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LEARNING AREA : TRANSPORT
Activity 1 :The circulatory system in humans and animals
Transfer the information from the text above into the graphic organizer below.
Circulatory system
Fish
ClosedOpen
InsectsDouble
circulatory system
consists of
example
example
BirdsHuman Amphibian
Singlecirculatory system
BloodHeart Blood vessel
consists of
Cellular com onentsPlasma
made up of
consists of
Red blood cell PlateletsWhite blood cell
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Activity 2 : The cellular components of the blood and their functions
Write the correct cell due to its function.
Cellular component Function
Erythrocytes (red blood cell)Contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen and carbon
dioxide
NeutrophilPhagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and
dead cells
Eosinophil Releases enzyme that combat inflammation in
allergic reactions.
Kills parasitic worms.
Granular
Basophil Combats inflammation in allergic reactions.
LymphocyteProduces the immune response against foreign
substances.
Leucocytes
(white blood
cell)
Agranular
MonocytePhagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and
dead cells
Platelets Involved in the process of blood clotting.
Activity 3 : Blood vessels
Comparison between arteries, capillaries and veins. Fill in the box with correct answer.
Blood vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins
Function
Carry oxygenated blood
(except for the
pulmonary artery) away
from the heart
Allow rapid gaseous
exchange, nutrients, waste
and hormones between the
blood and cells
Carry deoxygenated
blood (except for the
pulmonary vein)
towards the heart
The thickness of
the wallThick Thinnest (one-cell thick) Thinner
Valves
No valves, except
semilunar valves in the
aorta and pulmonary
artery
No valves
Have valves to
prevent backflow of
blood
The size of
lumenSmall Smallest Large
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Activity 4 : The Human Heart
Complete the label of the structure of the human heart.
Activity 5 : The flow of blood in the heart
Fill in the blanks.
1. Vena cava carry deoxygenated blood right atrium through
tricuspid valve right ventricle through semi-lunar valves
pulmonary arteries lungs.
2. Oxygenated blood from the lungs is carried by pulmonary veins left
atrium through bicuspid valve left ventricle through
semi-lunar valves aorta.
The wall of left ventricle
Bicuspid valveTricuspid valve
Chorda tendinae
Semi-lunar valve
Pulmonary veinSuperior vena cava
Aorta Pulmonar arter
Right atrium
Left atrium
Septum
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Activity 6 : The pumping of the heart
Match the figure with the correct sequence of contraction of the heart muscles which results in
the pumping of the heart :
Activity 7 : The circulatory systems in insects,
fish, amphibians and humans
2. The electrical impulses spreadrapidly over the walls of both atria,causing the atria to contractsimultaneously. The contraction ofthe atria helps push blood into theventricles.
1. The SA node as the pacemakergenerates electrical impulses.
3. The electrical impulses spread tothe ventricles causing them tocontact and push blood out to thelungs and body.
4. The electrical impulses reach theAV node. Bundle of His fibres,bundle branches and Purkinje fibresconduct the impulses to the apex ofthe heart
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Complete the table below to show the differences between the circulatory systems of insects,
fish, amphibians and humans.
Organisms Insects Fish Amphibians Humans
Open Closed Closed ClosedType of circulatory system
- Single Double Double
Separation of oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood- - Incomplete Complete
Number of chambers in
the heart
(A single
blood vessel
forms the
heart)
Two Three Four
Activity 8 : The Mechanism of Blood Clotting
Complete the schematic diagram below.
Damaged bloodvessels
Agglutination ofplatelets
stimulates
Thrombokinase
ThrombinProthrombin
Liver
secretes
Ca+
Fibrinogen(soluble protein)
Fibrin(insoluble protein)
Blood clotting
Vitamin K
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Activity 9 : The Lymphatic System
A Tick ( ) if the statement is true, cross ( X ) if the statement is wrong.
1. Lymph flows into the lymph nodes to filter out bacteria, foreign particles and
dead leucocytes. ( )2. Interstitial fluid is the fluid that fills up the space between cells. ( )3. Interstitial fluid and lymph are different because they arise from different source. ( X )
4. Lymph is in the blood vessels. ( X )
5. Lymph contains glucose, amino acids, fat droplets, dissolved gases, minerals
and hormones but no lymphocytes. ( X )
6. Thoracic duct connects with the circulatory system at the left subclavian vein. ( )7. Exchange of materials occurs between the body cells and interstitial fluid. ( )8. Interstitial fluid is formed due to high pressure in the body cells. ( X )
9. Fatty acids and glycerol are transported by lacteal into the right lymphatic duct
to be returned to the circulatory system. ( )10. Interstitial fluid that fails to return to the circulatory system can cause oedema. ( )
B Fill in the blanks the correct word to explain the concepts and facts regarding the
lymphatic system.
