the sun!

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The SUN!

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The SUN!. Basic Facts . Mass M  = 2x10 30 kg = 300,000M E Radius R  = 7x10 8 m = 7x10 5 km = 111R E Mean Density = Mass/Volume = M/((4/3) R 3 )= 1400 kg/m 3 = 1.4 g/cm 3 Distance = 1.5x10 11 m = 1.5x10 8 km = 8.3 light-minutes - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: The SUN!

The SUN!

Page 2: The SUN!

Basic Facts

• Mass M = 2x1030 kg = 300,000ME

• Radius R = 7x108 m = 7x105 km = 111RE

• Mean Density = Mass/Volume = M/((4/3)R3)= 1400 kg/m3 = 1.4 g/cm3

• Distance = 1.5x1011 m = 1.5x108 km = 8.3 light-minutes

• Luminosity L = 3.9x1026 W (Solar Constant = 1350 W/m2)

• Mean Surface Temperature = Teffective = 5780 K

• Composition By Mass By Number

• H ~68%~90%

• He ~31%~10%

• “Heavies” ~1% ~1%

Page 3: The SUN!

The Sun Contains 99.8% of the Mass of the Entire Solar System!

Page 4: The SUN!

We Rely on the Sun for…

Page 5: The SUN!

• Source of energy• Plants-photosynthesis• Creates wind• Water cycle

Page 6: The SUN!

The Sun’s Atmosphere

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Photosphere

• All elements are gaseous • Get denser as you move toward the core• Photosphere is the “surface” we can see

Page 8: The SUN!

Granulation

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Chromosphere

• Density decreases but temperature increases• Oddity considering the rest of the sun

decreases in temperature as you move away from the core

Page 10: The SUN!

Spicules

• Flamelike jets of gas that rise up into the chromosphere

Page 11: The SUN!

The Corona

• Outermost part of the Sun’s atmosphere• Extends millions of miles into space

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Reading

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Solar Activity

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Magnetic Field

Page 16: The SUN!

Sunspots

• What are they?– Regions marked by lower temperatures– Dark spots on the solar surface

• Cause– Magnetic field exits one and enters the other– Messes up convection in granules and causes

cooling

Page 17: The SUN!

Structure

• Umbra-dark region• Penumbra-lighter surrounding region

Page 18: The SUN!

History

• 1610 Sunspots were first observed by Johannes and Fabricius

• 1612 Galileo explained sunspots

Page 19: The SUN!

How They Are Used

• Rotation of the Sun• Weather?– Low sunspot activity– High sunspot activity

Page 20: The SUN!

Little Ice Age

• Low solar activity-few sunspots • 1645-1715• Frozen rivers and year-round snow in unlikely

places

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Sunspot Cycles

• Cycles every 11 years

Page 22: The SUN!

Maunder Minimum

• Lowest point of solar activity

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Prominences

• Magnetic field redirects the flow of the gases-out one and in the other

Page 24: The SUN!

Coronal Mass Ejection

• http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/sun/comet.mpg

• Causes on Earth

Page 25: The SUN!

Solar Winds

• Flow of charged particles away from the sun• Continual• Greater at coronal holes and less at helmet

streamers

Page 26: The SUN!

Fusion

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pusKlK1L5To