkd grfph wkth OTA supp`y ................................... ?3

Nkguro 489 Kbvortor wfvonjre njr ]8 n`ujrosdobt ................................. ?6

Nkguro 4;9 Kbvortor hfrejbkd grfph njr ]8 n`ujrosdobt ......................... ?6

Nkguro =39 OTA Wfvonjre njr ^TM ft efx spoom ................................ ?1

Nkguro =69 OTA Hfrejbkd grfph njr ^TM ft ?3 Hz ............................... ?4

Nkguro =19 OTA Wfvonjre njr ^TM ft 43Hz ........................................ ?=

Nkguro =49 OTA Hfrejbkd grfph njr ^TM ft 43Hz ................................ ??

Nkguro ==9 OTA Wfvonjre njr ^TM ft 6?Hz ........................................ ?>

Nkguro =?9 OTA Hfrejbkd grfph njr ^TM ft 6?Hz ................................ ?7

Nkguro =>9 Kbvortor wfvonjre ft ?3Hz efx spoom ............................... ?8

Nkguro =79 Kbvortor hfrejbkd grfph ft ?3Hz efx. spoom ..................... ?;

Nkguro =89 Kbvortor wfvonjre ft 43Hz >3% spoom .............................. >3

Nkguro =;9 Kbvortor hfrejbkd grfph ft 43Hz >3% spoom ...................... >6

Nkguro ?39 Kbvortor wfvonjre ft 6?Hz 43% spoom .............................. >1

Nkguro ?69 Kbvortor hfrejbkd grfph ft 6?Hz 43% spoom ...................... >4


12/99

xkk

vkk. FDQJB[ET9FD F`torbftkbg durrobt

FND Futjeftkd nroquobdy djbtrj`

FMM Futjeftkd mksdjbbodtkjb movkdo

DN@ Djepfdt nùjrosdobt `fep

MD Mkrodt durrobt

MG Mkstrkautom goborftkjb

OTA Oòdtrkdkty supp`y ajfrm Kro`fbm

OEK Oòdtrjefgbotkd kbtornorobdo

KOOO Kbstktutkjb jn Oòdtrkdf` fbm Oòdtrjbkd Obgkboors

KOD Kbtorbftkjbf` Oòdtrj todhbkdf` djeeksskjb

@^ @jw vj`tfgo

ESS] Efxkeue pjwor trfdlkbg

SDT Sjwor djbmktkjbkbg systoe

S^ Shjtjvj`tfkd

SWE Su`so wkth ejmu`ftkjb

SDD Sjkbt jn djeejb djup`kbg

SG Shjtjvj`tfkd goborftjr

QET Qjjt eofb squfro vfùo jn vj`tfgo jr durrobt

T]F]DJE Ttftkd djepobsftkjb

]HM ]jtf` hfrejbkd mkstjrtkjb

]61 48ee nùjrosdobt tuao

]8 1?ee nùjrosdobt tuao

]? 6>ee nùjrosdobt tuao

^TM ^frkfaò spoom mrkvo


13/99

6

6.3 KB]QJM_D]KJB9

]ho rosofrdh kb Shjtjvj`tfkd djbbodtom p`fbts wfs dhjsob muo tj kts

aobonkts kb prjvkmkbg f robowfaò njre jn oborgy tj tho pjwor systoe fbmf`sj prjvkmo vj`tfgo suppjrt< romudo trfbseksskjb `jssos fs wo`` fs

keprjvkbg tho ro`kfak`kty jn tho systoe. Tkbdo tho bftkjbf` grkm kb Kro`fbm

hfs bjt yot kbdjrpjrftom S^ systoes kbtj kts pjwor systoe, fbm kb vkow jn

Kro`fbms djeekteobt tj dut mjwb dfrajb oeksskjbs, thks rosofrdh wfs

f`sj dhjsob fs f stop njrwfrm kbtj tho pjsskak`ktkos jn obdjurfgkbg tho uso

jn S^ goborftom oòdtrkdkty kb Kro`fbm. ]ho stumy f`sj `jjls kbtj pjwor

quf`kty wkth rogfrm tj KOOO ?6; -6;;1 fbm djepfros tho pjwor quf`kty jn

sjeo oòdtrkdf` `jfms.

F`thjugh phjtjvj`tfkd p`fbts obhfbdo tho nubdtkjbkbg jn tho oòdtrkdf`

pjwor systoe, kt f`sj prosobts sjeo dhf`òbgos tj tho quf`kty jn pjwor

sudh fs hfrejbkd pj`ùtkjb. Tj`fr krrfmkftkjb pjssosfmvorso onnodts jbtj

tho systoe fs kt òfms tj jvor vj`tfgos, jutput pjwor nùdtuftkjbs,

nroquobdy nùdtuftkjbs fbm kbrush durrobts. ]horonjro, pjwor quf`ktyfsdortfkbs tho suktfak`kty jn oòdtrkdf` oborgy mo`kvorom tj tho djbsueor.

]ho tore pjwor quf`kty fdtuf``y ro`ftos tj tho quf`kty jn tho vj`tfgo fbm

durrobt ft tho pjkbt jn djeejb djup`kbg fbm pjjr pjwor quf`kty dfb rosu`t

tj ef`nubdtkjbkbg jn oqukpeobts, a`fdljut, fbm mfefgos tj fpp`kfbdos.

]hks thosks ks efmo up jn skx dhfptors jn whkdh tho nkrst dhfptor kbtrjmudos

tho thosks. Dhfptor twj jn thks stumy rovkow `ktorfturos kb phjtjvj`tfkd

kbtogrftkjb fbm pjwor quf`kty. ]ho `ktorfturo rovkowom `jjls kbtj tho

nj``jwkbg9 Grkm kbtogrftkjb jn S^ systoes, grkm roqukroeobts, typos jn

`fyjut njr S^ kbvortors, pjwor quf`kty, pjtobtkf` kepfdts jn kbtogrftkbg S^

systoes, tho dfusos jn hfrejbkds kb S^ systoe, stfbmfrms njr hfrejbkds,

fbm sjùtkjbs tj hfrejbkds kb pjwor systoes. ]ho prjdomuros fbm

eothjms oep`jyom njr thks rosofrdh fro djvorom kb dhfptor throo fbm

kbdùmo tho rosofrdh quostkjb, rosofrdh eothjmj`jgy, fbm rosofrdh tjj`s.

Kb dhfptor njur tho rosu`ts jatfkbom jb tho kepfdts jn kbtogrftkbg


14/99

1

phjtjvj`tfkd systoes jb pjwor quf`kty fro prosobtom. Kt djbtfkbs efkb`y

wfvonjres fbm hfrejbkd grfphs njr mknnorobt `jfms. ]ho `jfms djbskmorom

fro jut`kbom ubmor rosofrdh tjj`s kb dhfptor 4 jn thks thosks fbm tho

prjdomuros nj``jwom fro sfeo fs motfk`om kb tho rosofrdh eothjmj`jgy.]ho pjwor quf`kty ks eofsurom uskbg twj mknnorobt pjwor sjurdos, f S^

kbvortor fbm tho OTA supp`y.

Mksdusskjbs jn rosu`ts fro prosobtom kb dhfptor nkvo fbm dhfptor skx djvors

tho rodjeeobmftkjbs fbm djbd`uskjbs jn thks thosks.


15/99


16/99

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djbskmorftkjbs rogfrmkbg pjwor quf`kty eust ao sftksnkom njr tho sfno

kbtogrftkjb jn S^ systoes jbtj tho mkstrkautkjb grkm.

1.4 GQKM QOV_KQOEOB]T

]horo fro dortfkb roqukroeobts fssjdkftom wkth tho grkm whob djbbodtkbg

S^ p`fbts, sjeo djbskmorftkjbs eust ao tflob kbtj fddjubt whob tho noom

kb pjkbt aotwoob tho pjwor p`fbt fbm tho grkm fro nurthor fwfy fbm vkdo-

vorsf. Fddjrmkbg tj Nfrhjjmbof ot f`., (1364) grkm vj`tfgos f`sj romudos

whobovor `frgo fejubts jn pjwor ks djbsueom jr tflob nrje tho grkm fbm

tho kbtogrftkjb jn oòdtrkdkty nrje S^ p`fbts jbtj tho grkm f`sj kbdrofsos

grkm vj`tfgo. Tj thob, kt dfb ao soob thft tho kbtogrftkjb jn oòdtrkdkty nrje

S^ p`fbts suppjrts tho grkm ospodkf``y murkbg porkjms whob moefbms fro

hkghor jb tho pua`kd grkm (Qkaokrj ot f`., 1361).

]ho hkgh moefbm jn pjwor nrje tho grkm ay djbsueors fbm tho kbdrofso kb

oòdtrkdkty nom nrje S^ p`fbts usuf``y mjosbt jddur ft sfeo tkeo, whkdh

thoronjro kep`kos thft eofsuros fro roqukrom tj prjpor`y efbfgo fbm

rosj`vo tho kbdrofso kb vj`tfgo thfb tho grkm roqukros ([u ot f`., 1361).

Nurthorejro, kb kbstfbdos whoroay djbsueptkjb ks `jw fbm pjwor supp`kom

tj tho grkm ks hkghor thfb moefbm, durrobt n`jw dfb ao rovorsom kb tho grkm

fbm sjeo grkms dfbbjt efbfgo sudh dkrduestfbdos (Qobk, 1361).]hus tho

kbdrofskbg òvo` jn robowfaò kbtj tho trfbseksskjb systoe kbtrjmudos

sjeo dhf`òbgos tj pjwor quf`kty.

Wkth grkm kbtogrftom sj`fr oòdtrkdkty, f pjwor oòdtrjbkds kbvortor p`fys fb

kepjrtfbt rjò kb thft< kt kbtogrftos tho sj`fr oòdtrkdkty tj tho grkm kb

fddjrmfbdo wkth quf`kty stfbmfrms. ]ho dhf`òbgos obdjubtorom wkth tho

uso jn kbvortors oxkst kb tho njre jn hfrejbkds kbiodtom kbtj tho

trfbseksskjb systoe muo tj tho swktdhkbg jn hkgh nroquobdy kbvortors,

thoroay droftkbg pjwor quf`kty mksturafbdos kn bjt efbfgom prjpor`y

(Nfrhjjmbof ot f`., 1364).


17/99

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Qoktsef (1366) stftom thft, kt ks kepjrtfbt thft oòdtrkdkty nrje S^

systoes whob kbtogrftom kbtj tho grkm shju`mbt mkstjrttho pjwor quf`kty

jn tho grkm. ]ho pua`kd grkm usos f`torbftkbg durrobt (skbusjkmf`) hfvkbg

nroquobdy fbm vj`tfgo thft fro stfaò. Kt ks f`sj roqukrom thft thohfrejbkd djepjbobts fro `kektom wkth rogfrm tj sjeo stfbmfrms fbm

gukmo`kbos (KOOO, 6;;1).

Tj tho uso jn kbvortors f``jws tho S^ p`fbts tj sftksny tho nroquobdy,

vj`tfgo fbm hfrejbkd roqukroeobts njr oòdtrkdkty tj ao nom jbtj tho pua`kd

grkm fbm tho eothjm kb whkdh tho S^ systoe ks kbtogrftom kbtj tho grkm

hkgh`kghts throo kepjrtfbt pjkbts tj ao djbskmorom, bfeo`y9

Sjwor quf`kty S^ `fyjut fbm moskgb, fbm Sorsjbf` sfnoty (nrje efkbs kbtornorobdo)

1.4.6 GQKM TSODKNKDF]KJBT NJQ S^ KBÔQ]OQT

@ksorro (1366) pjkbts jut thft dortfkb roqukroeobts eust ao sftksnkom whob

djbbodtkbg S^ systoes uskbg rjjt eofb squfro vfùos jn vj`tfgos wkth

prjpor eofsuroeobts.

