transport answer

7/27/2019 Transport Answer

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LEARNING AREA : TRANSPORT

Activity 1 :The circulatory system in humans and animals

Transfer the information from the text above into the graphic organizer below.

Circulatory system

Fish

ClosedOpen

InsectsDouble

circulatory system

consists of

example

example

BirdsHuman Amphibian

Singlecirculatory system

BloodHeart Blood vessel

consists of

Cellular com onentsPlasma

made up of

consists of

Red blood cell PlateletsWhite blood cell

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Activity 2 : The cellular components of the blood and their functions

Write the correct cell due to its function.

Cellular component Function

Erythrocytes (red blood cell)Contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen and carbon

dioxide

NeutrophilPhagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and

dead cells

Eosinophil Releases enzyme that combat inflammation in

allergic reactions.

Kills parasitic worms.

Granular

Basophil Combats inflammation in allergic reactions.

LymphocyteProduces the immune response against foreign

substances.

Leucocytes

(white blood

cell)

Agranular

MonocytePhagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and

dead cells

Platelets Involved in the process of blood clotting.

Activity 3 : Blood vessels

Comparison between arteries, capillaries and veins. Fill in the box with correct answer.

Blood vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins

Function

Carry oxygenated blood

(except for the

pulmonary artery) away

from the heart

Allow rapid gaseous

exchange, nutrients, waste

and hormones between the

blood and cells

Carry deoxygenated

blood (except for the

pulmonary vein)

towards the heart

The thickness of

the wallThick Thinnest (one-cell thick) Thinner

Valves

No valves, except

semilunar valves in the

aorta and pulmonary

artery

No valves

Have valves to

prevent backflow of

blood

The size of

lumenSmall Smallest Large

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Activity 4 : The Human Heart

Complete the label of the structure of the human heart.

Activity 5 : The flow of blood in the heart

Fill in the blanks.

1. Vena cava carry deoxygenated blood right atrium through

tricuspid valve right ventricle through semi-lunar valves

pulmonary arteries lungs.

2. Oxygenated blood from the lungs is carried by pulmonary veins left

atrium through bicuspid valve left ventricle through

semi-lunar valves aorta.

The wall of left ventricle

Bicuspid valveTricuspid valve

Chorda tendinae

Semi-lunar valve

Pulmonary veinSuperior vena cava

Aorta Pulmonar arter

Right atrium

Left atrium

Septum

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Activity 6 : The pumping of the heart

Match the figure with the correct sequence of contraction of the heart muscles which results in

the pumping of the heart :

Activity 7 : The circulatory systems in insects,

fish, amphibians and humans

2. The electrical impulses spreadrapidly over the walls of both atria,causing the atria to contractsimultaneously. The contraction ofthe atria helps push blood into theventricles.

1. The SA node as the pacemakergenerates electrical impulses.

3. The electrical impulses spread tothe ventricles causing them tocontact and push blood out to thelungs and body.

4. The electrical impulses reach theAV node. Bundle of His fibres,bundle branches and Purkinje fibresconduct the impulses to the apex ofthe heart

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Complete the table below to show the differences between the circulatory systems of insects,

fish, amphibians and humans.

Organisms Insects Fish Amphibians Humans

Open Closed Closed ClosedType of circulatory system

- Single Double Double

Separation of oxygenated

and deoxygenated blood- - Incomplete Complete

Number of chambers in

the heart

(A single

blood vessel

forms the

heart)

Two Three Four

Activity 8 : The Mechanism of Blood Clotting

Complete the schematic diagram below.

Damaged bloodvessels

Agglutination ofplatelets

stimulates

Thrombokinase

ThrombinProthrombin

Liver

secretes

Ca+

Fibrinogen(soluble protein)

Fibrin(insoluble protein)

Blood clotting

Vitamin K

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Activity 9 : The Lymphatic System

A Tick ( ) if the statement is true, cross ( X ) if the statement is wrong.

