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THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION• 1763 TO 1775• A CLASH OF NEW ATTITUDES
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Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)
• Chief Pontiac refused to surrender Lands– Led to an Indian alliance in Ohio Valley
and Great Lakes
• Germ Warfare• Proclamation 1763
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MERCANTILISM• Before 1763
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AN ECONOMIC THEORY
• PRINCIPLES– COLONIES EXIST TO BENEFIT THE
MOTHER COUNTRY.– COLONIES PROVIDE RAW MATERIALS– COLONIES PROVIDE MARKETS FOR
FINISHED PRODUCTS– COLONIES PROVIDE MILITARY
OUTPOSTS.
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MORE PRINCIPLES
• COLONIES RECEIVE TRADING RIGHTS WITHIN THE EMPIRE
• COLONIES ARE PROTECTED BY THE MOTHER COUNTRY.
• THE MOTHER COUNTRY SHOULD HAVE A POSITIVE TRADE BALANCE.
• COLONIES CANNOT TRADE OUTSIDE THE COLONIAL SYSTEM.
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BRITISH MERCANTILE POLICY
• NAVIGATION ACTS CONTROL TRADE WITHIN THE EMPIRE.– NAVIGATION ACT 1651- ALL MUST BE CARRIED
BY BRITISH SHIPS– NAVIGATION ACT 1660 – ENUMERATES
GOODS.AMERICANS CANNOT SELL OUTSIDE THE EMPIRE.
– NEW NAVIGATION ACT 1663- AMERICANS CAN ONLY BUY BRITISH GOODS.
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POLICY OF SALUTARY NEGLECT
• NAVIGATION LAWS ONLY RANDOMLY ENFORCED
• AMERICANS OPENLY VIOLATE THE NAVIGATION ACTS.
• NO SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES• “LAW WITHOUT SANCTION IS NO
LAW” IT IS A REQUEST.
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MOLASSES ACT 1733• 6 PENCE PER
GALLON TAX ON MOLASSES
• CAN ONLY BE PURCHASED IN BRITISH WEST INDIES.
• AMERICAN OBJECT, LAW IS NOT ENFORCED.
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VICTORY CHANGES BRITISH POLICY 1763
• FACED WITH NATIONAL DEBT• PARLIAMENT ABANDONS SALUTARY
NEGLECT• WILL NOW VIGOROUSLY ENFORCE
THE NAVIGATION ACTS.
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THE GRENVILLE PROGRAM NEW LAWS
• GOAL:– GET AMERICANS TO PAY 1/3RD OF COST
OF DEFENSE.– REDUCE THE NATIONAL DEBT–MAKE THE AMERICAN COLONIALS
RESPECT BRITISH LAW
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THE CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION
• A NEW AMERICAN ATTITUDE• SELF ASSURED• WANTED MORE SELF
CONTROL. DID NOT WANT TO BE SUBORDINATE
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A NEW BRITISH ATTITUDE
• WANTED TO TIGHTEN CONTROL OF THE COLONIES.
• MAKE THE COLONIES PAY ONE THIRD THE COST OF THEIR DEFENSE.
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BRITISH POLITICS• THE RISE OF
KING GEORGE III 1760
• THE END OF SALUTARY NEGLECT.
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Who is King George III?
• Extremely stubborn• His government was filled with men who
were…– Inexperience– Inward-looking– Narrow – minded
• Wanted to control the colonies• 50 years of Whig power was about to give
way to a conservative government dominated by the King.
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Navigation Laws • Purpose: enforce the mercantilist system • Motive: First enacted in 1651; aimed at rival Dutch
shippers who were active in the American trade. • Basic provisions passed in 17th and 18th centuries:
– Restricted commerce to and from the colonies to English or American vessels.
– Certain "enumerated" articles (tobacco) couldn’t be shipped to any other foreign market except England
– All European goods going to America had to go through England first.
– Certain restrictions on colonial manufactures for export: British did not want manufacturing competition with the Colonies.
– Molasses Act (1733)
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Positive Impact
• Until 1763, it did not adversely impact the colonial economy.
• Colonials had rights of Englishmen and opportunities for self-government
• Colonies had British military protection• Colonies greatly profited from
manufacturing and trading.
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Negative Impact
• Colonial manufacturing was hindered by British policies.
• Southern colonies suffered as export prices dropped
• New England resented favorable British policies toward Southern colonies (who produced tobacco, sugar and rice).
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• THE USE IF WRITS OF ASSISTANCE– Search warrants by British customs officers harassed
colonial shipping. – Aimed to reduce colonial smuggling
• JAMES OTIS PROTESTS THEIR USE AS A VIOLATION OF THE RIGHTS OF ENGLISHMEN.– Otis’ efforts gained press throughout the colonies. – Wrote famous words "no taxation without
representation."
• THE PROCLAMATION OF 1763
NEW COLONIAL POLICY
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THE GRENVILLE PROGRAM 1763- 1766
• THE SUGAR ACT OF 1764– First act ever passed specifically that
raised revenue for the crown. – Aimed to regulate the illegal
triangular trade– Reduced taxes on molasses but taxed
all molasses– Not enforced effectively
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Continued….
• THE STAMP ACT 1765 THE FIRST DIRECT TAX. – Purpose: Raise revenues to support the new
military force in the colonies– Provisions:
• Official stamps would serve as proof of payment. • Tax applied to published materials and legal
documents e.g., pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, bills of lading, marriage certificates, death certificates, mortgages, insurance policies, liquor licenses, & playing cards.