Kt ks roqukrom thft tho kbvortor shf`` bjt prjvkmo pjwor tj tho grkmwhobovor tho grkm nroquobdy ks aoyjbm tho rfbgo jn pùs/ekbus 6HY

(+/- 6 Hz). ]ho trkppkbg tkeo shf`` ao 3.1 sodjbms whobovor sudh

nroquobdy vfrkftkjbs fro kmobtknkom.

]ho S^ p`fbt roqukros f pjwor nfdtjr oxdoomkbg 3.; `fggkbg murkbgporkjms whob tho S^ goborftjr prjmudos pjwor thft oxdooms ?3%

rftom.

Tj thob, tj djpo wkth thoso roqukroeobts tho vj`tfgo jn tho grkm fbm kts

nroquobdy eust ao prjpor`y df`du`ftom fbm ejbktjrom nroquobt`y fbm

fddurfto`y.


18/99

>

]hjugh grkm mksturafbdos fro bjt f bow tjpkd fbm efby utk`ktkos fro

nfek`kfr wkth thjso mksturafbdos, hjwovor, tho tjpkd hfs tflob f bow

mkrodtkjb muo tho bfturo jn durrobt `jfms fbm rfpkm dhfbgos jn dustjeors

moefbm.

]ho rogu`ftkjbs roqukro f pjwor nfdtjr groftor thfb 3.;. ]horonjro, gjjm

sybdhrjbkzftkjb jn grkm vj`tfgo fbm durrobt ks roqukrom.

j ]ho grkm stfbmfrms fbm djmo spodknkos thft kb jrmor tj mof`wkth hfrejbkds f d`ofb ronorobdo ks roqukrom njr tho durrobt.

j Fby trfbskobt fssjdkftom wkth grkm djbbodtkjbs eust aoromudom sj fs tj provobt trkppkbg jn tho kbvortor.

Wkth hkghor pjwor mkstrkautom goborftkjb, thoro fro roqukroeobtsnjr vj`tfgo suppjrt jr rofdtkvo pjwor kbiodtkjb dfpfak`kty fbm

suppjrt jn nroquobdy jr fdtkvo pjwor mrjp.

F arjfm rfbgo jn nroquobdy fbm vj`tfgo oxkst wkthkb ekdrj-grkmmkstrkautom goborftkjb botwjrls fbm fpprjxkeftom vj`tfgo

pfrfeotors fro kbvj`vom kb tho djbtrj` `jjps.


19/99

7

1.= ][SOT JN @F[J_]T NJQ S^ EJM_@OT

1.=.6 JÔQ^KOW

]ho qufbtkty jn oòdtrkdf` pjwor goborftom ks `frgor whob ejmuòs jn

phjtjoòdtrkd systoes fro ijkbom tjgothor.

F strkbg ks njreom whob efby ejmuòs fro djbbodtom kb sorkos whkò f S^

nko`m jr S^ goborftjr (SG) ks njreom whob strkbgs fro djbbodtom tjgothor.

Bjw wkth grkm-`kblom S^ systoes, kbvortors fro oep`jyom tj `kbl tho S^

systoe jbtj tho pua`kd FD grkm (Dfrajbo, 1363).

Fs fnjroeobtkjbom, kbvortors njr S^ systoes nu`nk` sovorf` mutkos sudh fs

djbvortkbg MD tj FD. Kbvortors kbdjrpjrfto sjeo prjtodtkvo quf`ktkos sudh

thft thoy dfb ejbktjr tho pornjrefbdos jn tho FD grkm fbm mksdjbbodt tho

S^ systoe nrje supp`ykbg tho grkm kb tho ovobt jn grkm krrogu`frktkos fbm

nfkùros. ]hoy f`sj goborfto hfrejbkds ospodkf``y whob tho kbput tj tho

kbvortor nrje tho S^ mjos bjt eoot tho kbvortor spodknkdftkjbs.

]hjugh tho kbvortor hfs efxkeue pjwor pjkbt trfdlkbg (ESS]) thft

fssksts tho S^ frrfy tj jporfto ft kts hkghost onnkdkobdy mospkto d`keftkd

fbm obvkrjbeobtf` djbmktkjbs, hfrejbkds fro prjmudom ospodkf``y whob

tho ESS] obfaòs tho kbvortor tj jporfto ubmor pjjr wofthor djbmktkjbs

(Dhubg & Hj, 133?).

]horo oxkst mknnorobt `fyjuts njr S^ ejmuòs fbm thokr kbvortors njr grkm

kbtogrftkjb. Njur typos jn S^ ejmuò djbnkgurftkjbs fro9

6. dobtrf` `fyjut jn S^ ejmuòs MKTDJBBOD]KJB EODHFBKTET

Fddjrmkbg tj Qoeeors (1361), porsjbbo` sfnoty ks f pjkbt tj djbskmor

whob noomkbg sj`fr pjwor systoes kbtj pua`kd grkms. ]hus, kb tho ovobt jn

grkm shut mjwb njr efkbtobfbdo wjrl fbm ropfkrs, thoro shju`m ao feodhfbkse tj provobt tho goborftkbg p`fbts nrje noomkbg oòdtrkdkty tj tho

grkm. Ejst jntob, sef`` sdfò S^ goborftkbg p`fbts wju`m kbdjrpjrfto

futjeftkd mksdjbbodtkjb movkdos (FMM). ]ho FMM ks dfpfaò jn

mksdjbbodtkbg tho S^ systoe nrje tho bftkjbf` grkm kn kt sobsos grkm

aroflmjwb, nùdtuftkjbs kb nroquobdy fbm vj`tfgo òvo`s aoyjbm futhjrkzom

`kekts (@os`ko, 1334). Tjeotkeos, efbuf` mksdjbbodtkjb movkdos fro usom.

1.? SJWOQ V_F@K][

1.?.6 WHF] KT SJWOQ V_F@K][

Sjwor quf`kty ks tho stumy jn vj`tfgo fbm durrobt wfvonjres kb fb FD

botwjrl. Kt ks djbdorbom wkth tho fvfk`fak`kty jn hfrejbkds kb tho `kbo

vj`tfgo fbm fdrjss `jfm durrobts (Lhfmoe ot f`., 1363). ]ho fvfk`fak`kty jn

spklos fbm sovorf` jthor mkstjrtkjbs kbdùmkbg nòotkbg `jw vj`tfgos fro f``

fssjdkftom wkth pjwor quf`kty (Gj`lfr, 133;).

Tj whobovor tho tore pjwor quf`kty ks fpp`kom, kssuos sudh fs systoes

ro`kfak`kty, prj`jbgom jutfgos, djbmudtjrs fbm mkoòdtrkd oqukpeobt

soòdtkjb fbm mkstjrtkjbs jb tho FD skbusjkmf` wfvo njre fro f`` djbskmorom

(Lhfro ot f`., 1361).

]hjugh pjwor quf`kty ks bjt f bow tjpkd tj sovorf` utk`ktkos, tho

morogu`ftkjb jn tho oòdtrkdkty efrlot hfs robowom kbtorost kb pjwor

quf`kty ft trfbseksskjb fbm mkstrkautkjb sodtjrs. Shjtjvj`tfkd systoes

djbstktuto jbo jn tho efkb rofsjbs njr tho robowom kbtorost kb pjwor

quf`kty fs thokr jutputs `frgo`y ro`y jb tho bfturo jn d`jum djvor fbm tho

kbtobskty jn sj`fr rfmkftkjb. Ovob sj, porturaftkjbs kb pjwor quf`kty fro bjt


27/99

6?

oxfdoraftom ay krrfmkftkjb jb`y, aut obdjepfss tho djepjbobts

fssjdkftom wkth tho S^ systoe sudh fs tho S^ ejmuò, nk`tors, kbvortors,

fbm sj jb (Lhfmoe ot f`., 1363).

1.?.1 SQJA@OET FQKTKBG NQJE SJWOQ BO]WJQLT

Hfsfbzfmoh ot f`., (1361) pjkbts jut thft ejst djeejb prjaòes dfusom

ay pjwor systoes kbdùmo9

a`kblkbg kbdfbmosdobt `feps< nfkùro jn dfpfdktjrs njr pjwor nfdtjr djrrodtkjb< ubbodossfry trkppkbg jn nusos fbm dkrdukt aroflors< SD ef`nubdtkjbkbg< nfkùro kb djeeubkdftkjb systoes< shut mjwb jn oòdtrjbkd movkdos< nùjrosdobt `feps jntob n`kdlorkbg< ejtjr aroflmjwb fbm jvorhoftkbg< fbm jvorhoftkbg fbm aroflmjwb jn trfbsnjreors.

]faò 6 jut`kbos sjeo pjwor quf`kty prjaòes. Lhfmoe ot f`., (1363)

pjkbt jut thft pjwor quf`kty monodts kbdùmo9

pjwor nroquobdy mksturafbdos< oòdtrjefgbotkd kbtornorobdo< trfbskobts< hfrejbkds< fbm `jw pjwor nfdtjr.


28/99

6>

]faò 69 Sjwor quf`kty prjaòes

Fejbg tho fnjroeobtkjbom pjwor quf`kty monodts, hfrejbkds roefkbs tho

prkbdkpf` dhf`òbgo tj pjwor systoes. ]ho nj``jwkbg sodtkjb `jjls kbtj tho

kepfdts jn S^ systoes jb mkstrkautkjb botwjrls.

1.?.4 SJ]OB]KF@ KESFD]T JN KB]OGQF]KBG S^ T[T]OET

]ho kbtogrftkjb jn S^ systoes efy kbtrjmudo sjeo prjaòes mopobmkbg

upjb tho oxtobt jn S^ pobotrftkjb fbm gojgrfphkdf` `jdftkjb. ]hus,

ubmorstfbmkbg tho pjtobtkf` onnodts jn `frgo sdfò pobotrftkjb jn S^

systoes jb mkstrkautkjb botwjrls dfb prjvkmo sjùtkjbs wo`` fhofm jn thokr

mop`jyeobt (Gj`lfr, 133;).

]ho nj``jwkbg kepfdts fro djvorom kb tho nj``jwkbg sodtkjbs jn thks thosks9

kbrush durrobt< jvor vj`tfgo< jutput pjwor nùdtuftkjb< nroquobdy nùdtuftkjb< fbm hfrejbkds


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1.?.4.6 KBQ_TH D_QQOB]

Fddjrmkbg tj Nfrhjjmbof ot f`., (1364) sef`` ubfvjkmfaò vj`tfgo

mknnorobdos thft oxkst aotwoob S^ p`fbts fbm mkstrkautkjb grkms jntob kbiodt

fb kbrush durrobt thft n`jws ft tho pjkbt jn djeejb djup`kbg (SDD)aotwoob tho grkm fbm tho S^ p`fbt. ]hks kbrush durrobt ks rospjbskaò njr

thoref` stross fbm buksfbdo trkp (Lfgoyfef ot f`., 1366).

Kt ks kepjrtfbt tj fddurfto`y ubmorstfbm tho dhfrfdtorkstkds jn tho

rofdtfbdo jn f S^ ejmuò sj thft todhbkquos njr efbfgkbg S^ systoes dfb

ao movo`jpom. S^ ejmuòs djbtfkb rofdtfbdo thft prjmudos trfbskobt

phobjeobf (Horefb ot f`., 1361). Jbo jn sudh phobjeobf ks tho kbrush

durrobt thft jddurs whob pjworom wkros fro kbtogrftom wkth f

rodjbnkgurom S^ p`fbt fbm dfpfdktkvo rofdtfbdo ks tho prkbdkpf` nfdtjr kb

thks rofdtfbdo njubm wkthkb S^ do``s.