1. Lymph flows into the lymph nodes to filter out bacteria, foreign particles and

dead leucocytes. ( )2. Interstitial fluid is the fluid that fills up the space between cells. ( )3. Interstitial fluid and lymph are different because they arise from different source. ( X )

4. Lymph is in the blood vessels. ( X )

5. Lymph contains glucose, amino acids, fat droplets, dissolved gases, minerals

and hormones but no lymphocytes. ( X )

6. Thoracic duct connects with the circulatory system at the left subclavian vein. ( )7. Exchange of materials occurs between the body cells and interstitial fluid. ( )8. Interstitial fluid is formed due to high pressure in the body cells. ( X )

9. Fatty acids and glycerol are transported by lacteal into the right lymphatic duct

to be returned to the circulatory system. ( )10. Interstitial fluid that fails to return to the circulatory system can cause oedema. ( )

B Fill in the blanks the correct word to explain the concepts and facts regarding the

lymphatic system.

1. The flow of lymph in the lymphatic vessels is aided by the contraction of skeletal

muscles around it.

2. Interstitial fluid is returned to the circulatory system in two ways :

(a) by diffusing back into the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct.

(b) through the capillaries into the circulatory sytem.

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Activity 10 : The Bodys Defence Mechanism

Complete the schematic diagram below.

Lymphatic system

Defence mechanism

is involved in

Secondline of defence

Firstline of defence

Thirdline of defence

is divided into

consists of

Phagocytic whiteblood cell

Lymphocyte

Skin Mucousmembrane

consists of

consists of

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Activity 11 : The mechanisms used by antibodies to destroy things

Match each mechanism with the explanation on the right boxes.

Antibodies can clamp pathogenstogether. The clumping makes thepathogens easy targets forphagocytes to capture and destroy.

Opsonins are antibodies that bindwith antigens to act as markers sothat phagocytes can recognize theantigens and destroy them.

An antibody can neutralize the toxinsproduced by bacteria by binding tothe toxin. This prevents the toxinfrom attaching to cells and causingdamage.

Lysins are antibodies that bind toantigens and cause the antigens torupture or disintegrate

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Activity 12 : Immunity

The schematic diagram below shows the various types of immunity. Complete the diagram.

Types of immunity

Active immunity Passive immunity

Artificially acquiredNaturally acquired

TetanusAntibodies arerequired from the

mother

Artificially acquiredNaturally acquired

- A vaccinesstimulates the bodyto produceantibodies.

- The body hasacquired immunitythrough vaccination.

- Antibodiesare produced inresponse to theantigens.

- The person isimmune after hehas been infected

by it.

- Permanentimmunity

- A serum whichcontains antibodiesor antiserumcan be injectedfrom the donors.

- Temporaryimmunity

- A foetus receivesmaternal antibodiesthrough placenta.

- Babies acquire theimmunity throughbreastfeeding.

- Temporaryimmunity

Hepatitis B,diphtheria, pertussis

Chicken pox

is divide into

example

characteristics

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Activity 13 : The Transport of Organic Substances and Water in Plants

A. Complete the schematic diagram below.

Sample questions.

1. Figure 1 shows the human circulatory system.

Figure 1

PLANTS

Xylem Phloem

Transport of waterand minerals

from roots to leaves

Transpiration

Cohesion and adhesionin the xylem

Transpiration pullRoot pressure

Transport oforganic solutes

through translocation

due to

divided into types of transport

function in

via three mechanisms

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(a) Name circulations P and Q. Describe each circulation.

( i ) P : Pulmonary circulation

Description : Blood is pumped from the heart into the lungs and back to the heart.

(i i) Q : Systemic circulation

Description : Blood is carried between the heart and other parts of the body except

the lungs.

( 4 marks )

(b) On Figure 1, mark the following flow of blood to illustrate the circulations P and Q.

Oxygenated blood with the arrow ( )

Deoxygenated blood with the arrow ( ) ( 1 mark )

(c) The pacemaker of a patients heart fails to function. An electronic pacemaker is used to

replace the original pacemaker.

Explain how the electronic pacemaker works.

The pacemaker generates electrical impulses which spread rapidly over the walls of both

atria, causing the atria to contract in a rhythmical pattern.

