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Towards a science of emotions
Sandeep Gautam
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The Importance of being Cognitive
Cogsci.SE
ART SCIENCELiterature PsychologyAesthetics Behavioral
economics
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The study of emotions
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Expressions used by Ekman
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Infants facial expressions
Facial expressions in infants- Izard– Enjoyment-joy, Distress- anguish, Rage- anger;– Fear-terror, Disgust- revulsion, Startle- surprise– Shame-shyness-humiliation, Interest-excitement– Contempt-scorn, Guilt-remorse
Developmental time course by Katherine Bridges– 1 month to 12 months
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Bridge’s Schema
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Navarasa in Natyashastra
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Eight Rasas/bhavas in Natyashastra (Bharat Muni)
Eight rasas arranged in four pairs– hasya derives from shringar for example.
Hasya- Shringar: or that of joy—affection (love)
Karuna- Raudra: or that of sadness—anger Bhayanak- bibhitsa: or that of fear—disgust Veera- Adbhuta: or that of interest (self-
assurance) —surprise
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Emotion dimensions
Factors of PANAS-X scale– Positive affect
Joviality , Attentiveness; Self-assurance, Surprise.
– Negative affectSadness, Hostility; Fear, Guilt.
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Emotion dimensions
Factor structure by Fontaine/Scherer– Valence: from Joy (pleasant) to Sadness
(unpleasant)– Arousal: from Attentiveness/ Love (passively
energised) to Anger/ Hostility (active energy)– Dominance : from Interest/ Self-Assurance (in
control) to Fear-Anxiety (lack of control)– Predictability :from Surprise (preference for
unpredictable) to Disgust (aversion to unpredictable)
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Two emotional families (Carver and Scheier)
Joy, Sadness, Anger and Attentiveness/ love/ affection
Fear, Interest /self-assurance, Surprise and Disgust/guilt
Approach motivation related affects – elation, eagerness and excitement at one end to
frustration, anger and sadness on the other end Avoidance motivation related affects
– relief, serenity and contentment to fear, guilt and anxiety
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Motivation leads to emotion
Approach motivation– Desired end state– Opportunity focus– On success and failure or frustration in reaching a reward
Avoidance motivation– Dreaded end state– Threat focus– On success or failure or facilitation in escaping from danger
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Why all this toil and trouble?
Once the Million $ Q of basic emotions is settled, we can focus on – Emotions and Motivations– Emotions and Personality/ Psychopathology– Emotions and Underlying biological systems– Emotions and Music– Emotions and Colors or visual arts– Emotions and Movies
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Emotions and positive psychology
Valence (joy-sadness): The pleasant life – HAPPINESS
Arousal (attentiveness-anger): The engaged life – FLOW
Potency (Interest- fear): The responsible life – WILLPOWER
Predictability (surprise-disgust): The meaningful life -PURPOSE
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Emotions and self-regulation
Emotions as signals as to how well we are avoiding threat/ approaching rewards
Avoidance focus associated with psychopathology and less favorable outcomes
Have an opportunity focus rather than a threat focus
Being mindful of emotions, leads to control over them
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Thank You!
Q&A– Sandeep Gautam– [email protected]– http://the-mouse-trap.com– http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-fundam
ental-four
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Emotion dimensions and Personality traits (FFM)
Mapping to Personality (pathology)– Fear-Interest: Negative emotionality : Neuroticism: HA– Joy-Sadness: Positive emotionality: Extraversion: NS– Anger- Affection: Antagonism: Agreeableness: RD– Surprise-Disgust : Disinhibition vs. constraint:
Conscientiousness: P– Detached/’outsider’/dissociated/apathy? -
Shame/guilt/pride/righteous ? Schizotypy? Openness to experience/Intellect/ non-conformity?
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Underlying neurobiology (Gray etc.)
Joy-Sadness = BAS: E (reward sensitivity/ approach) – serotonin -raphae(like)
Attentiveness- Anger = BIS sub component related to arousal? : A (impulsivity/ arousal)- dopamine –VTA, vmSNPC (want/need)
Fear- Self-assurance = FFFS: N (fear/ panic)- Norepenephrine – LC (learn)
Surprise- Disgust = BIS sub component related to attention: C (anxiety/inhibition) – dopamine- dmSNPC (prediction)
Nonconform- socially conform = Dream-wake-sleep system- acetylcholine (create/memory)
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