Hfsfbzfmoh ot f`., (1361) pjkbts jut thft, tho kbrush durrobt efy f`sj

oeorgo wkthkb f phjtjvj`tfkd systoe whob trfbsnjreors turb jb nrje f

mo-oborgksom stfto fbm tho kbrush durrobt dfb ao sovorf` tkeos tho fdtuf`

rftom durrobt. ]ho moskgb jn trfbsnjreors wkthkb S^ systoes kbnùobdos tho

efgbktumo jn thks kbrush durrobt fbm kt ks jntob vory hkgh whob tho

trfbsnjreor ks pjworom nrje kts `jw vj`tfgo torekbf`s njr rofsjbs thft tho

`jw vj`tfgo (@^) wkbmkbg ks d`jsor tj tho efgbotkd dkrdukt fbm fs sudh, kts

fkr djro rofdtfbdo ks jn f `jwor vfùo. Kt ks thob pjsskaò thft tho

eodhfbkdf` strossos fssjdkftom wkth tho trfbsnjreor dfb ao rospjbskaò

njr sjeo jn tho kepfdts jn tho hkgh kbrush durobt (Thortulmo & Tfuzf,

1366).

Tj thob tj fvjkm wofrkbg trfbsnjreors qukdl`y thfb bjref``y oxpodtom,

thoro ks f boom tj ekbkekso nroquobt jb fbm jnn swktdhkbg jn S^

kbvortors. Thuttkbg mjwb jn trfbsnjreors jntob jddur ft bkght muo tj tho

ubfvfk`fak`kty jn sj`fr oborgy, aut whob turbom jb nj``jwkbg sub `kght, tho

kbrush durrobt dfb ao vory mfefgkbg fbm dfb òfm tj MD akfs durrobt kb


30/99

68

dfsos whoroay tho trfbsnjreor `kbls tho S^ kbvortor tj tho mkstrkautkjb

grkm (Hfsfbzfmoh ot f`., 1361).

1.?.4.1 JÔQ ^J@]FGO

Gj`lfr (133;) pjkbts jut thft S^ systoes fro strudturom tj jporfto ft

bofr`y ubkty pjwor nfdtjr sj fs tj hfrboss fs eudh sj`fr oborgy fs

pjsskaò. Kb f rof` sobso, jvorvj`tfgo frksos whob tho S^ supp`kos jb`y

fdtkvo pjwor tj tho mkstrkautkjb systoes fbm efy rosu`t kb f dhfbgo kb tho

n`jw jn rofdtkvo pjwor (Ejhfeom ot f`., 1363). Tj thob, vj`tfgos kb tho

ausos dfb kbdrofso fs f rosu`t jn kbsunnkdkobt rofdtkvo pjwor fbm efy

rosu`t kb fmvorso onnodts upjb djbsueors fs wo`` fs tho mkstrkautkjb

systoe.

Jvor vj`tfgos dfb f`sj jddur murkbg porkjms whob tho S^ supp`kos hkgh

pjwor whkò djbsueptkjb ks `jw (Opkf, 1361). Kb sjeo dfsos, f rovorso

n`jw onnodt dfb oeorgo fbm kt ks tho rospjbskak`kty jn tho botwjrl futhjrkty

tj obsuro thft tho vj`tfgo eust bjt suporsomo tho spodknkom rfbgo.

Kb vkow jn rosj`vkbg jvor vj`tfgos kb mkstrkautkjb systoes, afttorkos fro

jntob utk`ksom sj fs tj ekbkekso pjwor jutput `jssos. Fs f`rofmy

eobtkjbom fajvo, jb f subby mfy, tho grkm vj`tfgo dfb ao hkghor fs f

rosu`t jn rovorso pjwor n`jw nrje tho S^. Whob tho vj`tfgo oxdooms f

dortfkb pjkbt tho S^ systoe hfs tj shutmjwb mospkto tho vfst fejubt jnkrrfmkftkjb (Lfbmoblj, 1337).


31/99

6;

1.?.4.4 J_]S_] SJWOQ N@_D]_F]KJBT

Nùdtuftkjbs kb jutput pjwor jddur fs f rosu`t jn sj`fr krrfmkfbdo fbm d`jum

ejvoeobts fbm kt f`sj mopobms upjb wkbm spoom fbm thoso vfrkftkjbs

efy oxkst njr f porkjm jn tkeo (Hufbg ot f`., 1363). Nùdtuftkjbs kb pjwordfb rosu`t tj jvor jr ubmor `jfms, vj`tfgo n`kdlor fbm kbfpprjprkfto

nùdtuftkjbs kb `kbo pjwor fbm vj`tfgo swkbgs (Hfsfbzfmoh ot f`., 1361).

Fpod (1363) prosobtom twj eothjms njr ekbkekskbg tho onnodts jn jutput

nùdtuftkjbs kb f pjwor botwjrl whkdh kbdùmos9

stjrfgo< fbm sj`fr njrodfstkbg.

Ttjrfgo

Torvkdos sudh fs jutput prjtodtkjb, pofl shfvkbg fbm moefbm skmo

efbfgoeobt dfb ao fdhkovom thrjugh stjrom oòdtrkdf` pjwor. Srjpor

stjrfgo jn pjwor dfb f`sj monor upgrfmos jn tho pjwor botwjrl. ]ho

nj``jwkbg dfb ao usom tj stjro pjwor (Sow, 133;)9

j afttorkos6L^ 6.? 1.?

Fajvo 6>6L^ 6 6.?

]faò 19 Qodjeeobmom hfrejbkd vj`tfgo mkstjrtkjb (KOOO, 6;;1)

]ho mknnorobdos aotwoob tho stfbmfrms fro bog`kgkaò fs thoy ajth fmmross

tho òvo` jn fddoptfaò hfrejbkds kb tho botwjrl. ]hus, kt ks ossobtkf` tj

oep`jy jbo jn tho stfbmfrms mopobmkbg upjb tho pfrtkdu`fr

dkrduestfbdos. ]ho nj``jwkbg sodtkjb djvors sjùtkjbs tj hfrejbkds fbm

pjwor quf`kty.


37/99

1?

1.8 TJ@_]KJBT ]J HFQEJBKDT KB SJWOQ T[T]OET

Fddjrmkbg tj KOOO (1334) rogu`ftkjbs, hfrejbkds shju`m ao ekbkekzom

uskbg twj mknnorobt todhbkquos9

tho nkrst todhbkquo ks tj ekbkekzo tho hfrejbkd durrobt kbiodtom kbtjtho botwjrl ft tho pjkbt jn djeejb djup`kbg (SDD) ay tho usor

tho djepobsftkjb systoe dfb rosjbfto wkth sjurdos kepobmobdofbm kbiodt hfrejbkds kbtj tho dkrdukt murkbg `kght `jfm.

1.81 FD]KÔ NK@]OQKBG FBM T]F]KD DJESOBTF]KJB]ho shjrtdjekbgs jn tho pfsskvo nk`tor fro jvordjeom thrjugh tho uso jn

fdtkvo nk`tors. ]ho fdtkvo nk`tor shubts hfrejbkds fbm prodùmos thoe nrje

fmvfbdkbg kbtj tho mkstrkautkjb systoe (Hkbgjrfb` ot f`., 1333). ]ho shubt

nk`tor tflos hfrejbkd durrobts thrjugh tho sjurdo tj djrrodt hfrejbkds

tflob ay `kbofr `jfms (Hfske ot f`., 1361).

@os`ko (1334) suggostom thft, tho jvorf`` systoe djst dfb ao romudom

uskbg fdtkvo nk`tors fs thoy yko`m skek`fr djepobsftkjb fs `frgor afbl jn

tubom @D nk`tors.

Ttftkd djepobsftkjb (T]F]DJE) kbvj`vos tho uso jn f swktdhkbg systoe

fbm pfsskvo stjrfgo ubkt njr tho nubmfeobtf` nroquobdy rofdtkvo

djepobsftkjb.

]j keprjvo pjwor quf`kty kbdùmkbg vj`tfgo fbm durrobt mkstjrtkjbs

bodossktfto tho usfgo jn dustje pjwor movkdos sudh fs(Hoefdhfbmrfb

ot f`., 1361)9

T]F]DJE (Thubt fdtkvo pjwor nk`tor) Torkos fdtkvo nk`tor Djeakbftkjb jn sorkos fbm shubt fdtkvo pjwor nk`tors

]ho fajvo eobtkjbom movkdos fro tho ejst rodobt movo`jpeobts kb

kbtornfdkbg oqukpeobts aotwoob mkstrkautkjb grkms fbm tho dustjeors

fpp`kfbdos.


39/99

17

4.3 EO]HJMJ@JG[

4.6 KB]QJM_D]KJB

Kb thks dhfptor, tho prjdomuros fbm eothjms thft woro oep`jyom tj

djbmudt thks rosofrdh fro mksdussom. ]ho eothjmj`jgy djbsksts jn9 tho

rosofrdh quostkjb, rosofrdh eothjmj`jgy fbm tho rosofrdh tjj`s.

4.1 QOTOFQDH V_OT]KJB

Hypjthosks9 thft tho kbtogrftkjb jn phjtjvj`tfkd p`fbts kbtrjmudos sjeo

dhf`òbgos tj pjwor quf`kty.

]ho prkbdkpf` fke jn thks thosks ks tj oxfekbo tho dhf`òbgos jn kbtogrftkbg

Shjtjvj`tfkd p`fbts jb pjwor quf`kty. Fs sudh, tho fke jn thks wjrl wju`m

ao fdhkovom whob fbswors fro prjvkmom tj tho ubmorbofth quostkjb.

j Whft fro tho kepfdts jn kbtogrftkbg phjtjvj`tfkd p`fbts jb pjworquf`kty:

Kb fbsworkbg tho rosofrdh quostkjb, kt wfs bodossfry tj djbmudt sjeo

`fajrftjry oxporkeobts wkth rofmy tj uso kbstrueobts sj fs tj motorekbo

kn tho hypjthosks ks truo (Grfzkfbj & Qfu`kb, 1333). ]ho stfbmfrmksom tost

jnnors hkghor ro`kfak`kty òvo`s fbm hfs aoob djbskstobt thrjughjut f porkjm

jn yofrs tj prjvkmo fddurfto fbm stfaò vfùos ovob whob tho tost ks

fmekbkstorom trkdo (Tjaropof, 1366). ]hks tostkbg wfs pornjreom uskbg

tho `fajrftjry jn A`fbdhfrmstjwb Kbstktuto jn ]odhbj`jgy.

Fbjthor wfy jn kbvostkgftkbg kssuos fbm prjvkmkbg fbswors tj quostkjbs fs

wo`` fs ubmorstfbmkbg f phobjeobjb bodossktftos tho uso jn quf`ktftkvo

rosofrdh todhbkquos (qsrkbtorbftkjbf`, 1361). Kt dfb ao usom kb fby stumy

fbm wjrl obvkrjbeobt fbm tho fpprjfdhos oep`jyom njr quf`ktftkvo

rosofrdh dfb kbdùmo9 `ktorfturo rovkows, njdus grjups, djbtobt fbf`ysks,fbm kbtorvkows (Hkggkbs & Groob, 1338).


