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The
Revealed with Full Azimuth 3D Multi-
Component Seismic Data.
By
Tony Rebec, Jim Gaiser, Alvaro Chaveste and Richard Vern,
Geokinetics, Houston.
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- Introduction to the Marcellus Shale/data
- Geophysical Strategy
- Vertical Calibration & Resolution
- Spatial Resolution & Geometric Attributes
- Anisotropic/Rock Property Attributes
- Conclusions
The
Revealed with Full Azimuth 3D Multi-Component
Seismic Data.
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United States Shale Gas Plays
500Tcf
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Generalized Geologic Cross-Section of
Catskill Delta Magna Facies
+ Ordovician Utica Shale
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Marcellus Shale – Depth & Isopach Maps
Depth Isopach
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Bradford-Mehoopany 3D Pennsylvania
N
Net Feet of Organic Rich Shale
in the Marcellus Formation, Pennsylvania
Bradford County
Time Slice from Bradford 3D
Phase I & Mehoopany
Seismic Survey
3D/3C
Anisotropy
study 3D
Elevations
from
Acquisition
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Zeroing in on the Marcellus Shale Play in Pennsylvania with High Fidelity 3D Full
Azimuth Surface Seismic Data Including Simultaneous Multi-Component 3D data for
Calibration and Identification of Fracture Sweet Spots. (Data not vertically corrected
for velocity differentials)
P-Wave Production P-Wave Component Shear-Wave Shear-Wave
Fast Component Slow Component
AJR
3D Data Sets
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Geophysical Strategy
Maximize information obtained from seismic
(appropriate Acquisition/Processing) and
optimize its resolution:
1. Structural and stratigraphic framework
Trace and geometric attributes
2. Fracture characterization
Anisotropic attributes
3. Matrix (reservoir and rock) properties
Inversion attributes
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Vertical Calibration/Resolution
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Inline & Crossline
Tully
Marcellus
Syracuse Salt
Onondaga
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Cut-a-way Seismic Cube
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4388’
4496’
6076’
6228’
6249’
6382’
152’
133’
CHERRY VALLEY
28’
Marcellus Shale Vertical Resolution Sonic
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Vertical Resolution
Seismic
Thin-Bed Reflectivity re Tanner
*
*
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Spatial Resolution/Geometric Attributes
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Onondaga
Amp
Base Marcellus Shale - twt
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Top Marcellus Shale – seismic amplitude
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J1 & J2 Fracture Sets in Marcellus
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J1
J2
J1 J1
J2 J2
J1 & J2 Fracture Sets in Marcellus
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Natural gas chimneys in black shale
showing cross fold J2 joints
Geology Seismic
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Energy Ratio
Unbiased accurate faulting
time slice
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Landmark GeoProbe
Co-rendered
seismic & semblance
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Positive Curvature
Bradford & Mehoopany 3D
Seismic Attributes
Unbiased accurate structural deformation – positive flexures (highs)
Positive Curvature – time slice
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Positive Curvature
time slice
High fidelity
Normal
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Unbiased accurate structural deformation – negative flexures (lows)
time slice
Negative Curvature – time slice
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1120 ms - Marcellus
Negative Curvature
time slice
High spatial fidelity
normal
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Horizon TWT Horizon Textural Rendering Co-rendered
Textural Rendering
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Anisotropic Attributes
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Reservoir and Rock Properties
Vp, Vs, ρ
Amplitude
P-impedance
S-impedance
Poisson’s ratio
Young’s Modulus
LambdaRho
MuRho
Anisotropy
Lithology
Composition
Porosity
Fluid content
TOC content
Brittleness
Fractures
Pore pressure
Stress
etc.