( 3 marks )

(d) Table 1 shows the volume of blood and the blood pressure in blood vessels X and Y.

Blood vessel Volume / cm3 Pressure / kPa

X 100 13.3

Y 300 0.3

Table 1

( i) Based on Figure 1 and Table 1, what conclusion can you make about the rate of blood

flow in the blood vessels X and Y? Explain your answer.

The blood pressure in blood vessel X is higher than that in blood vessel Y because

blood is pumped throughout the body through blood vessel X. ( 2 marks )

(ii) Explain how vigorous exercise increase the blood flow in the blood vessel X.

Muscles need oxygen when doing vigorous exercise. The heart will pump faster to

increase the supply of blood, hence oxygen to body cells. ( 2 marks )

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2. Figure 2 shows left half of the human heart.

Figure 2

(a) On Figure 2,

( i) complete the right half of the heart and label the drawn parts.

(ii) draw an arrow to show the flow of blood. ( 3 marks )

(b)( i) Which chamber is relax?

Chamber Y

(ii) Based on Figure 2, give two reasons to support the answer of (b)(i).

1. The tricuspid valves are closed

2. The semi-lunar valves are open ( 3 marks )

(c)( i) State the difference between chambers labeled Y and Z.

The lining wall of chamber Y is thinner than the chamber Z.

(ii) Explain the importance of the difference in (c)(i).

The chamber Z has thick muscular wall, so that it can pump the blood out of the heart to

all the body parts. ( 2 marks )

(d)( i) Do the contractions of the cardiac muscle need to be stimulated by nerve impulses?

No

(ii) Explain your answer in (d)(i).

The cardiac muscle is myogenic. It contracts and relaxes without the need to receive

impulses from the nervous system. ( 2 marks )

Rightatrium

Rightventricle

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3. Figure 3 shows the concentration of antibody in the blood of Individuals P and Q during

the treatment to acquire immunity.

(a) Identify the type of immunisation given to each of them.

Individual P : Artificial passive immunity

Individual Q : Artificial active immunity

( 2 marks )

(b) State the difference of the antibody concentration in the blood between Individual P and

Q. Explain your answer.

There is no antibodies in the body of Individual P at the first dose whereas the antibody

concentration in the blood of Individual Q at the first dose is higher than thelevel ofimmunity. This is because Individual P has not been producing the antibodies prior to the

injection whereas the antiserum injected into the bloodstream of Individual Q contains

antibodies. ( 2 marks )

(c) State the advantages of the type of immunisation given to both individuals.

Individual P : Injection of antiserum receive immediate immunity

Individual Q : Injection of vaccine immunity lasts longer ( 2 marks )

(d) Apart from the natural defences provided by the phagocytes and the lymphocytes,

antibiotics and vaccination are used to combat infectious diseases.

Explain what is meant by :

( i) antibiotic : complex chemical substances produced by microorganisms which

can kill other microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, or inhibit their growth.

(ii) vaccines : modified or weaken forms of viruses or suspensions of dead bacteria

which are innoculated into the body to induce the production of antibodies. ( 2 marks )

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4. Table 2 shows the information of types of blood.

Type of

blood

Function

Carries oxygen

and carbon

dioxide

Defense

mechanism

Produces

antibodies :

- Lysine

- Agglutinin

- Antitoxin

Blood clotting

Table 2

(a)( i) Cell Q engulfs the pathogen entering the body by phagocytosis. Complete the diagram

below to show the mechanism of phagocytosis occurred in cell Q.

(ii) Cell R destroys the pathogens entering the body by the action of antibodies. State one

of the mechanisms used by antibodies to destroy pathogens.

Agglutinates ( clumps) the pathogens ( 1 mark )

(b)( i) Explain how cell P functioning in the transportation of respiration gases.Oxygen combines with haemoglobin in cell P to form oxyhaemoglobin.

Oxyhaemoglobin is carried to all parts of the body.