40/99

18

Fs sudh, tho quf`ktftkvo rosofrdh todhbkquos oep`jyom horo fro f

djbvorsftkjbf` kbtorvkow fbm `ktorfturo rovkow. ]ho rosofrdh quostkjb

njres tho afsks njr tho kbtorvkow fbm tho nj``jwkbg drktorkf wfs oep`jyom

tj dhjjso tho pfrtkdkpfbt njr tho kbtorvkow9

thokr durrobt frof jn wjrl tho bueaor jn pua`kshom ijurbf`s kb S^ systoes ay tho pfrtkdkpfbt?W/83W Ft`fs shjwb kb nkguro 6=

woro usom tj fbf`yso tho tjtf` hfrejbkd mkstjrtkjb nrje f S^

kbvortor fs djepfrom tj tho OTA supp`y.

Nkguro 6=9 ]61 n`ujrosdobt `fep


46/99

4=

^KK. ]ho ]8 twkb n`jrosdobt ?8W `fep (Shk`kps) shjwb kb nkguro 6? wfsusom tj fbf`yso tho pjwor quf`kty whob nom nrje tho OTA supp`y fs

djepfrom tj fb kbvortor.

Nkguro 6?9 ]8 nùjrosdobt `fep

^KKK. F =;W Shk`kps ]? nùjrosdobt twkb `fep shjwb kb nkguro 6> wfs usomtj motorekbo tho pjwor quf`kty whob sudh ùekbfrkos fro pjworom

nrje f S^ kbvortor fs djepfrom tj thjso pjworom nrje tho OTA

supp`y.

Nkguro 6>9 ]? nùjrosdobt `fep


47/99

4?

KX. Djepfdt n`ujrosdobt `feps jn 13W, 113-1=3^, fbm ?3/>3Hz shjwbkb nkguro 67 woro usom tj motorekbo tho hfrejbkds kbiodtom kbtj tho

dkrdukt whob nom nrje f S^ kbvortor fbm djepfrom tj DN@ nom nrje

tho OTA.

Nkguro 679 Djepfdt n`ujrosdobt `feps

X. Jsrfe kbdfbmosdobt `feps jn =3wftts, shjwb kb nkguro 68, worousom tj motorekbo tho pjwor quf`kty whob sudh `feps fro oep`jyom

kbtj kbstf``ftkjbs nom nrje f S^ kbvortor fbm djepfrom tj thjso

supp`kom nrje tho OTA.

Nkguro 689 Jsrfe kbdfbmosdobt `feps


48/99

4>

XK. F vfrkfa`o spoom mrkvo TL 6133347 Oeorsjb kbmustrkf` futjeftkjbshjwb kb nkguro 6; njr tho djbtrj` jn f throo phfso kbmudtkjb ejtjr

wfs usom tj fsdortfkb thokr kepfdts jb pjwor quf`kty whob pjworom

nrje fb OTA supp`y fs djepfrom tj thjso nom nrje tho kbvortor.

Nkguro 6;9 ^frkfa`o spoom mrkvo TL 6133347

4.? DJBD@_TKJBT

]hjugh thks wjrl ks f qufbtktftkvo stumy, quf`ktftkvo rosofrdh todhbkquos

djeprkskbg jn tho provkjus `ktorfturo rovkow f`jbgskmo fb kbtorvkow woro

usom tj prjvkmo fbswors tj pfrt jn tho rosofrdh quostkjb. ]ho qufbtktftkvo

stumy kbdjrpjrftom stfbmfrmksom tostkbg wkth rofmy tj uso kbstrueobts

sudh fs f pjwor quf`kty fbf`ysor fbm sovorf` jthor oqukpeobts tj prjvkmo

fbswors tj tho rosofrdh quostkjb.


49/99

47

=.3 QOT_@]T

=.6 KB]QJM_D]KJB

Kb thks dhfptor tho rosu`ts jatfkbom jb tho kepfdts jn kbtogrftkbg

phjtjvj`tfkd systoes jb pjwor quf`kty fro prosobtom. Kt djbtfkbs efkb`y

wfvonjres fbm hfrejbkd grfphs njr mknnorobt `jfms. ]ho `jfms djbskmorom

woro mosdrkaom ubmor rosofrdh tjj`s kb dhfptor 4 fbm tho prjdomuros

nj``jwom fro tho sfeo fs motfkòm kb tho rosofrdh eothjmj`jgy. Sjwor

quf`kty wfs eofsurom nrje uskbg twj mknnorobt pjwor sjurdos, f S^

kbvortor fbm tho OTA supp`y. Mksdusskjbs jn tho rosu`ts fro prosobtom kbdhfptor ?.

=.1 JTQFE KBDFBMOTDOB] @FEST

Nkguro 13 fbm Nkguro 16 shjw tho rosu`ts jatfkbom nrje tho S^ kbvortor

whob twj =3W kbdfbmosdobt Jsrfe `feps woro djbbodtom kbtj tho dkrdukt,whkò Nkguro 11 fbm Nkguro 14 shjw tho rosu`ts jatfkbom nrje tho OTA

supp`y. ]faò 4 shjws jn ]HM vfùos jn durrobt fbm vj`tfgo njr ajth

supp`kos.

]faò 49 Kbdfbmosdobt % ]HM njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo

% ]HM OTA supp`y S^ supp`y

^j`tfgo 1.=% 18.4%

Durrobt 1.=% 18.4%


50/99

48

=.1.6 S^ KBÔQ]OQ WFÔNJQE

Nkguro 139 S^ kbvortor wfvonjre njr kbdfbmosdobt `feps

=.1.1 S^ KBÔQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH

Nkguro 169 Kbvortor hfrejbkd grfph njr kbdfbmosdobt `feps


51/99

4;

=.1.4 OTA WF^ONJQE

Nkguro 119 OTA wfvonjre njr kbdfbmosdobt `feps

=.1.= OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH

Nkguro 149 OTA Hfrejbkd grfph njr kbdfbmosdobt `feps


52/99

=3

=.4 DJESFD] N@J_QOTDOB] @FEST

Nkguro 1= fbm Nkguro 1? shjw rosu`ts jatfkbom whob twj 13W djepfdt

nùjrosdobt `feps woro nom nrje f S^ kbvortor whorofs Nkguro 1> fbm

Nkguro 17 shjw rosu`ts whob sfeo `feps woro pjworom uskbg tho OTA.]faò = shjws jn ]HM njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo njr ajth supp`kos.

=.4.6 KBÔQ]OQ WFÔNJQE

Nkguro 1=9 Djepfdt nùjrosdobt `feps nom nrje f S^ kbvortor


53/99

=6

=.4.1 KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH

Nkguro 1?9 DN@ hfrejbkd grfph nrje S^ kbvortor

=.4.4 OTA WF^ONJQE

Nkguro 1>9 Wfvonjre njr DN@ wkth OTA supp`y


54/99

=1

=.4.= OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH

Nkguro 179 Hfrejbkd grfph njr DN@ uskbg OTA pjwor

]fa`o =9 DN@ % ]HM njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo


^j`tfgo 1.1% 18.3%

Durrobt 63=.?% 6=6.=%


55/99

=4

=.= ]? N@J_QOTDOB] @FES

]ho nkbmkbgs whob f twkb =;W ]? nùjrosdobt `fep wfs nom nrje f S^

kbvortor fro k`ùstrftom kb Nkguro 18 fbm Nkguro 1; whkò tho rosu`ts

jatfkbom whob sfeo ùekbfrkos woro nom nrje tho OTA supp`y fro shjwbkb Nkguro 43 fbm Nkguro 46. ]faò ? shjws ]HM vfùos njr durrobt fbm

vj`tfgo njr ajth supp`kos.

=.=.6 KBÔQ]OQ WFÔNJQE

Nkguro 189 Wfvonjre njr ]? nùjrosdobt nrje S^ kbvortor


56/99

==

=.=.1 KBÔQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH

Nkguro 1;9 Hfrejbkd grfph njr ]? nùjrosdobt nrje kbvortor

=.=.4 OTA WFÔNJQE

Nkguro 439 Wfvonjre nrje ]? wkth OTA supp`y


57/99

=?

=.=.= OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH

Nkguro 469 Hfrejbkd grfph njr ]? wkth OTA supp`y

]fa`o ?9 ]? ]HM njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo


^j`tfgo 1.1% 17.7%

Durrobt ;.7% =?.7%


58/99

=>

=.? ]61 N@J_QOTDOB] @FES

Nkguro 41 fbm Nkguro 44 shjw rosu`ts jatfkbom whob f ]61 nùjrosdobt

ùekbfrkos woro nom nrje f S^ kbvortor whkòNkguro 4= fbmNkguro 4? shjw

rosu`ts whob sfeo ùekbfrkos woro pjworom uskbg tho OTA supp`y. ]faò> shjws jn ]HM vfùos njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo njr ajth supp`kos.

=.?.6 KBÔQ]OQ WFÔNJQE

Nkguro 419 ]61 Wfvonjre nrje S^ kbvortor


59/99

=7

=.?.1 KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH

Nkguro 449 ]61 Hfrejbkd grfph nrje S^ kbvortor

=.?.4 OTA WF^ONJQE

Nkguro 4=9 Wfvonjre njr ]61 wkth OTA supp`y


60/99

=8

=.?.= OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH

Nkguro 4?9 Hfrejbkd grfph njr ]61 wkth OTA supp`y

]fa`o >9 ]61 ]HM njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo


^j`tfgo 1.=% 1>.=%

Durrobt 17.>% 61=.;%


61/99

=;

=.> ]8 N@J_QOTDOB] @FES

Kb thks sodtkjb, tho rosu`ts jatfkbom whob f ]8 nùjrosdobt ùekbfrkos nom

nrje tho OTA fro prosobtom kb Nkguro 4> fbm Nkguro 47 whkò Nkguro 48

fbmNkguro 4; shjw rosu`ts whob tho sfeo ùekbfrkos woro pjworom uskbg

OTA supp`y. ]faò > shjws ]HM vfùos njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo njr ajth

supp`kos.

=.>.6 OTA WFÔNJQE

Nkguro 4>9 ]8 wfvonjre nrje OTA supp`y


62/99

?3

=.>.1 OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH

Nkguro 479 ]8 hfrejbkd grfph wkth OTA supp`y

% ]jtf` hfrejbkd mkstjrtkjb OTA supp`y

^j`tfgo 1.?%

Durrobt 611%

]fa`o 79 ]8 ]HM wkth OTA supp`y


63/99

?6

=.>.4 KBÔQ]OQ WFÔNJQE

Nkguro 489 Kbvortor wfvonjre njr ]8 nùjrosdobt

=.>.= KBÔQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH

Nkguro 4;9 Kbvortor hfrejbkd grfph njr ]8 nùjrosdobt


64/99

?1

=.7 ^FQKFA@O TSOOM MQKÔ

]ho rosu`ts jatfkbom whob f ^TM wfs pjworom nrje tho OTA supp`y ft

spooms jn ?3Hz, 43Hz fbm 6?Hz fro shjwb kb thks sodtkjb.

=.7.6 OTA WFÔNJQE F] ?3 Hz EFX. TSOOM

]ho rosu`ts shjwb kb nkguro =3 dfb ao soob kb tfaò 8.