• Both Sugar Act and Stamp Act provided for trying offenders in admiralty courts where juries were not allowed
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THE AMERICAN REACTION
• THE STAMP ACT CONGRESS– Brought together 27 delegates from 9
colonies –Massachusetts invited colonies who adopted
Virginia Resolves to meet.– Drew up a statement of their rights and
grievances Largely ignored in England; of little consequence in the colonies
– Significance: Brought together reps from different & rival colonies and set a precedent
• RESOLUTIONS OF PROTEST TO THE KING
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THE AMERICAN REACTION (cont)
• THE SONS OF LIBERTY LEAD BY SAMUEL ADAMS– Violently enforced nonimportation agreements
against violators (tarring & feathering was one painful tactic).
• NON-IMPORTATION AGREEMENTS.– Of British Good– England economy suffered from non-
importation– Was not decisive in reversing Parliament’s
decision
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REPEAL OF THE GRENVILLE PROGRAM
• THE NEW MOLASSES TAX• THE DECLARATORY ACT 1766– Purpose was partly to save face – Claimed that Parliament had the right
to tax colonies in the future
• GRENVILLE IS REMOVED FROM POWER.
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THE TOWNSHEND PROGRAM 1767
• CHARLES TOWNSHEND TAKES OVER.– NO DIRECT TAXES.
• Small import duty placed on glass, white lead, paper, paint, silk and tea.
• Tax was an indirect customs duty ("external tax")
–MAKES PROVISION TO PAY ROYAL GOVERNORS. • Revenues from taxes to pay salaries of royal
governors and judges
– CUT POWER OF THE PURSE.
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• SUSPENDS THE NEW YORK LEGISLATURE FOR REFUSING TO QUARTER TROOPS.– Certain colonies required to provide food &
quarters for British troops.
• INCREASES USE OF WRITS OF ASSISTANCE.
• SMUGGLERS TRIED IN ADMIRALTY COURTS– Established a commission and vice-admiralty
courts for enforcement. – Royal judges would be allowed to grant "writs of
assistance" in private homes, shops or warehouses.
MORE:
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AMERICAN REACTION TO TOWNSHEND DUTIES
• NEW NON-IMPORTATION AGREEMENT.• JOHN DICKENSON’S “LETTERS FROM A
FARMER.”– Challenged distinction between "internal" and
"external" taxes. – Denied right to levy taxes for purpose of revenue. – Prompted the Massachusetts Circular Letter
• Massachusetts legislature, urged by Sam Adams and James Otis, supported Dickinson's arguments and called for other colonies to pass petitions calling for Parliament to repeal the acts.
• OPEN VIOLATION OF THE LAW.
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THE BOSTON MASSACRE, 1770
• SON’S OF LIBERTY PROVOKED THE INCIDENT.
• 5 AMERICAN COLONIALS KILLED.
• JOHN ADAMS DEFENDS THE SOLDIERS.
• VIOLENCE INCREASES.
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LORD NORTH BECOMES PRIME MINISTER
• TOWNSHEND DUTIES REPEALED
• EXCEPT FOR SMALL TAX ON TEA.
• NON-IMPORTATION AGREEMENTS END. AMERICANS BUY SMUGGLED TEA .
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THE FINAL CRISIS• BASIC ISSUES UNRESOLVED.• SAM ADAMS ORGANIZES “COMMITTEES OF
CORRESPONDENCE.”– Some colonial discontent continued as British
redoubled efforts to enforce the Navigation Laws. – Samuel Adams used propaganda to whip up colonial
resentment– Adams organized in Mass., Nov.1772. – To spread propaganda and info. by interchanging
letters in order to keep opposition to British policy alive.
– Intercolonial committees of correspondence emerged – Intercolonial groups evolved directly into the first
American congresses. • 1773 EAST INDIA COMPANY MONOPOLY ON TEA
TRADE WITH THE COLONIES. • PRICE FALLS BELOW SMUGGLED TEA.
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THE BOSTON TEA PARTY. 1773
• SONS OF LIBERTY• DUMP $750,000 WORTH OF
TEA.• BRITISH RESPOND BY PASSING:• THE COERCIVE ACT OR
INTOLERABLE ACTS 1774• CLOSE BOSTON HARBOR
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• SUSPEND MASS. LEGISLATURE AND TOWN MEETINGS.
• PASS THE QUARTERING ACT 1774• PARLIAMENT PASSES THE QUEBEC
ACT 1774• BRITISH OFFICIALS ACCUSED OF
CRIME WILL BE TRIED IN BRITAIN.
OTHER BRITISH REACTIONS
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COLONIAL REACTION• CALL THE FIRST CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS 1774• DEMAND REPEAL OF THE
INTOLERABLE ACTS• “SUFFOLK RESOLVES”
WHICH DECLARE INTOLERABLE ACTS VOID.
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FCC: Sept. 5 to Oct. 26, 1774 • 12 of 13 colonies present (except Georgia) • Delegates included S.Adams, J. Adams, G.
Washington, & Patrick Henry. • 1st Step: endorse several resolutions
known as the Suffolk Resolves. – Denounced "Intolerable" Acts – Urged colonies to organize militia for defensive
purposes – Called on colonies to suspend all trade with
rest of British empire – Urged citizens not to pay taxes.
• Rejection of Galloway Plan – Joseph Galloway called for a colonial union
required to approve all parliamentary laws affecting the colonies
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MORE…
• “DECLARATION OF RIGHTS AND GRIEVANCES” – Gave colonists the legal right to assemble
in order to seek redress. – "Bill of Rights": established structure for
the Declaration of Independence (Preamble, list of grievances and mutual pledge)
• DEMAND RESPECT FOR RIGHTS.
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OTHER REACTIONS• FORM THE ASSOCIATION TO ENFORCE
A BOYCOTT.– Called for a complete boycott of British
goods: nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption.
• ADVISED COLONIAL MILITIAS TO STOCKPILE WEAPONS AND POWDER.
• CALL FOR “THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS” TO MEET IN 1775.