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Mobile Communications: Introduction
Mobile Communications
Chapter 1: Introduction
A case for mobility
History of mobile communication
MarketAreas of research
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
Computers for the next century?
Computers are integrated
small, cheap, portable, replaceable - no more separate devicesTechnology in the background
computer are aware of their environment and adapt (location
awareness)
computer recognize the location of the user and react appropriately
(e.g., call forwarding, fax forwarding)Advances in technology
more computing power in smaller devices
flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption
new user interfaces due to small dimensions
more bandwidth per cubic meter multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless WANs,
regional wireless telecommunication networks etc. (overlay
networks)
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
Mobile communication
Aspects of mobility:
user mobility: users communicate (wireless) anytime, anywhere, withanyone
device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to the
network
Wireless vs. mobile Examples stationary computer notebook in a hotel wireless LANs in historic buildings Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
The demand for mobile communication creates the need for
integration of wireless networks into existing fixed networks:
local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11,ETSI (HIPERLAN)
Internet: Mobile IP extension of the internet protocol IP
wide area networks: e.g., internetworking of GSM and ISDN
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
Applications I
Vehicles
transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB personal communication using GSM
position via GPS
local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents,
guidance system, redundancy
vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can betransmitted in advance for maintenance
Emergencies
early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first
diagnosis
replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes,hurricanes, fire etc.
crisis, war, ...
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
Typical application: road traffic
UMTS, WLAN,
DAB, GSM,
TETRA, ...
Personal Travel Assistant,
DAB, PDA, laptop,
GSM, UMTS, WLAN,
Bluetooth, ...
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
Applications II
Travelling salesmen
direct access to customer files stored in a central location consistent databases for all agents
mobile office
Replacement of fixed networks
remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities
flexibility for trade shows LANs in historic buildings
Entertainment, education, ...
outdoor Internet access
intelligent travel guide with up-to-date
location dependent information
ad-hoc networks for
multi user games
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
Location dependent services
Location aware services
what services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the localenvironment
Follow-on services
automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to
the current location
Information services push: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket
pull: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cherry Cake?
Support services
caches, intermediate results, state information etc. follow the
mobile device through the fixed networkPrivacy
who should gain knowledge about the location
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
Mobile devices
performance
Pager
receive only
tiny displayssimple text
messages
Mobile phones
voice, data
simple text displays
PDA
simple graphical displays
character recognitionsimplified WWW
Palmtop
tiny keyboard
simple versions
of standard applications
Laptop
fully functional
standard applications
1.7.1
Sensors,
embedded
controllers
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
Effects of device portability
Power consumption
limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due to
limited battery capacity
CPU: power consumption ~ CV2f
C: internal capacity, reduced by integration
V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit
f: clock frequency, can be reduced temporally
Loss of data higher probability, has to be included in advance into the design
(e.g., defects, theft)
Limited user interfaces
compromise between size of fingers and portability
integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols
Limited memory
limited value of mass memories with moving parts
flash-memory or ? as alternative
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
Wireless networks in comparison to fixed networks
Higher loss-rates due to interference
emissions of, e.g., engines, lightning
Restrictive regulations of frequencies
frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost
all occupied
Low transmission rates
local some Mbit/s, regional currently, e.g., 9.6kbit/s with GSMHigher delays, higher jitter
connection setup time with GSM in the second range, several
hundred milliseconds for other wireless systems
Lower security, simpler active attacking
radio interface accessible for everyone, base station can besimulated, thus attracting calls from mobile phones
Always shared medium
secure access mechanisms important
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
Early history of wireless communication
Many people in history used light for communication
heliographs, flags (semaphore), ...
150 BC smoke signals for communication;
(Polybius, Greece)
1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe
Here electromagnetic waves are
of special importance:
1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic Fields, wave
equations (1864)
H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates
with an experiment the wave character
of electrical transmission through space(1886, in Karlsruhe, Germany, at the
location of todays University of Karlsruhe)
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
History of wireless communication I
1895 Guglielmo Marconi
first demonstration of wirelesstelegraphy (digital!)