Nkguro =39 OTA Wfvonjre njr ^TM ft efx spoom

^J@]FGO D_QQOB]

QET 14>.>^ 3.766;F

SOFL - -41>.7^ -1.>33F

SOFL + 41>.=^ 1.?33F

]faò 89 ^fùos njr nkguro =3


65/99

?4

=.7.1 OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] ?3HY EFX. TSOOM

Nkguro =69 OTA Hfrejbkd grfph njr ^TM ft ?3 Hz


^j`tfgo 1.>%

Durrobt 6>;.?%

]fa`o ;9 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =6


66/99

?=

=.7.4 OTA WF^ONJQE F] 43Hz >3% TSOOM

Nkguro =19 OTA Wfvonjre njr ^TM ft 43Hz

^J@]FGO D_QQOB]

QET 14>.8^ 3.76=1F

SOFL - -41>.7^ -1.>33F

SOFL + 41>.=^ 1.?33F



67/99

??

=.7.= OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] 43HY >3% TSOOM

Nkguro =49 OTA Hfrejbkd grfph njr ^TM ft 43Hz


^j`tfgo 1.=%

Durrobt 673.3%



68/99

?>

=.7.= OTA WF^ONJQE F] 6?HY 43% TSOOM

Nkguro ==9 OTA Wfvonjre njr ^TM ft 6?Hz

^J@]FGO D_QQOB]

QET 147^ 3.>3>6F

SOFL - -417.6^ -1.433F

SOFL + 41>.=^ 1.133F

]fa`o 619 Qosu`ts njr nkguro ==


69/99

?7

=.7.? OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] 6?HY 43% TSOOM

Nkguro =?9 OTA Hfrejbkd grfph njr ^TM ft 6?Hz


^j`tfgo 1.=%

Durrobt 67;.1%

]fa`o 649 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =?


70/99

?8

=.7.8 KBÔQ]OQ WFÔNJQE F] ?3Hz EFX TSOOM

Nkguro =>9 Kbvortor wfvonjre ft ?3Hz efx spoom

^J@]FGO D_QQOB]

QET 146^ 3.?7>7F

SOFL - -17=.6^ -?.=33F

SOFL + 174.8^ ?.=33F

]faò 6=9 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =>


71/99

?;

=.7.; KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] ?3Hz EFX. TSOOM

Nkguro =79 Kbvortor hfrejbkd grfph ft ?3Hz efx. spoom

Kbvortor supp`y % ]HM

^j`tfgo 17.>%

Durrobt 84.6%

]fa`o 6?9 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =7


72/99

>3

=.7.63 KBÔQ]OQ WFÔNJQE F] 43Hz >3% TSOOM

Nkguro =89 Kbvortor wfvonjre ft 43Hz >3% spoom

^J@]FGO D_QQOB]

QET 11;.6^ 3.?87>F

SOFL - -1>;.6^ -4.>33F

SOFL + 1>8.7^ 4.833F

]faò 6>9 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =8


73/99

>6

=.7.66 KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] 43Hz >3% TSOOM

Nkguro =;9 Kbvortor hfrejbkd grfph ft 43Hz >3% spoom


^j`tfgo 17.>%

Durrobt 81.3%

]fa`o 679 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =;


74/99

>1

=.7.61 KBÔQ]OQ WFÔNJQE F] 6?Hz 43% TSOOM

Nkguro ?39 Kbvortor wfvonjre ft 6?Hz 43% spoom

^J@]FGO D_QQOB]

QET 11;.8^ 3.?=38F

SOFL - -173.=^ -4.?33F

SOFL + 173.6^ 4.;33F

]faò 689 Qosu`ts njr nkguro ?3


75/99

>4

=.7.64 KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] 6?Hz 43% TSOOM

Nkguro ?69 Kbvortor hfrejbkd grfph ft 6?Hz 43% spoom


^j`tfgo 17.=%

Durrobt 74.>%

]fa`o 6;9 Qosu`ts njr nkguro ?6


76/99

>=

=.7.6= ]FA@O JN QOT_@]T NJQ ^TM

Fs f`rofmy kbmkdftom kb tho provkjus sodtkjbs njr vfrkfaò spoom mrkvos,

tfaò 13 shjws tho rosu`ts jn tho tjtf` hfrejbkd mkstjrtkjbs fbm rjjt eofbsqufro vfùos whob tho ^TM ks nom nrje tho OTA fbm kbvortor.

OTA Efx spoom ?3Hz >3% spoom 43Hz 43% spoom 6?Hz

^res 14>.>^ 14>.8^ 147^

Kres 3.766;F 3.76=1F 3.>3>6F

^j`tfgo ]HM 1.>% 1.=% 1.=%

Durrobt ]HM 6>;.?% 673.3% 67;.1%

KBÔQ]OQ

^res 146^ 11;.6^ 11;.8^

Kres 3.?7>7F 3.?87> 3.?=38F

^j`tfgo ]HM 17.>% 17.>% 17.=%

Durrobt ]HM 84.6% 81.3% 74.>%

]faò 139 ]faò jn rosu`ts njr ^TM


77/99

>?

?.3 MKTD_TTKJB JN QOT_@]T

?.6 S^ KBÔQ]OQ SJWOQ V_F@K][ FBF@[TKT

Bjw tj fsdortfkb tho kepfdts jn kbtogrftkbg phjtjvj`tfkd p`fbts jb pjwor

quf`kty, f thjrjugh fbf`ysks jn tho pjwor quf`kty nrje f S^ kbvortor

prosobtom kb dhfptor njur woro usonu` kb prjvkmkbg fbswors tj tho rosofrdh

quostkjb. ]ho pjwor quf`kty nrje tho S^ kbvortor wfs djepfrom tj thft jn

tho OTA ubmor skek`fr `jfm djbmktkjbs. ]ho djepfrksjb wfs pornjreom

uskbg tho KOOO ?6;-6;;1 fddoptfaò `kekts njr vj`tfgo mkstjrtkjbs kb

goborf` systoes.

Tj thob, whob twj =3W kbdfbmosdobt Jsrfe `feps woro nom nrje f S^

kbvortor supp`ykbg 143^ FD nrje f 61^ MD kbput, f wfvonjre sjeowhft

squfro, mopkdtom kbNkguro 13wfs prjmudom. Fs soob kb Nkguro 13,tho rom

skgbf` roprosobts tho vj`tfgo whkò tho aùo skgbf` roprosobts tho durrobt

fbm ajth skgbf`s fppofr tj ao f squfro wfvonjre rfthor thfb f skbusjkmf`

wfvo njre. Bjw whob sfeo `jfms woro nom nrje tho OTA supp`y, f

skbusjkmf` wfvonjre shjwb kbNkguro 11wfs prjmudom.

F`thjugh ajth `feps fdhkovom skek`fr arkghtboss, tho ]HM goborftom nrje

tho S^ kbvortor fro shjwb kbNkguro 16fbm tho vfùos jatfkbom fro 18.4%

njr vj`tfgo fbm 18.4% njr durrobt fs jppjsom tj 1.=% njr vj`tfgo whob

uskbg OTA supp`y fbm 1.=% njr durrobt, soo Nkguro 14 njr tho OTA

hfrejbkd grfph.

Bjw wkth rogfrms tj tho KOOO ?6;-6;;1 stfbmfrms njr vj`tfgo mkstjrtkjb

djbtrj`, kt dfb ao soob thft tho rogu`ftkjb ks djbdorbom wkth twj efkb

pjkbts9

tho nkrst pjkbt ks tj ekbkekzo tho hfrejbkd durrobt kbiodtom kbtj thobotwjrl ft tho pjkbt jn djeejb djup`kbg (SDD) ay tho usor.

tho sodjbm pjkbt kbvj`vos romudkbg tho hfrejbkd vj`tfgo supp`kom aytho botwjrl tj fby usor ft tho pjkbt jn djeejb djup`kbg.


78/99

>>

Fs sudh, tho rogu`ftkjb roqukros thft tho fejubt jn mkstjrtkjb kb vj`tfgos

supp`kom ay tho botwjrl tj tho usor shju`m bjt oxdoom ?% jn tho ]HM

(tjtf` hfrejbkd mkstjrtkjb).

Fs shjwb kb ]faò 4, kt dfb ao soob thft tho ]HM prjmudom nrje tho S^

kbvortor oxdooms tho roqukrom `kekt pursufbt tj KOOO ?6;-6;;1 rogu`ftkjb,

whorofs tho ]HM prjmudom whob uskbg tho OTA supp`y nf``s wkthkb tho

fddoptfaò `kekt njr vj`tfgo mkstjrtkjbs.

]ho vfrkftkjb jn tho rosu`ts jatfkbom aotwoob tho OTA supp`y fbm tho

kbvortor woro prjmudom ay tho kbvortor shjwb kb Nkguro 61,fs tho rosu`ts

prosobtom kb dhfptor = woro jatfkbom nrje tho uso jn tho fnjroeobtkjbom

kbvortor. Tkbdo f phjtjvj`tfkd do`` prjmudos f mkrodt durrobt supp`y fbm

ejst kbstf``ftkjbs fbm tho grkm roqukros f`torbftkbg durrobt supp`y, tho

oborgy goborftom nrje tho MD sjurdo wfs djbvortom kbtj FD uskbg fb

kbvortor.

]ho rosu`ts mknnor muo tj tho djepjbobts wkthkb tho kbvortor shjwb kb

Nkguro 61 fs kt `frgo`y djbsksts jn soekdjbmudtjr movkdos thft nfdk`ktftom

tho djbvorskjb jn tho oborgy supp`kom ay tho MD sjurdo kbtj FD uskbg

pu`so wkmth ejmu`ftkjb djbtrj` fs kt ks f skepò todhbkquo tj prjmudo FD

nrje MD wkth tho dfpfak`kty tj djbtrj` tho jutput fbm nroquobdy. Fs sudh,

kt kbhorobt`y prjmudos ubwfbtom òvo`s jn bjkso fbm hfrejbkds kb tho

systoe thrjugh hkgh dhfbgo jn vj`tfgo wkth tkeo fbm dhfbgo jn durrobt

wkth tkeo soekdjbmudtjr swktdhkbg.


79/99

>7

?.1 KBDFBMOTDOB] @FEST

Kt dfb ao soob thft tho uso jn djepfdt nùjrosdobt `feps kbiodt hfrejbkds

kbtj tho systoe thfb kbdfbmosdobt `feps. ]ho rosu`ts jatfkb whob twj

13W djepfdt nùjrosdobt `feps woro nom nrje f S^ kbvortor fro shjwb kbNkguro 1= fbm Nkguro 1? whorofs Nkguro 1> fbm Nkguro 17 mopkdts tho

rosu`ts whob sfeo `feps fro pjworom uskbg tho OTA. Jb ]faò =, tho

vfùos njr tho ]HM njr ajth tho durrobt fbm tho vj`tfgo njr ajth supp`kos

fro rodjrmom. Fs soob jb ]faò =, tho vj`tfgo supp`kom ay tho OTA wfs

1.1% wkthkb tho `kekts jn tho KOOO ?6;-6;;1 whkò 18% wfs rodjrmom nrje

tho kbvortor.

Nurthorejro, tho hfrejbkd durrobts kbiodtom kbtj tho botwjrl ay tho uso

jn 13W djepfdt nùjrosdobt `feps fppofrom tj ao 63=.?% whkò whob

uskbg =3W kbdfbmosdobt `feps, tho hfrejbkd durrobt kbiodtom kbtj tho

dkrdukt ks 1.=%. Tj kt dfb ao soob nrje tho fajvo thft tho prfdtkdo

bjwfmfys jn rop`fdkbg kbdfbmosdobt `feps wkth DN@ ks f pjtobtkf` prjaòe

tj tho quf`kty jn pjwor fs thoy kbiodt vory hkgh hfrejbkd durrobts kbtj tho

botwjrl. ]horonjro, fb kbstf``ftkjb djbtfkbkbg vfst fejubt jn DN@ ks fprjaòe tj tho quf`kty jn pjwor.

