Download - The SUN!
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The SUN!
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Basic Facts
• Mass M = 2x1030 kg = 300,000ME
• Radius R = 7x108 m = 7x105 km = 111RE
• Mean Density = Mass/Volume = M/((4/3)R3)= 1400 kg/m3 = 1.4 g/cm3
• Distance = 1.5x1011 m = 1.5x108 km = 8.3 light-minutes
• Luminosity L = 3.9x1026 W (Solar Constant = 1350 W/m2)
• Mean Surface Temperature = Teffective = 5780 K
• Composition By Mass By Number
• H ~68%~90%
• He ~31%~10%
• “Heavies” ~1% ~1%
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The Sun Contains 99.8% of the Mass of the Entire Solar System!
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We Rely on the Sun for…
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…
• Source of energy• Plants-photosynthesis• Creates wind• Water cycle
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The Sun’s Atmosphere
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Photosphere
• All elements are gaseous • Get denser as you move toward the core• Photosphere is the “surface” we can see
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Granulation
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Chromosphere
• Density decreases but temperature increases• Oddity considering the rest of the sun
decreases in temperature as you move away from the core
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Spicules
• Flamelike jets of gas that rise up into the chromosphere
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The Corona
• Outermost part of the Sun’s atmosphere• Extends millions of miles into space
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Reading
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Solar Activity
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Magnetic Field
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Video
• http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2014/01/06/sun-magnetic-field-polarity-reverse/4306845/
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Sunspots
• What are they?– Regions marked by lower temperatures– Dark spots on the solar surface
• Cause– Magnetic field exits one and enters the other– Messes up convection in granules and causes
cooling
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Structure
• Umbra-dark region• Penumbra-lighter surrounding region
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History
• 1610 Sunspots were first observed by Johannes and Fabricius
• 1612 Galileo explained sunspots
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How They Are Used
• Rotation of the Sun• Weather?– Low sunspot activity– High sunspot activity
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Little Ice Age
• Low solar activity-few sunspots • 1645-1715• Frozen rivers and year-round snow in unlikely
places
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Sunspot Cycles
• Cycles every 11 years
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Maunder Minimum
• Lowest point of solar activity
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Prominences
• Magnetic field redirects the flow of the gases-out one and in the other
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Coronal Mass Ejection
• http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/sun/comet.mpg
• Causes on Earth
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Solar Winds
• Flow of charged particles away from the sun• Continual• Greater at coronal holes and less at helmet
streamers
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Fusion
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pusKlK1L5To