The Industrial The Industrial RevolutionRevolution
IndustrializationIndustrialization
Before Before IndustrializationIndustrialization
After After IndustrializationIndustrialization
Agricultural-rural Agricultural-rural economyeconomy
Capitalist-urban Capitalist-urban economyeconomy
Family-farm Family-farm economyeconomy
Wage- earning Wage- earning economyeconomy
Asian-based Asian-based manufacturingmanufacturing
Factory based Factory based manufacturingmanufacturing
Rural based Rural based population population (cottage)(cottage)
Urban population-Urban population-factoriesfactories
Beginnings of the Industrial Beginnings of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution
Began in Great BritainBegan in Great BritainThe British didn’t allow certain The British didn’t allow certain
occupations to leave the countryoccupations to leave the country1-1-2-2-
They wanted to keep the secrets of They wanted to keep the secrets of their factories and machines to their factories and machines to themselvesthemselvesWhy?Why?
Beginnings of the Industrial Beginnings of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution
Technical knowledge and inventionTechnical knowledge and inventionLarge population to serve as a Large population to serve as a
workforceworkforcePossession of natural resourcesPossession of natural resources Investment capital (money) to build Investment capital (money) to build
factoriesfactoriesA stable and capitalist minded A stable and capitalist minded
governmentgovernmentNationalismNationalism
Spread of IndustrializationSpread of Industrialization
United StatesUnited States Begins in Northeast in Begins in Northeast in
textile industrytextile industry Rich in __________Rich in __________ Many immigrantsMany immigrants Who?Who?
BelgiumBelgium First nation on Continent First nation on Continent
to Industrializeto Industrialize Rich in __________Rich in __________ Who?Who?
GermanyGermany Politically dividedPolitically divided _________ Germany- rich _________ Germany- rich
in coalin coal Ruhr Valley Ruhr Valley
industrializedindustrialized Built RailroadsBuilt Railroads ______________ spurred ______________ spurred
development of militarydevelopment of military FranceFrance
Began in 1850sBegan in 1850s Government built Government built
RailroadsRailroads
Inventions & InventorsInventions & Inventors
James HargreavesJames Hargreaves ““Spinning jenny”Spinning jenny”
Spin many threads Spin many threads from woolfrom wool
John KayJohn Kay ““Flying Shuttle”Flying Shuttle”
Weave cloth from the Weave cloth from the threadthread
Peter Cooper Peter Cooper (American)(American) Steam powered Steam powered
locomotivelocomotive The first trainThe first train
Life in the Mills and FactoriesLife in the Mills and Factories Mostly women Mostly women
hired to work in hired to work in textile millstextile mills
Why were mostly Why were mostly women hired to women hired to work in mills? work in mills?
Some children Some children were hiredwere hired Why?Why?
Life in the Mills and FactoriesLife in the Mills and Factories
Why did American Why did American women dislike the women dislike the Irish workers???Irish workers???
Mills wereMills were HotHot DirtyDirty DangerousDangerous
CanalsCanals Deep ditches filled with water and wide Deep ditches filled with water and wide
enough for boatsenough for boats Man-madeMan-made
Canals moved goods faster than wagons Canals moved goods faster than wagons over landover land
Horses walked along Horses walked along
sides of canal and sides of canal and
pulled the boatspulled the boats Famous examplesFamous examples
Railroads and Steam EnginesRailroads and Steam Engines
Cities wanted to grow and prosper Cities wanted to grow and prosper like New York Citylike New York City
Cities needed a connectionCities needed a connectionRailroads and canals helped connect Railroads and canals helped connect
different parts of the worlddifferent parts of the world
Railroads and Steam EnginesRailroads and Steam Engines
Advantages of railroads over canalsAdvantages of railroads over canals1. Trains could travel much faster than 1. Trains could travel much faster than
horse-pulled canal boatshorse-pulled canal boats2. Railroad routes were usually more 2. Railroad routes were usually more
direct than waterways like canals and direct than waterways like canals and riversrivers
3. Trains could travel all year, while 3. Trains could travel all year, while rivers and canals often froze in the rivers and canals often froze in the winter. winter.
Peter Cooper’s Steam Engine Train (Tom Thumb)
Effects of IndustrializationEffects of Industrialization
Negative EffectsNegative Effects Crowded, Dirty Crowded, Dirty
CitiesCities DiseaseDisease Harsh working Harsh working
conditionsconditions Short Life spans in Short Life spans in
CitiesCities
Positive EffectsPositive Effects More jobs availableMore jobs available Better heatingBetter heating Better housingBetter housing Better foodBetter food Better clothingBetter clothing
Which effect outweighs the other?