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Anisotropic/Rock Property Attributes
Anisotropy
1. Elliptical Inversion using P-wave Interval Velocities
2. Time differentials from Shear waves (3 comp)
Rock Properties
1. Lambda*Rho Mu *Rho
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Density and Orientation of Micro-fractures
Physical Basis
Velocities dependence on fractures’ direction. <-
Cra
ck
Orien
tatio
n
Velocity Ellipse
A = Semi-major axis
B = Semi-minor axis
= Azimuth
A
B
N
<-C
rack
Orien
tatio
n
Velocity Ellipse
A = Semi-major axis
B = Semi-minor axis
= Azimuth
A
B
N
Difference between fast and slow velocities (anisotropy) is a measure of
fracture density
- Azimuth
VMAX
VMIN
(VMAX-VMIN)/VMAX
e - Error
Elliptical Inversion (EI) to estimate anisotropy
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Time Slice: 680 ms
pstm stk Interval Velocities
All Azimuths
Hand-Picked
Interval Velocities
Azimuth 1
AutoVels
Interval Velocities
Azimuth 2
AutoVels
Interval Velocities
Azimuth 3
AutoVels
Interval Velocities
Azimuth 4
AutoVels
Automatic Velocity Picking
<-C
rack
Orien
tatio
n
Velocity Ellipse
A = Semi-major axis
B = Semi-minor axis
= Azimuth
A
B
N
<-C
rack
Orien
tatio
n
Velocity Ellipse
A = Semi-major axis
B = Semi-minor axis
= Azimuth
A
B
N
<-C
rack
Orien
tatio
n
Velocity Ellipse
A = Semi-major axis
B = Semi-minor axis
= Azimuth
A
B
N
<-C
rack
Orien
tatio
n
Velocity Ellipse
A = Semi-major axis
B = Semi-minor axis
= Azimuth
A
B
N
<-C
rack
Orien
tatio
n
Velocity Ellipse
A = Semi-major axis
B = Semi-minor axis
= Azimuth
A
B
N
<-C
rack
Orien
tatio
n
Velocity Ellipse
A = Semi-major axis
B = Semi-minor axis
= Azimuth
A
B
N
<-C
rack
Orien
tatio
n
Velocity Ellipse
A = Semi-major axis
B = Semi-minor axis
= Azimuth
A
B
N
<-C
rack
Orien
tatio
n
Velocity Ellipse
A = Semi-major axis
B = Semi-minor axis
= Azimuth
A
B
N
Low High
Better resolution velocity field
Velocity field for azimuthal NMO correction
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Elliptical Inversion
Inline
Azimuth co-rendered with Stack
Anisotropy Azimuth (degrees)
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Marcellus Marcellus
Elliptical Inversion Anisotropy Comparison
Sectored
From Interval Velocities
Un-sectored
From RMS Velocities
Stack
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Elliptical Inversion Azimuth and Anisotropy
Top Marcellus + 40 msec
Anisotropy Azimuth (deg)
<-C
rack
Orien
tatio
n
Velocity Ellipse
A = Semi-major axis
B = Semi-minor axis
= Azimuth
A
B
N
<-C
rack
Orien
tatio
n
Velocity Ellipse
A = Semi-major axis
B = Semi-minor axis
= Azimuth
A
B
N
Elliptical Attributes
Un-sectored Elliptical Inversion
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Elliptical Inversion Azimuth and Anisotropy
Top Marcellus + 40 msec
Anisotropy Azimuth (deg)
<-C
rack
Orien
tatio
n
Velocity Ellipse
A = Semi-major axis
B = Semi-minor axis
= Azimuth
A
B
N
<-C
rack
Orien
tatio
n
Velocity Ellipse
A = Semi-major axis
B = Semi-minor axis
= Azimuth
A
B
N
Elliptical Attributes
Sectored Elliptical Inversion
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Co-rendered Azimuth/Anisotropy - Positive Curvature
Azimuth
Anisotropy
J1 – “Maintains ENE orientation regardless
of location relative to the oroclinal bends”
J2 - “In the Valley and Ridge, J2 is found
normal to fold axes…”
Engelder, T. “Structural geology of the Marcellus and
other Devonian gas shales”
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Anisotropic/Rock Property Attributes
Anisotropy
1. Elliptical Inversion using P-wave Interval Velocities
2. Time differentials from Shear waves (3 comp)
Rock Properties
1. Lambda*Rho Mu *Rho
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PS2 to PS1 Registration
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PS2 to PS1 Registration
Time to Top Salt
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PS2 to PS1 Registration
Cumulative Time Differences PS1 Stack
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PS2 to PS1 Registration
Absolute
Interval Anisotropy PS1 Stack
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Fracture Characterization
• Geometric attributes for subtle
changes in regional trends – fold,
fault, fracture
• Anisotropic attributes through
elliptical inversion
Fracture location, azimuth
and intensity
Multiple, complementary
methods
Converted wave solutions
• Methods to constrain and
calibrate. Azimuth (deg) Anisotropy (%)
Co-rendered Positive Curvature
with Anisotropy
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Anisotropic/Rock Property Attributes
Anisotropy
1. Elliptical Inversion using P-wave Interval Velocities
2. Time differentials from Shear waves (3 comp)
Rock Properties
1. Lambda*Rho Mu *Rho
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Reservoir and Rock Properties
Vp, Vs, ρ
Amplitude
P-impedance
S-impedance
Poisson’s ratio
Young’s Modulus
LambdaRho
MuRho
Anisotropy
Lithology
Composition
Porosity
Fluid content
TOC content
Brittleness
Fractures
Pore pressure
Stress
etc.
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Reservoir and Rock Properties
P-wave Impedance S-wave Impedance
Lambda*Rho (lr) Mu*Rho (mr)
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Density
Lambda*Rho - Mu*Rho
Cross-plot
4400 to 8000 ft
lr
mr
Lambda*Rho (lr)
Reservoir and Rock Properties
Log Crossplot
Seismic Crossplot
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Cross-plot from Seismic
Density Density
Lambda*Rho (lr) Mu*Rho (mr)
Low density ~ high TOC
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Conclusions
Using Seismic Effectively in the Marcellus Unconventional
Play
• Begins with acquiring and processing high resolution image
• Provides structural and stratigraphic framework – Well placement, hazard avoidance and geosteering
– Reservoir architecture and delineation
– Geometric attributes may predict stress/ fracture zones
• Fracture characterization – Complementary methods
– Fracture location, orientation, and intensity
• Reservoir and rock property determination – Matrix quality
– Geomechanical properties
– Fluid indicators
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Q & A
With Tony Rebec, Geokinetics
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