long wave transmission, high
transmission power necessary (> 200kw)
1907 Commercial transatlantic connections
huge base stations(30 100m high antennas)
1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco
1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi
reflection at the ionosphere
smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of thevacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)
1926 Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin
wires parallel to the railroad track
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
History of wireless communication II
1928 many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, TV news)
1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)1958 A-Netz in Germany
analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile station, no
handover, 80% coverage, 1971 11000 customers
1972 B-Netz in Germany
analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed network too (butlocation of the mobile station has to be known)
available also in A, NL and LUX, 1979 13000 customer in D
1979 NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries)
1982 Start of GSM-specification
goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming
1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
System, analog)
1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
History of wireless communication III
1986 C-Netz in Germany
analog voice transmission, 450MHz, hand-over possible, digital
signaling, automatic location of mobile device
still in use today (as T-C-Tel), services: FAX, modem, X.25, e-mail,
98% coverage
1991 Specification of DECT
Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications) 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s
data transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to several
10000 user/km2, used in more than 40 countries
1992 Start of GSM
in D as D1and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels automatic location, hand-over, cellular
roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 100 countries
services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
History of wireless communication IV
1994 E-Netz in Germany
GSM with 1800MHz, smaller cells, supported by 11 countries
as Eplusin D (1997 98% coverage of thepopulation)
1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)
ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as
wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11
IEEE-Standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
already many products (with proprietary extensions)
1998 Specification of GSM successors
for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) asEuropean proposals for IMT-2000
Iridium
66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
Wireless systems: overview of the development
cellular phones satellites wireless
LAN
cordless
phones
1992:
GSM
1994:
DCS 1800
2005?:
UMTS/IMT-2000
1987:
CT1+
1982:
Inmarsat-A
1992:
Inmarsat-B
Inmarsat-M
1998:
Iridium
1989:
CT 2
1991:
DECT
199x:proprietary
1995/96/97:
IEEE 802.11,
HIPERLAN
2005?:
MBS, WATM
1988:
Inmarsat-C
analog
digital
1.15.1
1991:
D-AMPS
1991:
CDMA
1981:
NMT 450
1986:
NMT 900
1980:
CT0
1984:
CT11983:
AMPS
1993:
PDC
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
The future: ITU-R - Recommendations for IMT-2000
M.687-2
IMT-2000 concepts and goals
M.816-1
framework for services
M.817
IMT-2000 network architectures
M.818-1
satellites in IMT-2000
M.819-2
IMT-2000 for developing countries
M.1034-1
requirements for the radio
interface(s)
M.1035
framework for radio interface(s) and
radio sub-system functions
M.1036
spectrum considerations
M.1078
security in IMT-2000
M.1079
speech/voiceband data performance
M.1167
framework for satellites
M.1168
framework for management
M.1223
evaluation of security mechanisms
M.1224
vocabulary for IMT-2000
M.1225
evaluation of transmission technologies
. . .
http://www.itu.int/imt
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
Worldwide wireless subscribers (prediction)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Americas
Europe
Japan
others
total
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
Mobile phones per 100 people 1997
1998: 40% growth rate in Germany
1.18.1
0 10 20 30 40 50
France
Germany
Western Europe
Spain
UK
Italy
USA
Japan
Denmark
Finland
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
Areas of research in mobile communication
Wireless Communication
transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay) modulation, coding, interference
media access, regulations
...
Mobility
location dependent services location transparency
quality of service support (delay, jitter, security)
...
Portability
power consumption
limited computing power, sizes of display, ...
usability
...
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
Simple reference model used here
1.20.1
Application
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Medium
Data Link
Physical
Application
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Data Link
Physical
Network Network
Radio
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
Influence of mobile communication to the layer model
service location
new applications, multimedia
adaptive applications
congestion and flow control
quality of service
addressing, routing,
device location
hand-over authentication
media access
multiplexing
media access control
encryption
modulation
interference
attenuation
frequency
Application layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
Overview of the chapters
Chapter 2:
Wireless Transmission
Chapter 3:Medium Access Control
Chapter 4:
Telecommunication
Systems
Chapter 5:
Satellite
Systems
Chapter 6:
Broadcast
Systems
Chapter 7:
Wireless
LAN
Chapter 8:
Wireless
ATM
Chapter 9:
Mobile Network Layer
Chapter 10:
Mobile Transport Layer
Chapter 11:
Support for Mobility
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Mobile Communications: Introduction
Overlay Networks - the global goal
regional
metropolitan area
campus-based
in-house
vertical
hand-over
horizontal
hand-over
integration of heterogeneous fixed and
mobile networks with varying
transmission characteristics
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Mobile Internet Commuication Technologies
Cellular technology is one of the fastest and ongoing growing
telecommunication industries of the world.Currently we have following
mobile and internet communication technologies adopted by different
mobile companies in different parts of the world.