Impact on Gender, Family Impact on Gender, Family and Social Structureand Social Structure
•Radically altered the traditional social structure of the day- Why?
•Slavery declined- Why?
•Family which had been an economic unit moved economic production outside of home
Impact on Gender, Family Impact on Gender, Family and Social Structureand Social Structure
•Sharp distinction now being made between family life and work life
•Men’s status increased because industrial wages were considered more important than domestic work.
•Middle class values became distinct from those of the working class
•Who is emerging as part of the middle class?
Cult of DomesticityCult of Domesticity
•Middle class women generally did not work outside the home
•Middle class women were pressured to conform to the new models of behavior
•Often referred to as the cult of domesticity
•What does this mean? Victorian Age?
Global effects of Global effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization
•New global division of labor emerged
•Industrial societies needed raw materials from distant lands
•Raw cotton from _____________
•Rubber from ________________
New Global Division of Labor New Global Division of Labor •Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia become dependent on exporting cash crops products to industrialized nations
•As a result they never industrialize themselves
•Most of the profits from these cash crops went abroad and wealth was concentrated in the hands of the few.
DEPENDENCY THEORY DEPENDENCY THEORY •The dependency of these nations on cash crops explains the uneven result of development
•Development of some areas is achieved at the expense of others
•Leads to… _________________
Economic TheoryEconomic TheoryChallenge to MercantilismChallenge to Mercantilism
ADAM SMITH- ENGLISHADAM SMITH- ENGLISH Supported by Thomas Malthus & David RicardoSupported by Thomas Malthus & David Ricardo
CAPITALISMCAPITALISM Definition-Definition-
LAISSEZ FAIRE LAISSEZ FAIRE ECONOMICSECONOMICS Definition-Definition-
CAPITALISM DRIVEN BY “THE INVISIBLE HAND” OF SELF-INTERESTCAPITALISM DRIVEN BY “THE INVISIBLE HAND” OF SELF-INTEREST PROMOTED FREE MARKETS AND TRADEPROMOTED FREE MARKETS AND TRADE ECONOMIC CHOICE AND FREEDOMECONOMIC CHOICE AND FREEDOM Opposed government efforts to help poor workersOpposed government efforts to help poor workers Works on CapitalismWorks on Capitalism
THE WEALTH OF NATIONS (1776)- THE WEALTH OF NATIONS (1776)- An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)- An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)- Principle of Political Economy and Taxation (1817)-Principle of Political Economy and Taxation (1817)-
Wealth of NationsWealth of Nations
Reactions to Industrialization Reactions to Industrialization •Socialism-ideas of tolerance and egalitarianism from the Enlightenment
•Anti-capitalist reforms -inspired by appalling conditions workers experienced in the 1800s
•Karl Marx- advocates the overthrow of the moneyed classes to be followed by a “workers” state”
Other Economic ThoughtsOther Economic Thoughts SocialismSocialism
Charles Fourier and Saint SimonCharles Fourier and Saint Simon Definition- Definition-
CommunismCommunism Karl Marx and Friedrich EngelsKarl Marx and Friedrich Engels Definition-Definition-
Publications- Publications- The Communist ManifestoThe Communist Manifesto (1848) (1848)
Inspired revolutionaries- Russia, China, Vietnam, Inspired revolutionaries- Russia, China, Vietnam, CubaCuba
Intense class struggleIntense class struggle
Other Economic Theories Other Economic Theories cont’dcont’d
UtilitarianismUtilitarianismModified ideas of SmithModified ideas of SmithJeremy Bentham and John Stuart MillJeremy Bentham and John Stuart MillDefinition- Definition-
Positivists and Utopian Positivists and Utopian SocialistsSocialists
Positivists= scientific method could be applied to improve social and technical problems
Utopian Socialism= industry could provide prosperity for all
Robert Owen 1771-1858 a successful
cotton manufacturer created a mill town in Glasgow
improved housing, created schools, and
testified in Parliament against child labor
UnionsUnions
Union movements advocated the organization of workers so they could negotiate with their employers
better wages and conditions
Led to tensions and bloodshed- factory owners tried to stop workers from banding together -sometime bloodshed resulted