Download - Transformations Angel 4.9-4.11 Angel: Interactive Computer Graphics5E © Addison-Wesley 2009 1
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Transformations
Angel 4.9-4.11
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Objectives• Learn about transformation concatenation
and general rotations• Learn how to carry out transformations in
OpenGL– Rotation– Translation – Scaling
• Introduce OpenGL matrix modes– Model-view– Projection
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Concatenation• We can form arbitrary affine transformation
matrices by multiplying together rotation, translation, and scaling matrices
• Because the same transformation is applied to many vertices, the cost of forming a matrix M=ABCD is not significant compared to the cost of computing Mp for many vertices p
• The difficult part is how to form a desired transformation from the specifications in the application
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Order of Transformations• Note that matrix on the right is the first
applied• Mathematically, the following are
equivalent p’ = ABCp = A(B(Cp))• Note many references use column
matrices to represent points. In terms of column matrices
p’T = pTCTBTAT
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General Rotation About the Origin
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x
z
yv
A rotation by about an arbitrary axiscan be decomposed into the concatenationof rotations about the x, y, and z axes
R() = Rz(z) Ry(y) Rx(x)
x y z are called the Euler angles
Note that rotations do not commuteWe can use rotations in another order butwith different angles
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Rotation About a Fixed Point other than the Origin
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Move fixed point to origin
Rotate
Move fixed point back
M = T(pf) R() T(-pf)
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Instancing
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• In modeling, we often start with a simple object centered at the origin, oriented with the axis, and at a standard size
• We apply an instance transformation to its vertices to
Scale
Orient
Locate
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OpenGL Matrices• In OpenGL matrices are part of the state• Multiple types
– Model-View (GL_MODELVIEW)– Projection (GL_PROJECTION)– Texture (GL_TEXTURE) (ignore for now)– Color(GL_COLOR) (ignore for now)
• Single set of functions for manipulation• Select which to manipulated by
– glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);– glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
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Current Transformation Matrix (CTM)• Conceptually there is a 4 x 4
homogeneous coordinate matrix, the current transformation matrix (CTM) that is part of the state and is applied to all vertices that pass down the pipeline
• The CTM is defined in the user program and loaded into a transformation unit
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CTMvertices vertices
p p’=CpC
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CTM operations• The CTM can be altered either by
loading a new CTM or by postmutiplication
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Load an identity matrix: C ILoad an arbitrary matrix: C M
Load a translation matrix: C TLoad a rotation matrix: C RLoad a scaling matrix: C S
Postmultiply by an arbitrary matrix: C CMPostmultiply by a translation matrix: C CTPostmultiply by a rotation matrix: C C RPostmultiply by a scaling matrix: C C S
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Rotation about a Fixed Point• Start with identity matrix: C I• Move fixed point to origin: C CT• Rotate: C CR• Move fixed point back: C CT -1
• Result: C = TR T –1 which is backwards.
• This result is a consequence of doing postmultiplications.
• Let’s try again.Angel: Interactive Computer Graphics 5E © Addison-Wesley 2009 11
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Reversing the Order• We want C = T –1 R T • so we must do the operations in the following order
• C I• C CT -1• C CR• C CT
• Each operation corresponds to one function call in the program.