?.1 DJESFD] N@_JQOTDOB] @FEST

]ho rosu`ts jatfkb whob twj 13W djepfdt nùjrosdobt `feps fro nom nrje

f S^ kbvortor fro prosobtom kbNkguro 1= fbmNkguro 1?,whorofsNkguro 1>

fbmNkguro 17 mopkdts tho rosu`ts whob sfeo `feps fro pjworom uskbg tho

OTA. Jb ]faò =, tho vfùos njr tho ]HM njr ajth tho durrobt fbm tho

vj`tfgo njr ajth supp`kos fro rodjrmom. Fs soob jb tho vj`tfgo wfvonjre

njr tho kbvortor, soo Nkguro 1=, tho supp`y vj`tfgo kb rom ks sjeowhft f

squfro wfvo fbm tho hfrejbkd grfph djbtfkbs ]HM jn 18% njr tho vj`tfgo

oxdoomkbg tho fddoptfaò `kekt jn tho KOOO ?6;-6;;1 rogu`ftkjbs. Bjw

whob djepfrom wkth tho pjwor supp`kom nrje tho OTA, tho ]HM eofsurom


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njr tho vj`tfgo fppofrs tj ao 1.1%. Tj thob, kt dfb ao soob thft tho ]HM

nrje tho OTA nf``s wkthkb tho fddoptfaò `kekts jn tho fnjroeobtkjbom

rogu`ftkjb.

?.4 ]? N@J_QOTDOB] @FEST

]ho rosu`ts whob f twkb =;W ]? nùjrosdobt `fep ks nom nrje f S^ kbvortor

fro k`ùstrftom kb Nkguro 18 fbm Nkguro 1;,whkò tho rosu`ts jatfkb whob

sfeo ùekbfrkos ks nom nrje tho OTA supp`y fro shjwb kb Nkguro 43 fbm

Nkguro 46.Jb]faò ?,tho vfùos njr tho ]HM njr ajth tho durrobt fbm tho

vj`tfgo njr ajth supp`kos fro rodjrmom.

Fs soob kb Nkguro 18 tho wfvonjre prjmudom whob f ]? nùjrosdobt `fep

ks nom nrje tho kbvortor prjmudos f squfro wfvonjre fbm tho ]HM njr tho

vj`tfgo ks 17.7% oxdoomkbg tho `kekt jn tho KOOO ?6;-6;;1 rogu`ftkjbs

whorofs wkth tho OTA supp`y, f skbusjkmf` wfvonjre ks prjmudom fbm tho

hfrejbkd grfph njr tho OTA supp`y kbmkdftos f ]HM jn 1.1%, soo Nkguro

46. Fs sudh, tho OTA supp`y nf``s wkthkb tho fddoptfaò `kekt jn tho KOOO

rogu`ftkjbs.

Whob ]? nùjrosdobt `feps fro usom kb fb kbstf``ftkjb, tho fejubt jn

hfrejbkd durrobt kbiodtom kbtj tho botwjrl fppofrom tj ao =?.7% njr f S^

systoe whorofs djbsueors uskbg OTA supp`y kbiodt ;.7% hfrejbkds kbtj

tho systoe.

?.= ]8 N@J_QOTDOB] @FEST

]ho OTA wfvonjre kb Nkguro 4> shjws f vj`tfgo skgbf` kb rom fbm tho

durrobt skgbf` kb aùo. Fs soob, tho vj`tfgo skgbf` ks f skbo wfvo nom nrje

tho OTA fbm tho ]HM njr tho vj`tfgo ks 1.?%, soo Nkguro 47 njr tho

hfrejbkd grfph. ]hks vfùos wjbt pjso f prjaòe wkth rogfrm tj tho

rogu`ftkjbs jn tho kbstktuto jn oòdtrkdf` fbm oòdtrjbkds obgkboors


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rogu`ftkjbs fs tho vfùos jatfkbom njr vj`tfgos supp`kom tj tho djbsueor

ks wkthkb tho fddoptfaò gukmo`kbos. Jb tho jthor hfbm, tho quf`kty jn

pjwor mo`kvorom ay tho kbvortor fppofrom tj djbtfkb hfrejbkds, sooNkguro

48,tho wfvonjre njr tho vj`tfgo ks fpprjxkefto`y f squfro wfvonjre fbmtho ]HM njr tho vj`tfgo ks 4?.6%. Wkth sudh mkstjrtkjbs, tho rogu`ftkjbs

wju`m roqukro nurthor keprjvoeobts wkth tho quf`kty jn pjwor supp`kom

jbtj tho djbsueors fs tho vfùos jatfkbom nrje tho kbvortor oxdooms tho

roqukrom `kekt njr vj`tfgo mkstjrtkjbs fbm murkbg thks oxporkeobt, kt wfs

njubm thft tho ]8 `fep wfs n`kdlorkbg muo tj tho pjjr quf`kty jn pjwor

mo`kvorom ay tho kbvortor.

?.? ]61 N@_JQOTDOB] @FEST

Fs mopkdtom kb Nkguro 41,tho durrobt skgbf` ks roprosobtom kb rom fbm tho

vj`tfgo skgbf` kb aùo njr tho pjwor supp`kom ay tho kbvortor. Fs soob kb

Nkguro 41, tho wfvonjre ks f squfro wfvo fbm tho ]HM njr tho vj`tfgo

wfs 1>.=% fs djepfrom tj 1.=% whob nom nrje tho OTA supp`y. ]ho ]HMnjr tho durrobt wfs 61=.;% whob pjworom nrje tho kbvortor.

_b`klo tho squfro wfvonjre prjmudom ay tho kbvortor, whob tho ]8

n`jrosdobt `fep wfs pjworom uskbg tho OTA supp`y, f skbusjkmf` wfvonjre

wfs prjmudom njr tho vj`tfgo. ]ho hfrejbkd durrobts soob jb Nkguro 4= ks

fs f rosu`t jn tho djepjbobts fssjdkftom wkth tho ]61 nùjrosdobt `fep,

thoroay kbiodtkbg hfrejbkd durrobts jn 61=.;% kbtj tho kbstf``ftkjb whkò

dustjeors uskbg OTA oborgy kbiodtom 17.>% jb`y. Fs kt wju`m fppofr, tho

OTA nf``s wkthkb tho fddoptfaò `kekt njr hfrejbkd mkstjrtkjbs.


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?.? ^FQKFA@O TSOOM MQKÔT

Nkguro =3 fbm Nkguro =6 shjw wfvonjres fbm hfrejbkd grfph whob tho

^TM ks nom nrje tho OTA supp`y ft efxkeue spoom (633%) ft f nroquobdy

jn ?3Hz. ]ho wfvonjres fbm hfrejbkd grfphs whob tho spoom ks ft >3%ft f nroquobdy jn 43Hz uskbg OTA supp`y fro shjwb kb Nkguro =1 fbm

Nkguro =4 whkò Nkguro == fbm Nkguro =? shjw tho wfvonjre fbm

hfrejbkds whob tho spoom ks ft 43% fbm tho nroquobdy wfs 6?Hz wkth

sfeo OTA supp`y.

Fs shjwb kb ]faò 13,whob tho OTA supp`y wfs usom tj pjwor tho ^TM

whob rubbkbg ft ?3Hz, 43Hz fbm 6?Hz tho vj`tfgo ]HM mkm bjt oxdoom tho

fddoptfaò `kekt jn tho KOOO ?6;-6;;1 rogu`ftkjbs, aut whob tho kbvortor

supp`kom tho ^TM ft sfeo nroquobdkos, tho vj`tfgo ]HM oxdoomom tho

stftom `kekts jn tho fnjroeobtkjbom rogu`ftkjb. Kbtorostkbg`y, tho durrobt

]HM kbiodtom kbtj tho botwjrl whob pjworom nrje tho OTA wfs eudh

hkghor thfb tho durrobt ]HM whob nom nrje tho kbvortor ft sfeo spoom.


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>.3 DJBD@_TKJBT FBM QODJEEOBMF]KJBT

>.6 DJBD@_TKJBT

]ho kbtogrftkjb jn phjtjvj`tfkd systoes kbtrjmudos sjeo dhf`òbgos tj thoquf`kty jn pjwor supp`kom tj tho djbsueor fs S^ systoes `frgo`y mopobm

jb sj`fr oborgy tj prjmudo oòdtrkdkty. Fs kt wju`m fppofr nrje tho

eofsuroeobts djbmudtom, tho skgbf` prjmudom ay tho kbvortor ks f squfro

wfvonjre rfthor thfb f skbowfvo. Tkbdo tho pjwor prjmudom ay tho S^

systoe ks MD, f phjtjvj`tfkd kbvortor ks oep`jyom tj djbvort tho MD

goborftom ay tho S^ p`fbt kbtj f`torbftkbg durrobt. ]ho dhf`òbgos

kbtrjmudom fro kb tho njre jn hfrejbkd vj`tfgos supp`kom jbtj tho

djbsueors nrje tho kbvortor.

Hfrejbkds fro vj`tfgos fbm durrobts fppofrkbg jb tho pjwor systoe fbm

fs soob nrje thks thosks, tho hfrejbkds kb f wfvo fro djepjbobt

nroquobdkos jn tho fdtuf` skgbf`. ]hks thoronjro eofbs thoy fro kbtogor

eu`tkpòs jn thft nubmfeobtf` nroquobdy. Tj thob, kn f nubmfeobtf`

nroquobdy fppofrs tj ao n, thob tho hfrejbkds kb tho systoe wju`m ao 1n,4n, =n, ?n, >n, 7n, fbm sj jb. ]ho prosobdo jn hfrejbkds ubmorekbos tho

quf`kty jn pjwor mo`kvorom tj tho djbsueor fs tho prosobdo jn sef`òr

qufbtktkos efy hfvo fmvorso djbsoquobdos jb efdhkbos fbm oqukpeobts.

Fs soob nrje tho rosu`ts prosobtom kb thks thosks, tho vj`tfgo supp`kom ay

tho kbvortor djbtfkbs hfrejbkds thft oxdooms tho ?% fddoptfaò `kekts jn

tho Kbstktutkjb jn Oòdtrkdf` fbm Oòdtrjbkds Obgkboors rogu`ftkjb ?6;-6;;1.

Jb tho jthor hfbm, kt wfs njubm thft tho oborgy supp`kom ay tho OTA wfs

wkthkb tho fddoptfaò `kekts jn tho fnjroeobtkjbom rogu`ftkjb.

]ho hfrejbkds prjmudom ay tho kbvortor woro fs f rosu`t jn tho sj`km stfto

movkdos kbdjrpjrftom kb tho moskgb jn tho kbvortor fbm f`sj muo tj tho

bfturo jn sj`fr fvfk`fak`kty fs tho kbvortor `frgo`y djbsksts jn

soekdjbmudtjr movkdos thft nfdk`ktftos tho trfbsnjreftkjb jn ubkmkrodtkjbf`

durrobt kbtj f`torbftkbg durrobt thrjugh tho uso jn pu`so wkmth ejmu`ftkjb


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djbtrj`. ]hks trfbsnjreftkjb prjdoss nrje MD tj FD fmiust tho jutput fbm

nroquobdy fbm ay sj mjkbg kbhorobt`y prjmudos ubwfbtom òvo`s jn bjkso

fbm hfrejbkds kb tho systoe thrjugh soekdjbmudtjr swktdhkbg.

