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The Rapid Rise of the Mobile Multihomed Host,
and what it might mean to the network
Mark [email protected]
AusNOG - September 2013
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Mobile Multihomed Host – A Definition
CC Image courtesy of Julie Jordan Scott http://www.flickr.com/photos/juliejordanscott/4247673227/sizes/l/in/photostream/
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Mobile - moves around
Multihomed – connected to multiple networks, but not a router
Host – Hosts applications that use the network
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MMHH - Smartphone
CC Image courtesy of Kārlis Dambrāns a.k.a. Janitors http://www.flickr.com/photos/janitors/8781826986/sizes/c/in/photostream/
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MMHH - Tablet
CC Image courtesy of Josué Gogehttp://tinyurl.com/lr9ng9v
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Rapidly Adopted
CC Image courtesy of Mr Thinktankhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/tahini/6966762102/sizes/l/in/photostream/
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Courtesy “2013 Internet Trends”, KPCB, http://www.kpcb.com/insights/2013-internet-trends
Courtesy “Our Mobile Planet” http://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/mobileplanet/en/
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Diffusion of Innovations
“An innovation is an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual or other unit of adoption”.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations
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5 innovation attributes that influence adoption
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Relative Advantage - Better than what you've had in the past
Smartphone/Tablet - Mobile rather than fixed Internet
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Compatibility - Similar to what you already know
Smartphone/Tablet - Pretty familiar GUI, finger instead of mouse
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Complexity - Easy to understand?
Smartphone/Tablet - Intuitive to use, no manual required
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Trialability - Easy to “try before you buy”?
Smartphone/Tablet - Borrow a friend's, try in a shop
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Observability - Easy to see others using it?
Smartphone/Tablet - People using them in the street, on public transport
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A Bit of Internet Architecture
CC Image courtesy of azhararchitecturehttp://tinyurl.com/n7whzjk
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END-TO-END ARGUMENTS IN SYSTEM DESIGNJ.H. Salzer, D.P. Reed and D.D. Clark
When it comes to deciding where a function should be located and performed within a system,
“The function in question can completely and correctly be implemented only with the knowledge and help of the application standing at the endpoints of the communication system. Therefore, providing that questioned function as a feature of the communication system itself is not possible. (Sometimes an incomplete version of the function provided by the communication system may be useful as a performance enhancement.)”
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So what is this really saying?
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Applications exist on hosts (the endpoints), so functions related to how applications use the network
are best done on the hosts
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Example : TCP implemented on hosts, not in the network
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Or Simpler
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Do things where the results matter the most
Do things where the best knowledge of what is and isn't required is available
Sounds familiar ....
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If you want something done properly, you need to do it yourself
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Actually, Charles-Guillaume Étienne originally said “On n'est jamais servi si bien que par soi-même.”, which literally translates to,
"One is never served so well as by oneself."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Guillaume_%C3%89tienne
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So if the hosts are going to do it themselves to do
it properly, the network may as well the network may as well be as simple as possiblebe as simple as possible,
and just carry the packets
CC Image courtesy of OliBachttp://www.flickr.com/photos/olibac/2415284302/sizes/l/in/p
hotostream/
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Dumb Network, Smart Hosts
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Middle Boxes
CC Image courtesy of BiblioArchives / LibraryArchiveshttp://www.flickr.com/photos/lac-bac/8056743490/sizes/o/in/photostream/
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Boxes in the middle of the network that try to make it smart
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● NATs● (TCP)
Performance Enhancing Proxies
● Network Firewalls
● IDS/IPS● Web Proxies● P2P Caches
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“All these middle boxes optimise current applications at the expense of future applications.”
(RFC6182)
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Middle boxes make deploying changes to existing protocols or deploying new protocols hard
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They can drop or damage packets they don't understand
CC Image courtesy of Tracey Adams a.k.a. bikracerhttp://tinyurl.com/pnnqoxf
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Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)
“Congestion Controlled UDP”
Better for both network and applications
Protocol number 33 (UDP is 17)
IPv4 NATs likely to drop it
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Evading Middle Boxes
Look like what they know
Use covert channels and indirection
CC Image courtesy of colin houston a.k.a. col.houhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/colhou/4633274118/sizes/z/in/
photostream/
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HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)
CC Image courtesy of kelphttp://www.flickr.com/photos/kelp/167089710/sizes/z/in/photostream/
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HTTP serverwww.example.com
HTTP client
HTTP Response : StrictTransportSecurity(ALWAYS use HTTPS for next 6 months)
HTTP client
HTTP Get
● HTTPS only, even if http://www.example.com
● Hard fail if any page components are http from non-HSTS server
HTTP serverwww.example.com
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A reaction to the Firesheep Firefox extension
It sniffed and then reused unencrypted cookies for unauthorised access to Facebook etc.
CC Image courtesy of Ryo Chijiiwa a.k.a. Ryochijihttp://www.flickr.com/photos/ryochijiiwa/291996188/sizes/z/in/photostream/
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Unencrypted cookies were typically sniffed off of WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) protected public
Wi-Fi Networks
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Yeah, WEP protected
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So much for trusting the network to protect you
CC Image courtesy of Scott Hingst a.k.a. shingsthttp://www.flickr.com/photos/shingst/4759579496/sizes/l/in/photostream/
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Our friend Charles-Guillaume might say,
"One is never served so well as by oneself, so don't rely on network
protection, and use HSTS.”
