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The observed result of the independent variable being
manipulated
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
The variable representing the value being manipulated or changed
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
A large volume of air that has nearly the same temperature
and humidity at different locations at the same altitude.
AIR MASS
The force of air molecules pushing on an area
AIR PRESSURE
A heavy odorless colorless gas formed during respiration
CARBON DIOXIDE
Gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, which absorb and give off infrared radiation as part of
the Greenhouse Effect
GREENHOUSE GASES
The amount of water vapor in the air
HUMIDITY
A tropical low-pressure system with winds of 74 mph +
HURRICANE
Coldest layer; meteors burn up here
MESOSPHERE
A colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; 78% of atmosphere
NITROGEN
A colorless, odorless, tasteless nonflammable gas; 21% of
atmosphere
OXYGEN
A gas molecule that consists of three oxygen atoms
OZONE
Energy that travels across distances as certain types of waves
RADIATION
Clear, dry layer; contains Ozone layer
STRATOSPHERE
The transfer of heat energy from one substance to another
through direct contact
CONDUCTION
Hottest layer of the atmosphere where the air is very thin, but
can feel cold
THERMOSPHERE
The transfer of energy from place to place by the motion of heated
gas or liquid
CONVECTION
A violently rotating column of air stretching from a cloud to the
ground
TORNADOES
We live here; weather occurs here; contains 80% of the
atmosphere’s mass
TROPOSPHERE
The influence of Earth’s rotation on objects that move over Earth
CORIOLIS EFFECT
Water in its gaseous state; totally invisible
WATER VAPOR
The process by which certain gases in a planet’s atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation, resulting in an increase in surface temperature
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
The rate at which velocity changes over time
ACCELERATION
A machine that is made up of two or more simple machines
COMPOUND MACHINES
The ability to do work or to cause a change
ENERGY
A push or pull; something that changes the motion of an object
FORCE
A force that resists the motion between two surfaces in contact
FRICTION
The force that objects exert on each other because of their masses
GRAVITY
The resistance of an object to a change in the speed or the
direction of its motion
INERTIA
The energy of motion
KINETIC ENERGY
A body, as a piece of iron or steel that possesses the property of
attracting certain substances, as iron
MAGNET
The number of times a machine multiplies the input force; output
force divided by input force
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
A combination of the kinetic energy and potential energy an object has
MECHANICAL ENERGY
A change of position over time
MOTION
A scientific law stating that objects at rest remain at rest, and objects in motion remain in motion with the
same velocity, unless acted on by an unbalanced forced
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW
A scientific law stating that the acceleration of an object increases with increased force and decreases
with increased mass
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW
A scientific law stating that every time one object exerts a force on another
object, the second object exerts a force that is equal in size and
opposite in direction back on the first object
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
Stored energy; the energy an object has due to its position,
molecular arrangement, or chemical composition
POTENTIAL ENERGY
A location to which another location is compared
REFERENCE POINT
One of the basic machines on which all other mechanical
machines are based
SIMPLE MACHINES
A measure of how fast something moves through a particular
distance over a definite time period; distance divided by time
SPEED
Speed in a specific direction
VELOCITY
The use of force to move an object over a distance
WORK
A condition needed for health and functioning in which an organism or
cell maintains a relatively stable internal environment
HOMEOSTASIS
The smallest unit that is able to perform the basic functions of life
CELL
Outer boundary of the cytoplasm and the environment outside;
semi-permeable
CELL MEMBRANE
Protective outer covering, outside of the cell membrane; plant cells only
CELL WALL
Fluid that fills cell (gelatin-like) in which many organelles are found;
carries out the work of the cell
CYTOPLASM
Contains genetic material a cell needs to reproduce and function; controls eating, movement, etc…
- directs all activities
NUCLEUS
Plant cell organelle, contains chlorophyll that captures sunlight
and turns it into food
CHLOROPLASTS
Produces most of the cell’s energy; cellular respiration occurs here
“Powerhouse of the Cell”
MITOCHONDRIA
Storage bubbles in cells within cytoplasm
VACUOLE
Packages up proteins “UPS”
GOGLI APPARATUS
Moves materials around the cell and between cells, it’s the
transportation system “highway” of the cell
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM “ER”