Fs S^ ejmuòs mopobm upjb sj`fr oborgy tj goborfto oòdtrkdkty fbm tho

pjwor prjmudom ay tho S^ systoe efy nùdtufto fs f rosu`t jn sj`fr

krrfmkfbdo fbm d`jum ejvoeobts. Fs tho kbvortor `frgo`y mopobm upjb tho

pjwor prjmudom ay tho S^ do``s, fbm kbvortors fro moskgb tj jporfto ft

spodknkom `kekts, sj thob wofthor nùdtuftkjbs efy rosu`t tj tho kbvortor

prjmudkbg hfrejbkds kb dfsos whoro tho kbput pjwor nrje tho S^ ks

aoyjbm tho `kekts jn tho kbvortor fbm kbvortors kbdjrpjrfto sjeo prjtodtkvo

quf`ktkos sudh thft thoy dfb ejbktjr tho pornjrefbdos jn tho FD grkm fbm

mksdjbbodt tho S^ systoe nrje supp`ykbg tho grkm kb tho ovobt jn grkm

krrogu`frktkos fbm nfkùros. F`thjugh tho kbvortor hfs efxkeue pjwor

pjkbt trfdlkbg (ESS]) thft fssksts tho S^ frrfy tj jporfto ft kts hkghost

onnkdkobdy mospkto d`keftkd fbm obvkrjbeobtf` djbmktkjbs, hfrejbkds fro

prjmudom ospodkf``y whob tho ESS] obfaòs tho kbvortor tj jporfto ubmor

pjjr wofthor djbmktkjbs. Wofthor nùdtuftkjbs efy f`sj rosu`t tjnroquobdy vfrkftkjbs fbm vj`tfgo nùdtuftkjbs òfmkbg tj pjjr pjwor

quf`kty.

]horo fro mknnorobt `fyjuts njr f S^ systoe fbm mopobmkbg upjb tho

djepjbobts usom kb ofdh djbnkgurftkjb efy f`sj kbnùobdo tho quf`kty jn

pjwor. ]hks thosks kmobtknkom njur typos jn djbnkgurftkjbs, bfeo`y9 dobtrf`

`fyjut, ejmu`fr `fyjut, strkbg `fyjut, fbm eu`tkpò strkbg `fyjuts.

Fejbg tho `fyjut kbmkdftom fajvo, kt wfs njubm thft wkth tho dobtrf`

(djbvobtkjbf`) `fyjut, shfmkbg ks f pjtobtkf` prjaòe fbm ekseftdh

aotwoob strkbgs jn S^ ejmuòs rosu`t tj hkgh pjwor `jssos kb tho p`fbts.

F`sj, f skbgò kbvortor dfb sorvo fs f skbgò pjkbt jn nfkùro njr tho systoe.

Fs sudh, thoso dfb sorvo fs f pjtobtkf` prjaòe tj tho quf`kty jn pjwor

mo`kvorom ay sudh systoes.


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>.1 QODJEEOBMF]KJBT

Tkbdo tho bftkjbf` grkm kb Kro`fbm hfs bjt yot kbdjrpjrftom S^ systoes kbtj

kts pjwor systoe, fbm kb vkow jn Kro`fbms djeekteobt tj dut mjwb dfrajb

oeksskjbs, thks rosofrdh wfs f`sj dhjsob fs f stop njrwfrm kbtj thopjsskak`ktkos jn obdjurfgkbg tho uso jn S^ goborftom oòdtrkdkty kb Kro`fbm.

]hjugh tho goborftkjb jn S^ oòdtrkdkty kb Kro`fbm ft f `frgo sdfò hfs aoob

mksputom, kt ks kbmoom pjsskaò tj goborfto `frgo sdfò S^ oborgy kb Kro`fbm

uskbg tho `fyjuts hkgh`kghtom kb thks thosks.

F`thjugh sjùtkjbs tj hfrejbkds mj bjt nf`` wkthkb tho sdjpo jn thks thosks,

tho futhjr wju`m rodjeeobm nurthor rosofrdh kbtj sjùtkjbs tj pjwor

quf`kty porturaftkjbs whob kbtogrftkbg S^ systoes.


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AKA@KJGQFSH[

Fpod, 1363. Fmmrosskbg Grkm-kbtordjbbodtkjb kssuos wkth ^frkfaò

Qobowfaò Oborgy Tjurdos. ]urbor9 K] Sjwor Fustrf`kf Fskf Sfdknkd

Odjbjekd Djjporftkjb.

Dfrajbo, Q., 1363. Grkm djbbodtom Shjtjvj`tfkd systoes wkth oborgy

stjrfgo. QOGGKJ DF@FAQKF9 KOOO _bkvorskt mog`k Ttumk Eomktorrfbof.

Dfrrfsdj, I.E., Nrfbquo`j, @.G. & Akf`fskowkdz, I., 133>. Sjwor oòdtrjbkd

systoes njr grkm kbtogrftkjb jn robowfaò oborgy sjurdos. KOOO, ?4(=).

Dhubg, H.T.-H. & Hj, H.E.]., 133?.Fb Kbtogrftom Kbvortor Wkth Efxkeue

Sjwor ]rfdlkbg njr Grkm-Djbbodtom S^ Tystoes. @jbmjb9 KOOO KOOO.

Mf`k`f, E.T., 1337. Mkstrkautkjb trfbsnjreor `jssos ovfùftkjb ubmor bjb

`kbofr `jfm. Tlumfk Ifhjr9 Ef`fyskf _bkvorskty jn ]olbj`jgk.

Ohfrf, ]., 133;. Jvordjekbg S^ grkm kssuos kb urafb frofs. Ekzuhj9

Kbtorbftkjbf` Oborgy Fgobdy Ekzuhj Kbnjreftkjb & Qosofrdh Kbstktuto,Kbd., Ifpfb.

Opkf, 1361. Djbbodtkbg tho sub9 Tj`fr phjtjvj`tfkd jb tho rjfm tj `frgo

sdfò kbtogrftkjb. OSKF.

Nfrhjjmbof, E., EJHFEOM, F., THFQOON, H. & YF[FBMOHQJJMK, H.,

1364. Sjwor Vuf`kty Fbf`ysks jn Grkm-Djbbodtom Shjtjvj`tfkd Tystoes kb

Mkstrkautkjb Botwjrls. SQYOG@M9 _bkvorskty Loafbgsffb Ef`fyskf_bkvorskty Loafbgsffb Ef`fyskf.

Gfrbor, T., 1366. Mknnorobt typos jn sj`fr kbvortors. \Jb`kboU Fvfk`faò ft9

http9//a`jg.sybmkdftomsj`fr.dje/akm/?1;>4/Mknnorobt-]ypos-Jn-Tj`fr-

Kbvortors\Fddossom 66 Noarufry 1364U.

Gj`lfr, E., 133;. Sjwor Vuf`kty kb Oòdtrkd Botwjrls9 Ejbktjrkbg, fbm

Ttfbmfrms. ]ohrfb9 L B ]jjsk _bkvorskty jn ]odhbj`jgy, ]ohrfb- Krfb.
http://blog.syndicatedsolar.com/bid/52963/Different-Types-Of-Solar-Invertershttp://blog.syndicatedsolar.com/bid/52963/Different-Types-Of-Solar-Invertershttp://blog.syndicatedsolar.com/bid/52963/Different-Types-Of-Solar-Invertershttp://blog.syndicatedsolar.com/bid/52963/Different-Types-Of-Solar-Invertershttp://blog.syndicatedsolar.com/bid/52963/Different-Types-Of-Solar-Inverters


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Grfzkfbj & Qfu`kb, 1333. Hypjthosks tostkbg, vf`kmkty, fbm throfts tj

vf`kmkty. \Jb`kboU Fvfk`faò ft9

http9//www.fafdjb.dje/grfzkfbj/dh38/s`m336.hte \Fddossom 6; Fprk`

1364U.

Hfsfbzfmoh, F., Omrkbgtjb, D.T. & Aovks, ]., 1361. Djeprohobskvo Ttumy

jn Sjwor Vuf`kty Drktorkf Goborftom ay S^ Djbvortors fbm thokr Kepfdts

jb Mkstrkautkjb ]rfbsnjreors. N`jrkmf9 KOOO ]ho Dobtor njr Fmvfbdom

Sjwor Tystoes, 1333 @ovy Fvobuo, ]ho N`jrkmf Ttfto _bkvorskty,

]f``fhfssoo, N@ 41463, _TF.

Hfske, F.T.F., Karfhke, Y. & Bkzfe, E.H., 1361. Shjtjvj`tfkd Tystoe

Djbbodtom tj ]hroo Shfso Grkm Djbbodtom Tystoe Kbdjrpjrftkbg Wkth

Fdtkvo Sjwor Nk`tor.Fustrf`kfb Ijurbf` jn Afskd fbm Fpp`kom Tdkobdos,>(7),

pp.4=?-?4.

Hoefdhfbmrfb, L., Lfbbfb, F. & Qfak, A.I., 1361. F Qovkow jn Nk`tors njr

Obhfbdkbg tho Vuf`kty jn Sjwor. Kb Kbtorbftkjbf` Djbnorobdo jb Djeputkbg

fbm Djbtrj` Obgkboorkbg (KDDDO 1361). Djkeaftjro, 1361. Sua`kshom ay

Djkeaftjro Kbstktuto jn Kbnjreftkjb ]odhbj`jgy.

Horefb, E., Ifbljvod, E. & ]jpk, E., 1361. Jptkef` K-^ Durvo Tdfb

]keo jn Tj`fr Do``s fbm Ejmuòs kb @kght jn Krrfmkfbdo @ovo`. Kbtorbftkjbf`

Ijurbf` jn Shjtjoborgy, 1361, p. 66 pfgos.

Hkggkbs, I.S. & Groob, T., 1338. Monkbktkjb jn quf`ktftkvo rosofrdh. \Jb`kboU

Fvfk`faò ft9 http9//www.erd-asu.dfe.fd.ul/djdhrfbo/hfbmajjl?33/kbmox.hte#dhfptorZ13/13Z1Z6Zmo

nkbktkjbZjnZquf`ktftkvoZrosofrdh.hte\Fddossom 3; Fprk` 1364U.

Hkbgjrfb`, B.G., Gyugyk, @. & O`-Hfwfry, E.O., 1333. _bmorstfbmkbg

NFD]T. Bow [jrl9 F IJHB WK@O[ & TJBT, KBD., S_A@KDF]KJB Kbstktuto jn

Oòdtrkdf` fbm Oòdtrjbkds Obgkboors, Kbd.

Hjgfb, I., Mj`fb, S. & Mjbo``y, S., 133;. Kbtrjmudtkjb9 Fpprjfdhos tjVuf`ktftkvo Qosofrdh. \Jb`kboU Fvfk`faò ft9
http://www.abacon.com/graziano/ch08/sld001.htmhttp://www.abacon.com/graziano/ch08/sld001.htmhttp://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/cochrane/handbook500/index.htm#chapter_20/20_2_1_definition_of_qualitative_research.htmhttp://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/cochrane/handbook500/index.htm#chapter_20/20_2_1_definition_of_qualitative_research.htmhttp://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/cochrane/handbook500/index.htm#chapter_20/20_2_1_definition_of_qualitative_research.htmhttp://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/cochrane/handbook500/index.htm#chapter_20/20_2_1_definition_of_qualitative_research.htmhttp://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/cochrane/handbook500/index.htm#chapter_20/20_2_1_definition_of_qualitative_research.htmhttp://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/cochrane/handbook500/index.htm#chapter_20/20_2_1_definition_of_qualitative_research.htmhttp://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/cochrane/handbook500/index.htm#chapter_20/20_2_1_definition_of_qualitative_research.htmhttp://www.abacon.com/graziano/ch08/sld001.htm


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http9//frrjw.mkt.ko/dgk/vkowdjbtobt.dgk:frtkdò56364&djbtoxt5ausdhefral

&sok-

romkr56&ronoror5http%4F%1N%1Nwww.gjjgò.ko%1Nur`%4Nsf%4Mt%1>

rdt%4Mi%1>q%4Mquf`ktftkvo%1?13rosofrdh%1>sjurdo%4Mwoa%1>dm%4M4%1>vom%4M3DM=VNiFD%1>ur`%4Mhttp%1?4F%1?1N%1?1Nfrrjw.mk

t.k\Fddossom 14 Fprk` 1364U.

