Download - The Live rpo ol Bay Coastal Observatory John Howarth, Roger Proctor, Phil Knight, Mike Smithson
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www.pol.ac.uk
The Liverpool Bay Coastal Observatory
John Howarth, Roger Proctor, Phil Knight, Mike Smithson
Real-time measurementsReal-time modelling Web display
An integrated monitoring system and research tool
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Coastal Observatory - objectives
Water quality eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, pollution
Impacts of climate changeHabitats / biodiversityNatural and anthropogenic changescf National & EU directives, UN resolutionsEcosystem based approach to marine management
Search & Rescue / AccidentsEngineering – coastal, offshore – design, operation
Climate & biogeochemical cyclingCoastal ocean dynamics and ecosystemTurbulent mixing and biophysical interactions
Education, outreach
Time series & real time
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Proof of concept (2001 – 2007 / 2012)Pre-operational near real time
measurements test modelsEvolutionaryFramework
anyone can joinprocess studies
Basic data / model output freeData management by BODCAudience
researchers, managers, general public, education
Steering group
Guiding principles
Irish
Sea
Liverpool Bay
Dee Estuary
Mersey Estuary
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Why the Irish Sea ?
Semi-enclosed
Simple bathymetry
Tides – wide variation
Low runoff most in east
Lateral salinity gradients
Stratified & well- mixed regions
Weak advection (ann. av. north 2cm/s)
Pulsed storm events
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Integrated measurements Variety of space and time scales
Real time
Multi-disciplinary
Measurements and models
In situ time seriesSites A and B
Spatial survey
HF Radar
Ferry
Satellite
B
A
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Monitoring at the right scale
1cm1mm 1dm 1m 10m 100m 1km 10km 100km 1000km
1sec
1 min
1 hour
1 day
1 week
1 month
1 year
10 year
MolecularProcesses
Movementby Individual
TurbulantPatch size
SurfaceWaves
Inertial/InternalWaves
Tides
PlanktonMigration
Phytoplanktonbloom/patch
Monsoon
GyreCirculation
Storms
EdgeWaves
Seasonal Fronts
After Dickey
Range of strategies
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Waves
Dec 2002 – Aug 2006(ADCP)
WindsApril 2004 – Sept 2006
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Wind spectrum
CorrelationScalar = 0.988Vector = 0.849
Tz Correlation 0.67 / 0.96Mean diff 0.97 / 0.69(ADCP periods longer than buoy’s)
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River discharge (Dee + Mersey + Ribble)
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Tides - M2
Site A – blue
Site B – red
+ ADCP* Radar
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Other tidal constituents (site A)
O1
M4
M6
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Correlation coefficient 0.63
cf bottom stress
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Residual currents
Site B
5 April 2005 – 22 Sept 2006
Near surface 0.045 m s-1
Near bed 0.030 m s-1
Sandwaves
7 Aug 2002 – 21 Sept 2006Near surface 0.025 m s-1 Near bed 0.040 m s-1
Site A
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Mean current compared with theory
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HF radar coverage
Coverage over mooring sites
Comparisons with in situ waves and current measurements (A&B)
First principal component (41% variance)
157 4 km cells
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Spectra of residual currents
HF radar
Clockwise
Anti-clockwise
First principal component
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Temperature
Salinity
Depth-averagedSurface minus bed
Four years CTD data
(38 visits)
Mersey Bar
97 %
13 %
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Surface - bed at site A – all CTDs (251)
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25 hour stations profiles every 30 minutes
9/10 May 200611/12 May 2004
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Surface to bed differences November 2002 – March 2006
Temperature
Salinity
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19 April – 18 June 2004
Temperature
Salinity
Surface - SmartBuoyBed frame
Mersey Bar
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Site B
November 2005
5m below surface – blue
