Download - The Electromagnetic Spectrum 2011
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THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM
By Mr. Olandese’s DES Classes 2011
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RADIO WAVES
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Basics
Radio waves don’t only deal with getting music to our ears, but receiving television signals and talking on cell phones.
In space, large galaxies, stars, comets, planets start to give off light that is turned into long wavelengths, and these waves also fall into the radio wave section of the spectrum.
Radio waves have a special type of telescope called a Radio Telescope
Radio Waves have the least energy of any wave in the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Frequency
Radio Waves’ frequency range is 30 kHz to 3 GHz Heinrich Rudolph Hertz did a lot of
experiments with the frequency of Radio Waves Attached an induction coil to a spark gap,
and had a separate spark gap on an antenna
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Wavelength
The wavelength range is anything from 1 mm and above
They can be as long as the diameter of the earth to a football field!
They have the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum
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Learning from Radio Astronomy
Longer the wavelength lower the frequency
Scientists have been able to study the background cosmic radiation, which is related to the birth of out universe
Since celestial object let off radio waves we can find out their structure, motion, and composition Radio waves are also used to find out more about
the sun
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Learning from Radio Astronomy
We can also discover the “Dark Ages”, before all the stars and galaxies were discovered by examining the radio waves given off by black holes
There are areas of space that are surrounded with dust, in these places, stars and planets form
Many of the greatest discoveries have been discovered by using radio waves Quasars, Plasma Clouds, Pulsars
Part 2
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The Missions
Voyager 1 (1977) Examined the solar system
Plank Mission(May 2009) Measure the remains of the “Big Bang”
Cassini Spacecraft (February 2011) Lands on one of Saturn's moons
measuring magnetic environment
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Everyday Objects
Radios Receives waves and turn them into
waves CURE CANCER Make water into fuel Cell Phones Television
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Interesting Facts
The first discussed topic on the radio in 1920 was the outcomes of the elections
An AM wave is 100 yards long They can travel 186,000 miles per second They don’t need a medium to travel
through At first when Hertz was discovering them
he thought it was light
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Microwaves
Microwaves
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Frequency
The frequency is 109Hz. to 1012Hz.
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Wavelength
One meter-one millimeter Wavelength= speed/frequency About the width of a
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What can we find with Microwaves?
Microwaves can be used to find sea ice from satellite pictures
Sensing the Environment remotely
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Everyday Uses
Doppler- Used for determining and predicting the weather.
GPS-Can be used to navigate. Microwave Ovens-Used to heat up
snacks.
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Missions by NASA Using Microwaves
Jason-2: to determine sea surface height Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
(TRMM) WMAP: shows detailed all-sky picture
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What can we learn about Earth and the Universe?
That microwaves had something to do with the big bang theory as microwaves have been found in deep space before.
They can also be used to test theories about space. Like the big bang theory.
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INFRARED LIGHT
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What is the frequency range of infrared light?
1012 Hz/1015 Hz
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What is the wavelength of infrared light? How does it compare to everyday objects?
10-4 m As thin as a piece of paper
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What info can be gathered by interpreting infrared light?
Some objects’ heat are so strong that you can see the heat (visual light)
Some objects’ heat aren’t strong enough to see so only infrared light can detect it
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What can we learn about the Earth/the Universe from infrared?
Infrared radiation gets trapped in the atmosphere
The radiation can emit into space From an infrared telescope, we could see
2300 planet forming disks in the Orion nebula
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What are some missions from NASA that have used infrared light?
Aqua Satellite
Terra Satellite
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Are there any everyday objects that utilize infrared light?
TV remotes Hunting infrared scopes Night vision goggles Infrared cameras
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Near Infrared Light
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Frequency and Wavelength
Frequency Range: .7 to 1.0 micrometers
Wavelength: .75 to 1.4 µm
Compared to the diameter of a E.coli bacteria
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Interpreting Near Infrared Light
Identify types of rock and soil
Study plant diseases
Helps farmers see where crops are infested, stressed or healthy
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Near Infrared and Earth and the Universe
Learn about diseases in plants
Topographies of certain areas
Take pictures of the universe and learn about different planets
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Past Current and Future Missions of NASA
No big missions, take pictures of other planets and can see the topography of them, and what they are composed of.
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Every Day Objects
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VISIBLE LIGHT
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Frequency Range of Visible Light
The frequency range of visible light is 1015 HZ.
This is the only form of light we can see.