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HSTS Implementations
Chromium and Google Chrome
Firefox
Opera
Safari
Internet Explorer
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Multipath TCP (MPTCP)
CC Image courtesy of Robbie Sproule a.k.a. Robbie1http://www.flickr.com/photos/robbie1/4359491/sizes/l/in/photostream/
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Two hosts, Four paths
A1-B1, A1-B2, A2-B1, A2-B2
RFC6182
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Multipath TCP stackStandard TCP stack
RFC6182 RFC6182
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Hosts announce MPTCP support to each other using new MP_CAPABLE TCP option
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This first connection becomes the first Subflow
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The MPTCP connection is identified using a 32 bit token
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Additional Subflows supply the MPTCP connection token
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If there are multiple Subflows between hosts, data is spread across them
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Brief Interlude
CC image courtesy of Boston Public Libraryhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/boston_public_library/7535891
370/sizes/c/in/photostream/
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Subflows can be added when host interfaces come up
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Or go away when a host interface goes down
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Subflows look like TCP, to evade Middle Boxes
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Subflows can be established over IPv4 or IPv6, regardless of what the application uses
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Subflows can be flagged as a “backup path”, used if there are no “regular path” Subflows
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What does this all mean?
Hosts and TCP applications get
Better Throughput
Better Resiliance
Basic IPv6 for IPv4 applications
Basic IPv4 for IPv6 applications
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Our good friend Charles-Guillaume might say,
"One is never served so well as by oneself, so use all the networks.”
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MPTCP Implementations(draft-eardley-mptcp-implementations-survey)
Linux implementation from UCLouvain
FreeBSD implementation from our friends at
Swinburne
anonymous implementation in a commercial OS
NetScaler Firmware implementation from Citrix
Systems, Inc.
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HSTS & MPTCP – Trend Indicators?
CC image courtesy of tiffany terry a.k.a. libertygrace0http://www.flickr.com/photos/35168673@N03/4392781532/
sizes/z/in/photostream/
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Host traffic encrypted more often
Multipathing by hosts
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CC Image courtesy of kelphttp://www.flickr.com/photos/kelp/167089710/sizes/z/in/photostream/
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l/in/photostream/
More evidence of a trend?
RFC5386 - “Better-Than-Nothing Security: An Unauthenticated Mode of Ipsec.” N. Williams, M. Richardson. November 2008.
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And more?
“Happy Eyeballs Extension for Multiple Interfaces”, G. Chen, C. Williams, D. Wing, A. Yourtchenko, draft-ietf-mif-happy-eyeballs-extension
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Impacts
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s/c/in/photostream/
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Current Traffic Assumptions
If a host is attached to our network, we'll see
all of its traffic
(single homed)
Traffic is usually not encrypted
IPv4 applications only send IPv4 traffic
IPv6 applications only send IPv6 traffic
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Current Traffic Assumptions
If a host is attached to our network, we'll see
all of its traffic
(single homed)
Traffic is usually not encrypted
IPv4 applications only send IPv4 traffic
IPv6 applications only send IPv6 traffic
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montparnasse_derailment
It's a Geoff Huston scale train wreck!
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Trouble for Middle Boxes?Middle Boxes won't see all the traffic, so they might● Break host communications
(fortunately there is an alternate path)● Go transparent, making them
valueless● Degrade hosts' throughput, perhaps
badly (fortunately there is an alternate path)
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Trouble for Troubleshooting?
We won't be able to rely on seeing all the host's traffic inside the network
Better troubleshooting tools and methods on hosts will need to be developed
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n/photostream/
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Trouble for VPNs?
Multipathing may cause to-be-secured traffic to leak outside the VPN
Traffic should be secured (encrypted) on the host itself
Any point to VPNs if hosts encrypt everything? CC image courtesy of Daniel X. O'Neil a.k.a. Danxoneil
http://www.flickr.com/photos/juggernautco/8314485754/sizes/l/in/photostream/
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Trouble for network QoS?
Smarter hosts may or will “multipath” around congestion, also helping to reduce it
Is network QoS necessary after that?
CC image courtesy of Steve Snodgrasshttp://www.flickr.com/photos/stevensnodgrass/7390067836/
sizes/c/in/photostream/
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So are there any bright sides?
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Smarter hosts will probably reward networks that are dumb, fast and well interconnected
So we'll need to keep building them
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So, to the final question
CC image courtesy of Anthony Cramphttp://www.flickr.com/photos/anthonycramp/4314540519/siz
es/l/in/photostream/
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How likely are encryption and multipathing going to be implemented on MMHHs?
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Is there an organisation who has the– Motivation
– Capability and
– Resources
to have encryption and multipathing implemented on MMHHs, for the benefit of its customers?
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Is there an organisation who
provides money making content,
provides services where application traffic encryption over the network would be important,
and ...
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leads the development of an OS for MMHHs?
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So I'm guessing you've guessed who I've guessed.
But in case you haven't,
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Questions?
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Thanks for listening
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