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THE NEXUS OF LIVABILITY, TRANSIT, AND
PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT
JONATHAN BROOKS
ASSOCIATE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCHER
TRANSIT MOBILITY PROGRAM
TEXAS A&M TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE
THE TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY SYSTEM
SUPPORTING AUTHORS:SUZIE EDRINGTON
ASSOCIATE RESEARCH SCIENTIST
TRANSIT MOBILITY PROGRAM
TEXAS A&M TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE
MARTIN CATALA
SENIOR RESEARCH ASSOCIATE
CENTER FOR URBAN TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA
CALACT SPRING CONFERENCE 2013MAY 17, 2013 FRIDAY MORNING SESSION
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Learning Objectives
At the end of this session you will be able to… Define livability Define livability in relation to your agency’s work Recall basic performance measurement information Evaluate current performance measurement practices Plan to improve performance and livability
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What is performance measurement?
General definition?
Performance measurement is the use of statistical evidence to determine progress toward specific defined organizational objectives.
(http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/perf_measurement/fundamentals/)
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Why measure performance?
“Performance measures are used by transit agencies for three main reasons:• Because they are required to do so;• Because it is useful to the agency to do so; and• Because others outside the agency need to know what is going on”
(TCRP Report 88, A Guidebook for Developing a Transit Performance‐Measurement System, p 19)
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What are some examples of transit performance measures? Common measures?
Measures used by your agency?
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How is performance measurement used in the transit industry? Internal reports Peer benchmarking (find better practices) Monitor contracted services Allocate funds/resources
There are more . . . other uses?
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Productivity vs. Cost‐savings
What is productivity?
Typically, productivity is defined as the number of passenger trips per hour or mile carried by revenue vehicles.
What is the impact of productivity?
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Impact of Productivity
Decrease resources needed to provide serviceOR
Increase service level using same resources
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What is livability?
General definition?
Specifically for your agency?
“A livable community is one that has affordable and appropriate housing, supportive community features and services, and adequate mobility options, which together facilitate personal independence and the engagement of residents in civic and social life.”
American Association of Retired Persons, “Beyond 50.05”
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Coordinate and Leverage Federal Policies and Investment
Enhance Economic Competitiveness
Value Communities and Neighborhoods
Support Existing Communities
Provide More Transportation Choices
Promote Equitable Affordable Housing
Partnership for Sustainable Communities (PSC):
Six Livability Principles
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What is the role of transit . . .
. . . in the economy? . . . in public health? . . . in education? . . . in livability of your service area?
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Nexus of Performance Measurement and Livability Transit is one mode in one sector in a complex system
Livability is everywhere varies by person needs/wants/desires
http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lorjgn5G9w1qb8pd0o1_500.jpg
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What are some potential livability performance measures?
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NATIONAL TRANSIT LIVABILITY PERFORMANCE MEASURES
An exploration of livability and performance measurement
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National Livability Measures
Urban Performance Measures
Rural Performance Measures
FTA Funded Research:Identifying National Transit Livability
Performance Measures
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Why is the FTA interested in measuring transit’s contribution to livability? Budget and funding challenges Explore contribution of transit to livability Other reasons…
• Identify data challenges, prepare for future• Define role of rural transit in livability(social, economic, quality of life, etc. impacts)
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Initial Study Scope
Develop Candidate Measures (TTI)
Apply to 8 Case Study States (TTI)
Provide Research Report and Guidebook (TTI)
Create Dashboard to Share Results (CUTR)
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What is “rural” in transit?
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What are some rural trends today?
Aging populations Rapid growth in urban fringes Diversifying economic base Development in scenic or recreational areas Interest in preserving/creating town centers Concern about preserving agricultural, natural land
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What types of existing or emerging opportunities exist? Provide transit mode choice for changing population
Transit as linking mode in regional plans
Provide targeted or tailored services for specific markets and locations
Coordinate/collaborate with regional partners to meet livability goals
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Think About …
communicating and measuring how transit contributes to the livability of rural communities.
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Coordinate and Leverage Federal Policies and Investment
Enhance Economic Competitiveness
Value Communities and Neighborhoods
Support Existing Communities
Provide More Transportation Choices
Promote Equitable Affordable Housing
Partnership for Sustainable Communities (PSC):
Six Livability PrinciplesA framework for developing rural transit livability performance measures
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ChallengeIt became apparent that we would have to identify the conceptual links between the Livability Principles and the rural transit industry before identifying balanced performance measures.
