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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE WILDLIFE ENTERPRISES IN
REMOTE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES
Success Factors and Institutional Barriers
Adrian Fordham and Bill Fogarty
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What are the key factors which determine the viability of wildlife enterprises in remote Australia?
1. Overview of the the wildlife enterprise in Maningrida, its current status and proposed future activity.
2. Three key Success Factors in the development of an effective wildlife enterprise.
3. External & organisational constraints limiting the viability of wildlife enterprises in remote Australia.
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The BAC Wildlife Enterprise
a well established saltwater crocodile egg harvesting and hatchling industry, with hatchlings sold to crocodile farm
a well established freshwater turtle egg harvesting and hatchling industry, with hatchlings sold to pet shops;
a fledgling tarantula spider industry, with potential sales of spiderlings to the Australian domestic market and venom extraction for pharmaceutical companies
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The 3 Wildlife Industries
Chelodina rugosa
Crocodylus porosus
Selenotholus sp.
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Status of the Wildlife Enterprise - 2009
Crocodile industry:1400 eggs harvested and about 600 hatchlings sold in 2000
compared to: 270 eggs harvested in 2009 to produce about 100 hatchlings sold
Turtle industry:1000 eggs harvested in 2000 to produce about 700 hatchlings, with 350 sold to pet shops & 350 for experimental purposes
compared to:400 eggs harvested in 2008 and 250 sold to pet shops.target of 850 eggs for 2009, with 650 sold to pet shops.
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New Business Activity for 2010
22 new species………
• non-venomous snakes (pythons & file snakes)
• lizards
• geckoes
• freshwater crocodile
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SUCCESS FACTORS IN DEVELOPING A WILDLIFE ENTERPRISE
High degree of collaboration between Indigenous organisations, Indigenous communities & scientific institutions;
Recognition of the importance of Indigenous Ecological Knowledge & western science;
Delivery of education & training directly relevant to wildlife management, resulting in a skilled workforce.
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The Collaborative Model
Institutional collaboration between:BAC as the key Indigenous stakeholder and scientific research institutions such as:
the former ARC Key Centre for Tropical Wildlife Management, Institute for Applied Ecology (University of Canberra), the University of Queensland, the Queensland Museum and Crocodylus Park.
On the ground collaboration between:Djelk Rangers, Traditional owners and outstation residents, and scientists
Djelk Rangers, scientists & both training providers (CDU) and Maningrida Community Education Centre
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Collaboration with Uni of Qld. & Qld. Museum
Locating Tarantula burrows Tarantula handling & milking
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Collaboration & Enterprise Development
Planning and design processes
Data gathering and field work
Data analysis and interpretation
Modifying wildlife management practices
Decisions about future directions.
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Valuing Indigenous Knowledge and Western Science
Valuing & Combining IEK and Western science:
flow of skills & knowledge between scientists, Djelk Rangers, Traditional Owners and outstation residents
development of strong knowledge base for enterprise
significant time & resource savings
strengthen collaboration, engagement, ownership
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A Skilled Workforce
Training of Djelk Rangers (2000-2005)
• during establishment of wildlife industries
Science education for senior secondary students (2005 onwards)
• help maintain operation of the wildlife industries
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TOPICS in SENIOR SCIENCE CURRICULUM
tarantula spider diversity and abundancetarantula spider collection, husbandry and milking of venomcommunity attitudes to crocodile hunting and crocodile tourismfunding of Maningrida sea rangers’ patrols of foreign fishing vesselscrocodile egg collecting buffalo disease monitoringglobal warmingbio-prospectinghealth implications of Maningrida camp dogslong neck turtle protection and harvesting of turtle eggslocal weeds
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MCEC students working with Djelk Rangers
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Training Needs for Wildlife Rangers
website development and marketing; programme monitoring, financial management, budgeting and accountability; report writing;application of more technical approaches to wildlife management and computational skills; development of wildlife skills associated with new species;leadership and work practices.
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Training & development …………..
Develop a training & development plan:
• articulation of staff roles & responsibilities
• staff development planning for future responsibilities
• succession planning
• school to work employment pathway with MCEC
Strengthen partnership arrangements
• between BAC, Djelk Rangers, training providers & MCEC to ensure continuing skilled workforce
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Constraints on wildlife enterprise development
External forces beyond the direct control of the enterprise:regulatory frameworksgovernment employment policiesseasonality and market forcesIllegal harvesting – poaching
Organisational factors that relate more directly to the enterprise:local governance and management arrangementsorganisational arrangements & type of work requiredresearch and development pressuresstaff training and developmentbusiness planning and competing demands
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The Regulatory Framework
Delays due to:
• Lengthy NLC consultative process
• NT Govt permit requirements
Resource & planning implications
• Duration of Land Use Agreements
• Annual application for permits
• Reporting requirements
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Government policies & programmes
Different sources of funding
Susceptibility to policy shifts
Especially where there is no specific wildlife enterprise programme
• Reliance upon other programmes reduces focus upon core business activity
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The threat of illegal harvesting
One of 7 nests harvested - another 10 “raided”
High density Tarantula population
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The range of tasks - turtle industry
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Competing interests & demands……….
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Are these sorts of industries commercially viable?
Supply factors rather than demand
Set-up time is considerable
Royalty payments
Cultural influences
Recognition of “non-economic” outcomes
* Need for outcome evaluation
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What is the future?
There is clear potential for significant increases in productivity, …….
• focus on core business
• realistic long-term business planing
• strong support from BAC management
• staff training and organisational development
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Thank you for joining us today!
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ACCESS PROVIDER ACCESS PARTY
LAND TRUST/NLC Bio-COMPANY
BAC/DJELK RANGERSTraditional
Owners
R
R ? Fee
MCEC
Services MoU
IP and Service Payments