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Wavelength Range of Visible Light
The range of a wavelength is 320 nanometers.
A Nanometer is so small you cant see it. 1 inch is equal to 25.4 million
nanometers. Your fingernails grow 1 nanometer every
second A human hair is 50,000-100,000
nanometers in diameter.
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Information gathered using Visible Light
The heat of celestial objects can be determined based on the color of the visible light they give off.
Cooler stars shine a reddish color, moderate temperature (like our sun) burn yellow, and extremely hot objects burn blue.
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What We Can Learn About Our Universe from Visible Light…
From visible light we can determine the size, color, and temperature of a star just by looking at it
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NASA Missions using Visible Light
Nasa’s Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) uses visible light in its laser.
GLAS is positioned in an ice cloud. It calculates the elevation of polar ice
sheets. The higher the elevation, the more water
is stored.
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When do we see visible light?
Pretty much everything we see is visible light, when you are watching TV or looking into the sky you are looking at visible light.
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ULTRAVIOLET WAVES
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Frequency Range
What is the frequency range of your section of light/radiation?
10^15 hz – 10^18 hz
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Wavelength Range
In between visible light and x-rays, ranges 10 to 400 NM.
Colored laser pointers have wavelengths ranging 488-633 NM.
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Current NASA Missions
What are some past current and or future missions run by NASA that utilize your spectrum of light?
AURA-OMI- study the chemistry and dynamics of Earth's atmosphere from the ground through the mesosphere
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Current NASA Missions
SDO-AIA - most advanced spacecraft ever designed to study the sun, to examine the sun's magnetic field and also provide a better understanding of the role the sun plays in Earth's atmospheric chemistry and climate.
L.A.M.P. - looks for water-ice on the moon
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Information gathered by Ultraviolet Waves
Gas levels of different Planets can be seen by looking at wavelengths of ultraviolent waves.
Scientist can study the galaxies formation using UV radiation from astronomical objects.
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What can we Learn From UV Light
The ozone layer protects against harmful UV Radiation from the sun.
Shaded craters on the moon show UV light from Stars
Photos from Hubble Telescope show objects in UV light.
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X-RAYS
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Frequency Range
3 x 1017 to 3 x 1019 Hz
PH
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Wavelength Range
Between 10-9 and 10-10 meters It’s about the width of a water molecule So small, some x-rays are no bigger than
single atoms
SF
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What Information Does it Gather?
Identifies bone structure; since bones are more dense, they leave shadows of the bones on the x-ray
Helps solve medical problems They detect elements in Martian rocks They help detect the hottest parts of the
Sun’s atmosphere
BF
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What can we Learn about our Universe by
Interpreting X-rays?
What kinds of energy explosions in our universe use in order to explode; like low energy, high energy, composite energy, etc.
Can provide information about an object’s composition, temperature, density, or magnetic field.
Also, we can know when an object explodes, because hot gases in the universe give off x-rays.
PH
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What missions run by NASA use X-rays?
Hinode Satellite- studies the plasma of the sun’s corona
Soho Satellite- produces images of the sun that allow scientists to see and record energy flows within the corona
Orbiting Chandra-detects x-rays created by objects spread far across space
Robotic Rovers- identifies elements in Martian rocks, like zinc and nickel
SF
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Are there any Everyday Objects that use X-rays?
Yes, they are used by dentists, to let them know what teeth need to be fixed in a person’s mouth.
Also, doctor’s use them, to help tell them what bones are broken in someone’s body.
They are used in laboratories as well; scientists use x-rays to learn what unknown substances elements contain, and they also detect DNA
BF
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Gamma Rays
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1021Hz or higher 10-12M, size of atomic nuclei
Frequency and
wavelength
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Understanding the light
By Interpreting gamma rays we would get the brightest lights and the most heat
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Gamma rays also stream stars, super novas, pulsars, and black hole accretion dicks to wash our skies with gamma ray
light.
Earth and our Universe
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They use the messenger-GRS to measure gamma rays emitted by the nuclei of atoms on planet mercury’s surface that are struck by cosmic rays and the data that it receives can help scientists look for important elements such as hydrogen, magnesium, silicon, oxygen, iron, titanium, sodium, and calcium.
NASA Missions
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One amazing thing that we use gamma rays for is cancer radiation therapy. The light goes through our bones and skin to destroy the cells of tumors. Although this is a very helpful for tumors we don’t use it for other treatment because it destroys
and messes up our cells.
Everyday Objects