Rural Transit ? Livability
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Revised Study Outline
Craft Rural Transit Livability Relationship Statements
Develop Candidate Measures
Apply to 8 Case Study States
Provide Research Report and Guidebook
Create Dashboard to Share Results (CUTR)
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Relationship Statements
PSC Livability Principle
Rural Transit Livability Relationship Statement
Rural Transit Livability Performance Measure
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Measure Requirements/Goals
Use existing national data sources Transit directly influences livability measure Develop balanced measures that reflect broad range of issues (six PSC Livability Principles)
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Data Challenges
Less variety and frequency of data Service area boundaries not national data Urban/Rural agencies only report to Urban NTD Rural span of service, days of week unavailable
Recommendation to identify ruraltransit data collection needs
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Local Operating Investment per Operating Expense
Ridership* per Index of Transit Need Population
Revenue Vehicles per Total Rural Land AreaPreferred: Rural Transit Accessibility LevelAlternative: Revenue Miles per Total Rural Land Area
% Workers that Did Not Drive Alone to Work
Household Income afterTransportation + Housing Expenses
Ridership* per Developed Land Area* Annual Unlinked Passenger Trips
Performance MeasureLivability Principle
Direction to Improve
Rural Transit Livability Performance Measures
Coordinate and Leverage Federal
Policies and Investment
Enhance Economic
Competitiveness
Value Communities and Neighborhoods
Support Existing Communities
Provide More Transportation
Choices
Promote Equitable Affordable Housing
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Re‐Revised Study Scope
Craft Rural Transit Livability Relationship Statements
Develop Candidate Measures
Apply to 8 Case Study States
Provide Research Report and Guidebook
Create Dashboard to Share Results (CUTR)
Create Rural Transit Livability Index (RTLI)
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Why combine the measuresin an index? Summarize complex research findings “Comparability” between agencies / states Create results for use by non‐transit layperson
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0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
0
50
100
150CA FL GA ID NC NY TX UT
State & local operations funding per operating expense
Revenue vehicles per total rural land area
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How was the index created?
1. Set unit of analysis2. Establish “no‐data” quality control solution3. Standardize values4. Determine weights5. Classify performance6. Calculate final index value
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Steps One & Two
1. Set unit of analysisAll measures calculated by agency
2. Establish no data quality control solutionNo data considered “blank”;No advantage or disadvantage for no data for a measure
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Steps Three & Four
3. Standardize measure valuesZ‐scores created normal distribution and common numerical scale (instead of mix of %’s and #’s)
4. Determine weightsEqual weighting;Each measure represents a livability principle
0%
50%
100%
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Steps Five & Six
5. Classify performancePercentiles 1 to 10 generalize agency’s performance
6. Calculate final index valueAverage of agency’s 1 to 10 ratings
4 + 1 + 7 + (no data) + 3 + 9 / 5 = 4.8 RTLI Value
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Num
ber o
f Agencies
Agency RTLI Ratings
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Results for Pampa, TX(service provided by Panhandle Community Services)
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Statistical Checks
No single measure drives RTLI All agencies treated equal No external variables explain RTLI
• Rural population• Rural population density• Median household income• Median age• Rural land area
Significant, Very small impact
Not Signficant
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Influence of Rural Population Density
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Conclusion
Statistical checks, good No one state, agency, or measureover‐influences results, good External variables do not explain results, good
Observation: The index is more than the sum of its parts.
Conclusion:The RTLI leverages existing data to measure the contribution of transit to livability in rural America.
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“Transit Livability Explorer”
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“Transit Livability Explorer”, contd.
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“Transit Livability Explorer”, contd.
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GOALS, OBJECTIVES, OUTCOMES, AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES
Performance Measurement is a tool to learn and implement . . .
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Framework for success
Vision & Mission
Goals
ObjectivesDesired Outcomes
Performance Measures
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Purpose of Goals
Describe what “‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐” will accomplish Provide context for what “‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐” is trying to accomplish Describe overall value of “‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐” to transportation etc
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What are Objectives?
Concrete statements Describe what program is seeking to achieve Written in a measurable way
SpecificMeasurableAttainableRealisticTime‐oriented
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What are Outcomes?
Describe impacts of activities Clear, measurable statements Determine “achievement” Describe the “reach” of activities
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Reasons to Measure Performance?
Evaluate Budget Control Motivate Promote Celebrate Learn Improve SUCCESS!
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Functions of Performance Measures
Define what is important Provide current, baseline information Evaluate the success of the program Provide a metric for communication Serve as criteria for investment decisions
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Qualitative vs. Quantitative
Quantitative = Hard measures (fact‐based)
Qualitative = Soft measures (indirect, intangible)
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Framework for success
Vision & Mission
Goals
ObjectivesDesired Outcomes
Performance Measures
Performance Measures
Input Process Output Outcome Impact
Types of Measures
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Types of Performance MeasuresInput
Used to identify human and capital resources needed to generate outputs and outcomes.
ProcessUsed to distinguish the intermediate steps in the production process of the product or service.
OutputUsed to measure the actual product or service completed by the agency/organization.
OutcomeAssess the expected, preferred, or actual result(s) by which the outputs of the activities of the agency/organization meet the desired results.
ImpactEvaluate the direct or indirect effects as a result of attaining the goals of the program.
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QUALITATIVEMEASURE
Expanded transit service area to include destinations where individuals need to go (retail, health services, etc.)
QUANTITATIVEMEASURE
Expanded span of service (provide service earlier or later)
GOAL: Focus on the individual
OBJECTIVE: Provide customer‐driven transportation services
DESIRED OUTCOMES
• More service options in the regional service area. • Fewer passenger trip refusals.• Greater dependability of service and decrease in wait time.• Greater access to jobs. • Greater opportunities for social and recreational trips.• Increase in transit ridership.
WHO MEASURES?
Transportation providers orLead agencies for regional transit coordination
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Basic Process
Create goals, objectives, and outcomes that… connect to agency vision, mission, and services Identify performance measures Implement changes, collect data, measure (consider peer comparison) Report results Repeat
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“When performance is measured, performance improves.
When performance is measured and reported, the rate of performance
accelerates.”(Thomas Monson, http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/221276)
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QUESTIONS?
Contact Information:Jonathan BrooksJ‐[email protected] 713.613.9206
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