Sea bed frame - red
Temperature
Salinity
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Wind and waves
Amplitude
Direction
Salinity
Sites A and B
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Liverpool Viking, Birkenhead - Belfast
InstrumentsCTD – SeaBird SeaCat SBETurbidity – Sea PointFluorimeter – Chelsea Minitracka IIIntake 3m below surfaceSample interval – 30 secondsData transmission – Orbcomm
Start date – December 2003
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Ferry – buoy(Site A)
Temp: r=0.99, sd=0.65 °C, mean=0.11°C,n=2599
Salinity: r=-0.05, sd=1.42, n=1117
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Temperature - Birkenhead to Belfast
GreenMax / Min
Blue Mean
Red Mean±sd
2004/5South of IOM
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Data Assimilation (EnOI)Isabel Andreu-Burillo
22/10/04forecast
SAF-constrained
22/10/04forecast(SAF+FB)-
constrained
22/10/04forecast
free simulation
21/10/04(SAF+FB)
observations
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Nutrients
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
7-11-02 27-2-03 19-6-03 9-10-03 29-1-04 20-5-04 9-9-04 30-12-04 21-4-05 11-8-05 1-12-05 23-3-06 13-7-06
TO
XN
(m m
ol l
-1)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Si
(mm
ol
l-1)
NAS TOXNWMS TOXNShip TOXN
WMS SiShip Si
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Nitrate
Winter Cruise data
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00
Salinity
Bo
ttle
Nit
rate
NO3 14
NO3 15
NO3 23
NO3 24
NO3 32
NO3 33
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Mean winter currents
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Planned Operational models for Coastal Observatory
To run on POL cluster
12km
FOAM 1/9 degree (T,S, ζ, Q)
AMM-12km
MRCS -7km
IRS -1.8km
LB-200m
Real-timeRiver inputs
Met forcing, mesoscale 12km resolution(5km soon?)
Daily nowcasts/forecastsphysics (T,S, ζ, U,V, waves),
spm, light, nutrients, biology
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MRCS, began 2002, 5-day forecast near real-time
SST BT
CHL ZOO
POLCOMS – ERSEM: MERSEA
55 state variables
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Model - buoy comparisons
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Web site –
http://coastobs.pol.ac.uk
Registration
Over 500 registrations
General public (55%)
Researchers (20%)
Coastal Managers (10%)
Teachers (10%)
Other (5%)
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Future
Trace metal, benthic nutrient flux;dissolved oxygen, turbulence, pH, pCO2, biofouling, CDOMinstrumented ferry nutrients, water sampler
Improve data quality – eg salinity
Full suite of real time coupled hydrodynamic, wave and ecological models, inc Liverpool Baysalinity, circulation, light penetration, data assimilation
Data interpretation; synthesis of models & measurements
National, European and International collaboration
2007-12 (more ferries, third in situ site, drifters, gliders)
Links to policy: research -> sustained
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Conclusions
4 years measurements
Measurements test models
Assessment of eutrophication status of Liverpool Bay
Questions
Variability of horizontal and vertical gradients
Circulation
Residual energy at tidal frequencies
Ebb – flood inequality
Events
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International workshops on coastal observatories
First on 17-19 October 2006 in Liverpool, UK
“Best practice in the synthesis of long-term observations and models”
Covering aspects of utilisation of time series, data assimilation, optimisation (design) of observing systems, model configuration
For programme see. http://www.pol.ac.uk/home/coastal_obs_workshophttp://cobs.pol.ac.uk/home/news/events.php
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Why the Irish Sea ?
Nutrient loading from Atlantic, atmosphere & rivers – elevated levels, EIS eutrophic?, HABs
Estuaries with different human impact (Dee-agricultural, Mersey-industrial)
Large human impact
Focus of Government activity - Biodiversity action plans - EU Water Framework and other directives - Offshore Renewable Energy - Marine Bill (UK and EU)Historical industrial legacy
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Glider – 22 days; 1,000 km; 4,235 profiles (26 October – 17 November 2005)
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