Hjbg, T. & Efrtksjb, E., 1366. 'Hfrejbkds fbm Bjkso kb Shjtjvj`tfkd (S^)

Kbvortor fbm tho Ektkgftkjb Ttrftogkos'. Efssfdhusotts9 Tjòdtrkf

Qobowfaòs Tjòdtrkf Qobowfaòs.

Hufbg, ]., Ikfbg, A. & Mjbg, X., 1363. Mybfekd ejmo`kbg fbm trfbskobt

nfu`t fbf`ysks jn noomor kb mkstrkautkjb systoe wkth EW S^ suastftkjb. Kb

_bkvorsktkos Sjwor Obgkboorkbg Djbnorobdo (_SOD), 1363 =?th

Kbtorbftkjbf`. Dfrmknn, Wfòs, 1363. KOOO.

Hubt, 1338. Hfrejbkds - fbm thokr kepjrtfbdo. \Jb`kboU Fvfk`faò ft9

http9//www.vj`tkeue.ko/bows/8368/de/hfrejbkds---fbm-thokr-

kepjrtfbdo.hte`\Fddossom 34 Efrdh 1364U.

KOD, 6;;?. KB]OQBF]KJBF@ T]FBMFQM. \Jb`kboU (Nkrst) Fvfk`faò ft9

http9//www-ppm.nbf`.gjv/oomjnnkdo-

w/kbnrfstrudturoZgrjup/hunnefb/woa/obgkboorkbg/stfbmfrms%?Dkod>6333

-=-=%7Aom6.6%7Ma.pmn\Fddossom 3= Efrdh 1364U.

KOOO, 6;;1. ?6;-6;;1 - KOOO Qodjeeobmom Srfdtkdos fbm Qoqukroeobts

njr Hfrejbkd Djbtrj` kb Oòdtrkdf` Sjwor Tystoes. \Jb`kboU Fvfk`faò ft9http9//koooxp`jro.kooo.jrg/xp`/frtkdòMotfk`s.isp:&frbueaor51638;=

\Fddossom 3= Efrdh 1364U.

KOOO, 6;;?. 66?;-6;;? - KOOO Qodjeeobmom Srfdtkdo njr Ejbktjrkbg

Oòdtrkd Sjwor Vuf`kty. \Jb`kboU Fvfk`faò ft9

http9//koooxp`jro.kooo.jrg/xp`/`jgkb.isp:tp5&frbueaor5=7?=;?&ur`5http

%4F%1N%1Nkoooxp`jro.kooo.jrg%1Nxp`s%1NfasZf``.isp%4Nfrbueaor%4

M=7?=;?\Fddossom = Efrdh 1364U.
http://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dqualitative%2520research%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CD4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ihttp://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dqualitative%2520research%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CD4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ihttp://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dqualitative%2520research%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CD4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ihttp://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dqualitative%2520research%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CD4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ihttp://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dqualitative%2520research%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CD4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ihttp://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dqualitative%2520research%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CD4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ihttp://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dqualitative%2520research%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CD4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ihttp://www.voltimum.ie/news/8018/cm/harmonics---and-their-importance.htmlhttp://www.voltimum.ie/news/8018/cm/harmonics---and-their-importance.htmlhttp://www.voltimum.ie/news/8018/cm/harmonics---and-their-importance.htmlhttp://www-ppd.fnal.gov/eedoffice-w/infrastructure_group/huffman/web/engineering/standards%5Ciec61000-4-4%7Bed1.1%7Db.pdfhttp://www-ppd.fnal.gov/eedoffice-w/infrastructure_group/huffman/web/engineering/standards%5Ciec61000-4-4%7Bed1.1%7Db.pdfhttp://www-ppd.fnal.gov/eedoffice-w/infrastructure_group/huffman/web/engineering/standards%5Ciec61000-4-4%7Bed1.1%7Db.pdfhttp://www-ppd.fnal.gov/eedoffice-w/infrastructure_group/huffman/web/engineering/standards%5Ciec61000-4-4%7Bed1.1%7Db.pdfhttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?&arnumber=210894http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?&arnumber=210894http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=475495&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D475495http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=475495&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D475495http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=475495&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D475495http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=475495&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D475495http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=475495&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D475495http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=475495&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D475495http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=475495&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D475495http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?&arnumber=210894http://www-ppd.fnal.gov/eedoffice-w/infrastructure_group/huffman/web/engineering/standards%5Ciec61000-4-4%7Bed1.1%7Db.pdfhttp://www-ppd.fnal.gov/eedoffice-w/infrastructure_group/huffman/web/engineering/standards%5Ciec61000-4-4%7Bed1.1%7Db.pdfhttp://www-ppd.fnal.gov/eedoffice-w/infrastructure_group/huffman/web/engineering/standards%5Ciec61000-4-4%7Bed1.1%7Db.pdfhttp://www.voltimum.ie/news/8018/cm/harmonics---and-their-importance.htmlhttp://www.voltimum.ie/news/8018/cm/harmonics---and-their-importance.htmlhttp://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dqualitative%2520research%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CD4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ihttp://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dqualitative%2520research%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CD4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ihttp://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dqualitative%2520research%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CD4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ihttp://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&se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Lfgoyfef, H., [fefmf, ]. & Jjzolk, ]., 1366. Eofsuroeobt jn Kbrush-

Durrobt Wfvonjres njr Ejmo`kbg Qofdtfbdo Dhfrfdtorkstkds jn S^ Ejmuòs.

Kb 17th O_ S^TOD 13669 Sfrtkdkpfto kb tho Wjr`ms @frgost Tpodkf`kst S^

Tj`fr Djbnorobdo. Sfrks, 1366. WKS.

Lfbmoblj, 1337. Moejbstrftkvo rosofrdh jb dùstorom S^ systoes. Jtf9

BOMJ Bow oborgy fbm kbmustrkf` todhbj`jgy movo`jpeobt jrgfbksftkjb.

Lfwfsflk, B., Jjzolk, ]. & Jtfbk, L., 1337. Kepfdt stftoeobt jn

mkstrkautkjb botwjrl ay nùdtuftkjb jn S^ systoe jutput ay uskbg nroquobdy

fbf`ysks. ]jlyj _bkvorskty jn Fgrkdu`turo fbm ]odhbj`jgy.

Lhfmoe, T.L., Afsu, E. & Nob`jb, E.N., 1363. Sjwor quf`kty kb grkm

djbbodtom robowfaò sjurdos9 ]ho rjò jn dustje pjwor movkdos.

Grfbfmf9 Kbtorbftkjbf` djbnorobdo jb robowfaò oborgkos fbm pjwor

quf`kty Tdhjj` jn oòdtrkdf` obgkboorkbg systoes9 Mua`kb kbstktuto jn

todhbj`jgy.

Lhfro, ^., Boef, T. & Afromor, S., 1361. Sjwor Vuf`kty Mksturafbdos kb

Grkm Djbbodtom Tj`fr Tystoe & Kts Srovobtkjb. Kbtorbftkjbf` Ijurbf` jn

Obgkboorkbg fbm Kbbjvftkvo ]odhbj`jgy (KIOK]), 6(?).

lkrt`fbm, 1361. Tpfdo wofthor njrodfstkbg `fajrftjry. \Jb`kboU Fvfk`faò

ft9 http9//www.lkrt`fbm.fn.ek`/`karfry/nfdtshoots/nfdtshoot.fsp:km56;=6=

\Fddossom 3= Efy 1364U.

@os`ko, @.G.I., 1334. MOTKGB FBM FBF@[TKT JN F GQKM DJBBOD]OM

SHJ]J^J@]FKD GOBOQF]KJB T[T]OE WK]H FD]KÔ NK@]OQKBG

N_BD]KJB. A`fdlsaurg, ^krgkbkf9 ^krgkbkf Sj`ytodhbkd Kbstktuto fbm Ttfto

_bkvorskty.

@kbmgrob, A., 1333. F Sjwor Djbvortor njr Shjtjvj`tfkd Fpp`kdftkjbs.

Gtoajrg9 Airb @kbmgrob Dhfèors ubkvorskty jn todhbj`jgy.
http://www.kirtland.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=19414http://www.kirtland.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=19414http://www.kirtland.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=19414


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efpfwftt, 133;. Tj`fr S^ Mkfgrfe. \Jb`kboU Fvfk`faò ft9

http9//www.efpfwftt.dje/133;/3=/1=/sj`fr-pv-mkfgrfe \Fddossom 11

Efrdh 1364U.

Ejhfeom, F., O`tfwk` & Yhfj, Y., 1363. Grkm-djbbodtom phjtjvj`tfkd

pjwor systoes9 ]odhbkdf` fbm pjtobtkf` prjaòesF rovkow.

TdkobdoMkrodt, 6=(6), pp.661-1;.

Ejhfbty, S., Ahuvfboswfrk, G. & Af`fsuarfefbkfb, Q., 1361. Jptkef`

p`fbbkbg fbm moskgb jn Mkstrkautom Goborftkjb afsom ekdrj-grkms. Mo`hk9

KOOO ]ho Oborgy fbm Qosjurdos Kbstktuto (]OQK), Kbmkfb Kbstktuto jn

]odhbj`jgy, Mo`hk.

Ej`kbf ot f`., 1363. Keprjvom Sjwor Djbmktkjbkbg Tystoe njr Grkm

Kbtogrftkjb jn Shjtjvj`tfkd Tj`fr Oborgy Djbvorskjb Tystoes. SOT

]rfbseksskjb fbm Mkstrkautkjb Djbnorobdo fbm Oxpjsktkjb9 @ftkb Feorkdf.

Eyrzkl, I.E.F. & Df`fks, E., 1334. Ttrkbg fbm Ejmuò Kbtogrftom Kbvortors

njr Tkbgò-Shfso Grkm Djbbodtom Shjtjvj`tfkd Tystoes - F Qovkow. Aj`gbf9

Aj`jgbf Sjwor ]odh Djbnorobdo KOOO.

Sow, 133;. Oòdtrkd Oborgy Ttjrfgo. \Jb`kboU Fvfk`faò ft9

http9//www.d1os.jrg/mjd_p`jfms/Oborgy-Ttjrfgo-Nfdt-Thoot.pmn

\Fddossom = Efy 1364U.

qsrkbtorbftkjbf`, 1361. Whft ks quf`ktftkvo rosofrdh. \Jb`kboU Fvfk`faò ft9

http9//www.qsrkbtorbftkjbf`.dje/whft-ks-quf`ktftkvo-rosofrdh.fspx

\Fddossom ; Fprk` 1364U.

Qfifpflso ot f`., 133;. Grkm kbtogrftkjb jn robowfaò oborgy systoes.

Efbktjaf9 Efbktjaf rosofrdh dobtro _bkvorskty jn Efbktjaf.

Qoktsef, D., 1366. 'Fb kbtrjmudtkjb tj kbvortors fbm fpp`kdftkjbs'. @jb

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