GSM
CDMA
EDGE
GPRS
VOIP
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Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - GSM
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it
by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM technology
facilitates with high speed integrated data; voice data, fax, mail, voice
mail and mostly used SMS feature.
GSM criteria
Good subjective speech quality
Low terminal and service cost
Support for international roamingone system for all of Europe
Ability to support handheld terminals
Support for range of new services and facilities
Enhanced Features
ISDN compatibility
Enhance privacy
Security against fraud
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Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - GSM
Building Blocks :
1.AMPSAdvanced Mobile Phone System
analog technology
used in North and South America and approximately 35 othercountries
operates in the 800 MHz band using FDMA technology
2. TACSTotal Access Communication System
variant of AMPS
deployed in a number of countries
primarily in the UK
3. NMTNordic Mobile Telephone System
analog technology
deployed in the Benelux countries and Russia operates in the 450 and 900 MHz band
first technology to offer international roamingonly within the Nordiccountries
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Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - GSM
System Architecture
1. Mobile Station (MS)Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
2. Base Station Subsystem (BBS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)3. Network Subsystem
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AUC)Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
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Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - GSM
Mobile Stations1.Mobile Equipment
Produced by many different manufacturers Must obtain approval from the standardization body
Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile
Equipment Identity)
Mobile Stations -2. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Smart card containing the International Mobile SubscriberIdentity (IMSI)
Allows user to send and receive calls and receive othersubscribed services
Encoded network identification details
Protected by a password or PIN Can be moved from phone to phonecontains key
information to activate the phone
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Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - GSM
Base Station Subsystem- 1.Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Houses the radio transceivers that define a cell
Handles radio-link protocols with the Mobile Station
Speech and data transmissions from the MS are recoded
Requirements for BTS:
ruggedness
reliability
portability minimum costs
Base Station Subsystem- 2. Base Station Controller (BSC)
Manages Resources for BTS
Handles call set up Location update
Handover for each MS
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Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - GSM
Network Subsystem-1. Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Switch speech and data connections between:
Base Station Controllers Mobile Switching Centers
GSM-networks
Other external networks
Heart of the network
Three main jobs:
1. connects calls from sender to receiver
2. collects details of the calls made and received
3. supervises operation of the rest of the network components
Network Subsystem-2. Home Location Registers (HLR)
contains administrative information of each subscriber current location of the mobile
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Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - GSM
Network Subsystem3. Visitor Location Registers (VLR)
contains selected administrative information from the HLR
authenticates the user
tracks which customers have the phone on and ready to receive a call
periodically updates the database on which phones are turned on and
ready to receive calls
Network Subsystem4. Authentication Center (AUC)
mainly used for security
data storage location and functional part of the network
Ki is the primary element
Network Subsystem5. Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI (International
Mobile Equipment Identity) Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The Black List and the
Gray List
Optional database
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Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - GSM
Features:
Calling Line ID - incoming telephone number displayed
Alternate Line Service
- one for personal calls
- one for business calls
Closed User Group - call by dialing last for numbers
Advice of Charge - tally of actual costs of phone calls
Fax & Data - Virtual Office / Professional OfficeRoaming - services and features can follow customer from market to
market
Call Waiting - Notification of an incoming call while on the handset
Call Hold - Put a caller on hold to take another call
Call Barring - All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming callsCall Forwarding - Calls can be sent to various numbers defined by the user
Multi Party Call Conferencing - Link multiple calls together
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Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - GSM
Architecture of a GSM Network
Mobile Communications:GSM
SD
Mobile Station
BTS
MSC/
VLR
SIM
ME
BSC
Base Station
Subsystem
GMSC
Network Subsystem
AUCEIR HLR
Other Networks
Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.
+
PSTN
PLMN
Internet
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Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - CDMA
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) splits calls into fragments and send
them over different frequencies simultaneously
The use of multiple frequencies gives CDMA effective protection against
interference and lost calls
CDMA supports true packet switching and does not use time slots,
therefore is more bandwidth efficient than TDMA -- also a more direct
path to 3GCurrent CDMA penetration in the world market is about 27%
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Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - CDMA
CDMA2000-1xEVDO System Architecture (Basic)
BTS: Base Station, which creates a single cell
BSC: Base Station Controller, which controls roaming and channelallocations amongst various BSTs and is also referred to as a Radio
Network Controller (RNC).