1. The flow of lymph in the lymphatic vessels is aided by the contraction of skeletal
muscles around it.
2. Interstitial fluid is returned to the circulatory system in two ways :
(a) by diffusing back into the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct.
(b) through the capillaries into the circulatory sytem.
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Activity 10 : The Bodys Defence Mechanism
Complete the schematic diagram below.
Lymphatic system
Defence mechanism
is involved in
Secondline of defence
Firstline of defence
Thirdline of defence
is divided into
consists of
Phagocytic whiteblood cell
Lymphocyte
Skin Mucousmembrane
consists of
consists of
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Activity 11 : The mechanisms used by antibodies to destroy things
Match each mechanism with the explanation on the right boxes.
Antibodies can clamp pathogenstogether. The clumping makes thepathogens easy targets forphagocytes to capture and destroy.
Opsonins are antibodies that bindwith antigens to act as markers sothat phagocytes can recognize theantigens and destroy them.
An antibody can neutralize the toxinsproduced by bacteria by binding tothe toxin. This prevents the toxinfrom attaching to cells and causingdamage.
Lysins are antibodies that bind toantigens and cause the antigens torupture or disintegrate
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Activity 12 : Immunity
The schematic diagram below shows the various types of immunity. Complete the diagram.
Types of immunity
Active immunity Passive immunity
Artificially acquiredNaturally acquired
TetanusAntibodies arerequired from the
mother
Artificially acquiredNaturally acquired
- A vaccinesstimulates the bodyto produceantibodies.
- The body hasacquired immunitythrough vaccination.
- Antibodiesare produced inresponse to theantigens.
- The person isimmune after hehas been infected
by it.
- Permanentimmunity
- A serum whichcontains antibodiesor antiserumcan be injectedfrom the donors.
- Temporaryimmunity
- A foetus receivesmaternal antibodiesthrough placenta.
- Babies acquire theimmunity throughbreastfeeding.
- Temporaryimmunity
Hepatitis B,diphtheria, pertussis
Chicken pox
is divide into
example
characteristics
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Activity 13 : The Transport of Organic Substances and Water in Plants
A. Complete the schematic diagram below.
Sample questions.
1. Figure 1 shows the human circulatory system.
Figure 1
PLANTS
Xylem Phloem
Transport of waterand minerals
from roots to leaves
Transpiration
Cohesion and adhesionin the xylem
Transpiration pullRoot pressure
Transport oforganic solutes
through translocation
due to
divided into types of transport
function in
via three mechanisms
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(a) Name circulations P and Q. Describe each circulation.
( i ) P : Pulmonary circulation
Description : Blood is pumped from the heart into the lungs and back to the heart.
(i i) Q : Systemic circulation
Description : Blood is carried between the heart and other parts of the body except
the lungs.
( 4 marks )
(b) On Figure 1, mark the following flow of blood to illustrate the circulations P and Q.
Oxygenated blood with the arrow ( )
Deoxygenated blood with the arrow ( ) ( 1 mark )
(c) The pacemaker of a patients heart fails to function. An electronic pacemaker is used to
replace the original pacemaker.
Explain how the electronic pacemaker works.
The pacemaker generates electrical impulses which spread rapidly over the walls of both
atria, causing the atria to contract in a rhythmical pattern.
( 3 marks )
(d) Table 1 shows the volume of blood and the blood pressure in blood vessels X and Y.
Blood vessel Volume / cm3 Pressure / kPa
X 100 13.3
Y 300 0.3
Table 1
( i) Based on Figure 1 and Table 1, what conclusion can you make about the rate of blood
flow in the blood vessels X and Y? Explain your answer.
The blood pressure in blood vessel X is higher than that in blood vessel Y because
blood is pumped throughout the body through blood vessel X. ( 2 marks )
(ii) Explain how vigorous exercise increase the blood flow in the blood vessel X.
Muscles need oxygen when doing vigorous exercise. The heart will pump faster to
increase the supply of blood, hence oxygen to body cells. ( 2 marks )
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2. Figure 2 shows left half of the human heart.