Breaks materials down with the cell – cleans up the cell “Lysol”
LYSOSOME
Unicellular only – No nucleus or organelles with DNA that are not
organized into chromosomes
PROKARYOTE
A structure in a cell enclosed by membrane that performs a
specific function
ORGANELLE
Multicellular only – Genetic material in nucleus, surrounded
by its own membrane
EUKARYOTE
Protein builders of the cell – produce proteins
RIBOSOMES
The structures in the body that work together to transform the
energy and materials in food into forms the body can use
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
A system that interacts with the environment and with other body
systems to bring oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
A system of organs within an organism which work together for
the purpose of reproduction
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The group of organs, consisting of the heart and blood vessels, that circulates blood through the body
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
A group of organs that filter waste from an organism’s blood and excrete it in a liquid called
urine
URINARY / EXCRETORY SYSTEM
A process in which cells use oxygen to release energy stored in sugars
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Wavelike contractions of smooth muscles in the organs of the digestive
tract; the contractions move food through the digestive system
PERISTALSIS
Mostly unicellular organisms that have a nucleus (prokaryotic) and do not belong to animal, plant or
fungi kingdoms
PROTISTA
Unicellular organism; moves using its flagella; asexual reproduction;
have chloroplasts to absorb sunlight
EUGLENA
Unicellular organism; moves by stretching and bending; asexual reproduction; engulfs and wraps
around its food
AMOEBA
Unicellular organism; moves to eat using its cilia; asexual
reproduction; sweeps food into its “mouth”
PARAMECIUM
Green algae that form communities of multicellular spheres; moves by
“waves”; mostly asexual reproduction; makes food from sunlight; supplies oxygen to the
atmosphereVOLVOX
Slender threadlike structure that enables many protozoa to swim
FLAGELLA
A method of asexual reproduction; the reproduction of a cell or a
one-celled organism by division into two nearly equal parts
BINARY FISSION
A physical characteristic that is not inherited but may be an
effect of the environment
ACQUIRED TRAIT
An alternate form of a gene for a specific trait or gene product
ALLELE
The physical structure in a cell that contains the cell’s genetic material
CHROMOSOME
The dominant gene completely masks the effect of the recessive
gene; heterozygous
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
The genetic material found in all living cells that contains the information needed for an organism to grow,
maintain itself, and reproduce
DNA
The allele that determines the phenotype of an individual
organism when two different copies are present in the genotype
DOMINANT ALLELE
A sperm or egg cell, containing half the usual number of chromosomes of
an organism; found in the reproductive organs of a plant or
animal
GAMETE
The basic unit of heredity that consists of a segment of DNA on a
chromosome
GENES
The genetic makeup of an organism; all the genes that an organism has
GENOTYPE
The state of having different alleles in regard to a given character
HETEROZYGOUS
The sate of having identical alleles in regard to a given character(s)
HOMOZYGOUS
Heterozygous condition in which both alleles are partially expressed
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
The genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to
offspring
INHERITED TRAIT
A part of sexual reproduction in which cells divide to form sperm cells in a male and egg cells in a female –
only occurs in reproductive cells
MEIOSIS
The phase in the cell cycle during which the nucleus divides
MITOSIS
Any change made to DNA
MUTATION
An individual thing, made up of one or many cells, that is capable
of growing and reproducing
ORGANISM
Shows family relationships, including two or more generations
PEDIGREE CHART
The observable characteristics or traits of an organism
PHENOTYPE
A chart used to show all the ways genes from two parents can
combine and be passed to offspring
PUNNETT SQUARE
An allele that is not expressed when combined with a dominant
form of the gene
RECESSIVE ALLELE
A type of reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells
combine to form offspring with genetic material from both cells
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
The process by which a single organism produces offspring that have the same genetic material;
makes a copy of itself
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Part of the process of sexual reproduction in which a male reproductive cell and a female
reproductive cell combine to form a new cell that can develop into a new
organismFERITILIZATION
The new organisms produced by one or two parent organisms
OFFSPRING
A disease/disorder that is inherited genetically
GENETIC DISEASE
Formation of an outgrowth from an organism that is capable of
developing into a new individual
BUDDING