MSC: Mobile Switching Center, which performs the telephony switchingfunctions and is usually connected to an SS7 network.
PDSN: Packet Data Serving Node, maintains IP communications between
all MNs and the Packet Data Network (PDN), which in this diagram is theInternet.
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Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - CDMA
There is no restriction on time and frequency in this scheme.
All the users can transmit at all times and at all frequencies.
Because users are isolated by code, they can share the same carrier
frequency, eliminating the frequency reuse problem encountered in
other technologies.
With CDMA, unlike other cellular telephone standards, subscriber data
change in real time,
depending on voice activity and requirements ofthe network and other users of the network.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum - DSSS
CDMA - In this method, the direct sequence(input data) which is spread
over a limited bandwidth is multiplied with a code or spreading
sequence (a pseudorandom sequence also known as PN
sequence).This will spread the input data over the entire bandwidth of
the communication channel. The power density is also reduced and is
spread over the frequency spectrum and hence is known as spread
spectrum method.
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CDMA MODULATION
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CDMA DE-MODULATION
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Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - EDGE
Mobile Communications: EDGE
Enhanced Data-rates for Global Evolution
Evolutionary path to 3G services for GSM and TDMAoperators
Builds on General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) air
interface and networks
Phase 1 (Release99 & 2002 deployment) supports best
effort packet data at speeds up to about 384 kbps
Phase 2 (Release2000 & 2003 deployment) will add
Voice over IP capability
EDGE is three to four times better and efficient then GPRS
technology. GPRS acquires four coding schemes while EDGEposses nine Modulation and Coding Schemes.
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Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - GPRS
GPRSis one of the technologies to improve 2G phones (second
generation phones) to enable them for transferring data at higher
speed, GPRS allows mobile phones to remain connected to network
and transfer requested or sent data instantly.
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Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - VOIP
Mobile Communications: VOIP
VOIP stands for Voice over the Internet Protocol and is also
reffered to as IP Telephony.
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Mobile Internet Communication Technologies - VOIP
Mobile Communications: VOIP
M bil I C i i T h l i 2G
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Mobile Internet Communication Technologies2G
Began in the early 1990s and continues to be used
The main distinction between 1G and 2G arises because 2G
uses digital signals to carry voice
The label 2.5G is used for systems that extend a 2G system to
include some 3G features.
2.5G networks, such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), are an
extension of 2G networks, in that they use circuit switching for voice
and packet switching for data transmission resulting in its popularity
since packet switching utilizes bandwidth much more efficiently. In this
system, each users packets compete for available bandwidth, and
users are billed only for the amount of data transmitted.
Mobile Communications: 2G
M bil I t t C i ti T h l i 2G
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Mobile Internet Communication Technologies2G
Some of the advantages that 2G had over 1G are:
The lower powered radio signals require less battery power, so phones
last much longer between charges, and batteries can be smaller.
The digital voice encoding allowed digital error checking which could
increase sound quality by increasing dynamic range and lowering the
noise floor.
The lower power emissions helped address health concerns.
Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services,such as SMS and email.
Greatly reduced fraud. With analog systems it was possible to have two
or more cloned handsets that had the same phone number.
Enhanced privacy. A key digital advantage not often mentioned is that
digital cellular calls are much harder to eavesdrop on by use of radioscanners. While the security algorithms used have proved not to be as
secure as initially advertised, 2G phones are immensely more private
than 1G phones, which have no protection against eavesdropping.
Mobile Communications: 2G
M bil I t t C i ti T h l i 3G
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Mobile Internet Communication Technologies3G
A telecommunication hardware standards and general
Technology for mobile networking
It is based on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
family of standards
It conceived from Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service
(UMTS) concept for high speed networks for enabling variety of
data intensive applications
It consists of two main standardsCDMA 2000 & w- CDMA
3G network operators offer wide range of advanced service to
its users
This can be achieved by Spectral efficiency Serviceswide-
area wireless voice Telephone, videocalls, and broadband wireless, data all in a mobile
environment
Mobile Communications: Introduction
3G APPLICATIONS
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3G APPLICATIONS
Interactive news delivery (voice, video, e-mail,
graphics) Voice /High-quality audio
Still photography
Video
Data transmission services
File transfer from intranet
Multimedia e-mail (graphics, voice, video)
Video conferencing
Web browser
On-line servicesTime schedules
Global Positioning Services/Geographical
Information Systems
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Mobile Communications: Introduction