Figure 2
(a) On Figure 2,
( i) complete the right half of the heart and label the drawn parts.
(ii) draw an arrow to show the flow of blood. ( 3 marks )
(b)( i) Which chamber is relax?
Chamber Y
(ii) Based on Figure 2, give two reasons to support the answer of (b)(i).
1. The tricuspid valves are closed
2. The semi-lunar valves are open ( 3 marks )
(c)( i) State the difference between chambers labeled Y and Z.
The lining wall of chamber Y is thinner than the chamber Z.
(ii) Explain the importance of the difference in (c)(i).
The chamber Z has thick muscular wall, so that it can pump the blood out of the heart to
all the body parts. ( 2 marks )
(d)( i) Do the contractions of the cardiac muscle need to be stimulated by nerve impulses?
No
(ii) Explain your answer in (d)(i).
The cardiac muscle is myogenic. It contracts and relaxes without the need to receive
impulses from the nervous system. ( 2 marks )
Rightatrium
Rightventricle
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3. Figure 3 shows the concentration of antibody in the blood of Individuals P and Q during
the treatment to acquire immunity.
(a) Identify the type of immunisation given to each of them.
Individual P : Artificial passive immunity
Individual Q : Artificial active immunity
( 2 marks )
(b) State the difference of the antibody concentration in the blood between Individual P and
Q. Explain your answer.
There is no antibodies in the body of Individual P at the first dose whereas the antibody
concentration in the blood of Individual Q at the first dose is higher than thelevel ofimmunity. This is because Individual P has not been producing the antibodies prior to the
injection whereas the antiserum injected into the bloodstream of Individual Q contains
antibodies. ( 2 marks )
(c) State the advantages of the type of immunisation given to both individuals.
Individual P : Injection of antiserum receive immediate immunity
Individual Q : Injection of vaccine immunity lasts longer ( 2 marks )
(d) Apart from the natural defences provided by the phagocytes and the lymphocytes,
antibiotics and vaccination are used to combat infectious diseases.
Explain what is meant by :
( i) antibiotic : complex chemical substances produced by microorganisms which
can kill other microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, or inhibit their growth.
(ii) vaccines : modified or weaken forms of viruses or suspensions of dead bacteria
which are innoculated into the body to induce the production of antibodies. ( 2 marks )
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4. Table 2 shows the information of types of blood.
Type of
blood
Function
Carries oxygen
and carbon
dioxide
Defense
mechanism
Produces
antibodies :
- Lysine
- Agglutinin
- Antitoxin
Blood clotting
Table 2
(a)( i) Cell Q engulfs the pathogen entering the body by phagocytosis. Complete the diagram
below to show the mechanism of phagocytosis occurred in cell Q.
(ii) Cell R destroys the pathogens entering the body by the action of antibodies. State one
of the mechanisms used by antibodies to destroy pathogens.
Agglutinates ( clumps) the pathogens ( 1 mark )
(b)( i) Explain how cell P functioning in the transportation of respiration gases.Oxygen combines with haemoglobin in cell P to form oxyhaemoglobin.
Oxyhaemoglobin is carried to all parts of the body.
When blood passes through tissues with low partial pressure of oxygen, the
oxyhaemoglobin releases the oxygen molecules. ( 3 marks)
(ii) Based on Table 2, state two structural differences between Cell P and Cell Q.
1. Cell P does not have a nucleus whereas cell Q has a nucleus.
Cell P Cell RCell Q Cell S
Pathogens
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2. Cell P has a fixed shape, biconcave whereas cell Q has no fixed shape. ( 2 marks )
(c)( i) Explain how Cell S functioning in the blood clotting.
When a blood vessel is damaged, the connective tissue in the vessel wall is exposed to
blood. Cell S stick rapidly to the collagen fibres in the connective tissue and release
chemicals that make nearby cell S sticky (to form a platelet plug). ( 2 marks )
(ii) Write down two enzymic reactions in the mechanism of blood clotting.
1. Prothrombin thrombin
2. Fibrinogen fibrin ( 2 marks )
5. Figure 4 shows the formation and absorption of tissue fluid
(a) (a) On diagram 10.14, label the structures S, T and U. [2 marks]
S
Cell//Tissue
T Lymph capillary/vessel
U Blood Capillary
(b) Name fluid R. [1 mark]
Interstitial / tissue fluid
thromboplastin
calcium ion
thrombin
Figure 4
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(c) Briefly describe the formation of fluid R. [2 marks]
-Fluid R is formed when blood plasma is forced out into the spaces
between body cells at the arteriole end
- due to high hydrostatic pressure.