• Note that the last operation specified is the first executed in the program
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CTM in OpenGL • OpenGL has a model-view and a
projection matrix in the pipeline which are concatenated together to form the CTM
• Can manipulate each by first setting the correct matrix mode
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Rotation, Translation, Scaling• glRotatef(theta, vx, vy, vz)
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glTranslatef(dx, dy, dz)
glScalef( sx, sy, sz)
glLoadIdentity()
Load an identity matrix:
Multiply on right:
theta in degrees, (vx, vy, vz) define axis of rotation
Each has a float (f) and double (d) format (glScaled)
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Example• Rotation about z axis by 30 degrees with a
fixed point of (1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
• Remember that last matrix specified in the program is the first applied
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glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);glLoadIdentity();glTranslatef(1.0, 2.0, 3.0);glRotatef(30.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);glTranslatef(-1.0, -2.0, -3.0);
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Arbitrary Matrices• Can load and multiply by matrices defined in
the application program
• The matrix m is a one dimension array of 16 elements which are the components of the desired 4 x 4 matrix stored by columns
• In glMultMatrixf, m multiplies the existing matrix on the right
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glLoadMatrixf(m)glMultMatrixf(m)
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Matrix Stacks• In many situations we want to save
transformation matrices for use later– Traversing hierarchical data structures (Chapter
10)– Avoiding state changes when executing display
lists
• OpenGL maintains stacks for each type of matrix– Access present type (as set by glMatrixMode)
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glPushMatrix()glPopMatrix()
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Reading Back Matrices• Can also access matrices (and other
parts of the state) by query functions
• For matrices, we use as
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glGetIntegervglGetFloatvglGetBooleanvglGetDoublevglIsEnabled
double m[16];glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW, m);
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Using Transformations• Example: use idle function to rotate a
cube and mouse function to change direction of rotation
• Start with a program that draws a cube (colorcube.c) in a standard way– Centered at origin– Sides aligned with axes– Will discuss modeling in next lecture
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main.c • void main(int argc, char **argv) • { • glutInit(&argc, argv);• glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGB |• GLUT_DEPTH);• glutInitWindowSize(500, 500);• glutCreateWindow("colorcube");• glutReshapeFunc(myReshape);• glutDisplayFunc(display);• glutIdleFunc(spinCube);• glutMouseFunc(mouse);• glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);• glutMainLoop();• }
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Idle and Mouse callbacks• void spinCube()
• {
• theta[axis] += 2.0;
• if( theta[axis] > 360.0 ) theta[axis] -= 360.0;
• glutPostRedisplay();
• }
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void mouse(int btn, int state, int x, int y){ if(btn==GLUT_LEFT_BUTTON && state == GLUT_DOWN) axis = 0; if(btn==GLUT_MIDDLE_BUTTON && state == GLUT_DOWN) axis = 1; if(btn==GLUT_RIGHT_BUTTON && state == GLUT_DOWN) axis = 2;}
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Display callback• void display()• {• glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT |
GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);• glLoadIdentity();• glRotatef(theta[0], 1.0, 0.0, 0.0);• glRotatef(theta[1], 0.0, 1.0, 0.0);• glRotatef(theta[2], 0.0, 0.0, 1.0); • colorcube();• glutSwapBuffers();• }
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Note that because of fixed from of callbacks, variables such as theta and axis must be defined as globals
Camera information is in standard reshape callback
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Using the Model-view Matrix• In OpenGL the model-view matrix is
used to– Position the camera
• Can be done by rotations and translations but is often easier to use gluLookAt
– Build models of objects
• The projection matrix is used to define the view volume and to select a camera lens
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Model-view and Projection Matrices• Although both are manipulated by the
same functions, we have to be careful because incremental changes are always made by postmultiplication– For example, rotating model-view and
projection matrices by the same matrix are not equivalent operations. Postmultiplication of the model-view matrix is equivalent to premultiplication of the projection matrix
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Smooth Rotation• From a practical standpoint, we are often want to
use transformations to move and reorient an object smoothly– Problem: find a sequence of model-view matrices M0,M1,
…..,Mn so that when they are applied successively to one or more objects we see a smooth transition
• For orientating an object, we can use the fact that every rotation corresponds to part of a great circle on a sphere– Find the axis of rotation and angle– Virtual trackball (see text)
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Incremental Rotation • Consider the two approaches
– For a sequence of rotation matrices R0,R1,…..,Rn , find the Euler angles for each and use Ri= Riz Riy Rix
• Not very efficient
– Use the final positions to determine the axis and angle of rotation, then increment only the angle
• Quaternions can be more efficient than either
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