- (The fluid in the spaces between the body cells is interstitial fluid)
(d)(i) State two differences between fluid R and the blood. [2 marks]
-Blood contains erythrocytes / red blood cells whereas fluid R does not
have erythrocytres.
-blood contains platlets whereas fluid R does not
(ii) Vessel T forms a part of a circulatory system. Name the system.
Lymphatic system [1 mark]
(iii) Explain the structure of the system. [2 marks]
-the lymphatic system is a one way system
-consisting of a network of lymph capillaries, lymphatic vessels and lymph
nodes.
(a) Apart from returning tissue fluid back to the blood circulatory system, state two
other functions of the system in d(i). [2 marks]
-transport fats and fat soluble vitamins
-defense lymph nodes filter out bacteria and other foreign particles.
-phagocytes in the nodes engulf and destroy these foreign particles
-lymphocytes produce antibodies which aid in the destruction of
pathogens neutralizations of toxins.
6.
(a) What are the main tissue that are involved in the transport in plant? [1 mark]
Xylem and phloem
Plants photosynthesise and produce food from inorganic substances mainly in the
leaves. For this process to take place, the plant requires water, minerals and a
number of trace elements.
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(b) State the functions of the tissues in 1 (a). [2 marks]
-xylem give support and transport and mineral ions
-phloem
transport organic food substances synthesis by the leaves
during photosynthesis to other parts of the plant
(c) Draw and label a plant diagram to show the cross-section of a young
dicotyledonous stem.
[2 marks]
(d)(i) State the process that enables the transportation of organic food substances
synthesised by the leave to other part of the plant.
translocation [1 mark]
(ii) State two importance of process d(i) to a plant [2 marks]
-Transport of sucrose or other organic solutes from the leaves to other
parts of plant for cell respiration
-Convert glucose to starch or sucrose to be transported to fruits, roots
and bud.
(e) Relate the structure of phloem to its function [3 marks]
Structure Function
Sieve tube Contains sieve plate at both ends to
allow passes of materials
Do not have nucleus and contain
strands of cytoplasm to ease
translocation
Companion cell Transport manufactured food from leaf
hloem
xylem
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cells into sieve tube
Parenchyma
tissue
Store food and carries food from the
leaves to other parts of the plant
Fibres Long and flexible to provide mechanical
support for translocation
Essay Items
1..(a) The arrows in figure 5 show the movement of water from the roots to the leaves and out
to the atmosphere.
Figure 5
Based on figure 5, explain the movement of water in a plant. [10 marks]
flow
of
water
cohension
of water
molecules
adhension
of water
molecules
transpiration
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-Water and mineral ions are usually absorbed by the younger root which
have thin outer layer
-The presence of root hair increase the surface area for absorption
-The sap cell in the root hair cell is usually hypertonic to the surrounding
soil water
-Hence, water diffuses into the root hair cells by osmosis
-The root hair become hypotonic to the adjacent cells
-Water then diffuses into the adjacent cells
-In this way, water moves from cell to cell until it eventually reaches the
xylem vessels
-Mineral ion are actively pumped from the root cells into the xylem vessels
-This vessels found in the root become more concentrated
-Water enters the xylem vessels from the root cells by osmosis
-This creates an upward force called root pressure which help to push
water up to a certain height in the plants.
-In plant, capillary action is due to the combination of cohesive and
adhesive forces
-Water molecules form a continuous water column in the xylem vessels
due to cohesion
(b) What is the importance of transpiration to the plant? [2 marks]
-Helps in the transport of water and mineral ions through the xylem
vessels from the roots to different parts of the plant
-Produces a cooling effect in the plants
-Help to prevent plants from wilting by maintaining cell turgidity
(c) Discuss the factors that affect the rate of transpiration [8 marks]Air movement
-transpiration is higher on a windy day. This is because when the air
movement is more, it its easier for the water to evaporate from the leaves
to the surrounding atmosphere
Temperature
-The higher the temperature the higher the rate of transpiration
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Light intensity
-Transpiration is directly proportional to light. The higher the intensity of
light, the higher is the rate of transpiration. Thus, transpiration is high
during the day and radically drops at night
Relative humidity
-The higher the humidity of the surrounding atmosphere, the lower is the
rate of transpiration
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