When blood passes through tissues with low partial pressure of oxygen, the

oxyhaemoglobin releases the oxygen molecules. ( 3 marks)

(ii) Based on Table 2, state two structural differences between Cell P and Cell Q.

1. Cell P does not have a nucleus whereas cell Q has a nucleus.

Cell P Cell RCell Q Cell S

Pathogens

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2. Cell P has a fixed shape, biconcave whereas cell Q has no fixed shape. ( 2 marks )

(c)( i) Explain how Cell S functioning in the blood clotting.

When a blood vessel is damaged, the connective tissue in the vessel wall is exposed to

blood. Cell S stick rapidly to the collagen fibres in the connective tissue and release

chemicals that make nearby cell S sticky (to form a platelet plug). ( 2 marks )

(ii) Write down two enzymic reactions in the mechanism of blood clotting.

1. Prothrombin thrombin

2. Fibrinogen fibrin ( 2 marks )

5. Figure 4 shows the formation and absorption of tissue fluid

(a) (a) On diagram 10.14, label the structures S, T and U. [2 marks]

S

Cell//Tissue

T Lymph capillary/vessel

U Blood Capillary

(b) Name fluid R. [1 mark]

Interstitial / tissue fluid

thromboplastin

calcium ion

thrombin

Figure 4

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(c) Briefly describe the formation of fluid R. [2 marks]

-Fluid R is formed when blood plasma is forced out into the spaces

between body cells at the arteriole end

- due to high hydrostatic pressure.

- (The fluid in the spaces between the body cells is interstitial fluid)

(d)(i) State two differences between fluid R and the blood. [2 marks]

-Blood contains erythrocytes / red blood cells whereas fluid R does not

have erythrocytres.

-blood contains platlets whereas fluid R does not

(ii) Vessel T forms a part of a circulatory system. Name the system.

Lymphatic system [1 mark]

(iii) Explain the structure of the system. [2 marks]

-the lymphatic system is a one way system

-consisting of a network of lymph capillaries, lymphatic vessels and lymph

nodes.

(a) Apart from returning tissue fluid back to the blood circulatory system, state two

other functions of the system in d(i). [2 marks]

-transport fats and fat soluble vitamins

-defense lymph nodes filter out bacteria and other foreign particles.

-phagocytes in the nodes engulf and destroy these foreign particles

-lymphocytes produce antibodies which aid in the destruction of

pathogens neutralizations of toxins.

6.

(a) What are the main tissue that are involved in the transport in plant? [1 mark]

Xylem and phloem

Plants photosynthesise and produce food from inorganic substances mainly in the

leaves. For this process to take place, the plant requires water, minerals and a

number of trace elements.

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(b) State the functions of the tissues in 1 (a). [2 marks]

-xylem give support and transport and mineral ions

-phloem

transport organic food substances synthesis by the leaves

during photosynthesis to other parts of the plant

(c) Draw and label a plant diagram to show the cross-section of a young

dicotyledonous stem.

[2 marks]

(d)(i) State the process that enables the transportation of organic food substances

synthesised by the leave to other part of the plant.

translocation [1 mark]

(ii) State two importance of process d(i) to a plant [2 marks]

-Transport of sucrose or other organic solutes from the leaves to other

parts of plant for cell respiration

-Convert glucose to starch or sucrose to be transported to fruits, roots

and bud.

(e) Relate the structure of phloem to its function [3 marks]

Structure Function

Sieve tube Contains sieve plate at both ends to

allow passes of materials

Do not have nucleus and contain

strands of cytoplasm to ease

translocation

Companion cell Transport manufactured food from leaf

hloem

xylem

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cells into sieve tube

Parenchyma

tissue

Store food and carries food from the

leaves to other parts of the plant

Fibres Long and flexible to provide mechanical

support for translocation

Essay Items

1..(a) The arrows in figure 5 show the movement of water from the roots to the leaves and out

to the atmosphere.

Figure 5

Based on figure 5, explain the movement of water in a plant. [10 marks]

flow

of

water

cohension

of water

molecules

adhension

of water

molecules

transpiration

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-Water and mineral ions are usually absorbed by the younger root which

have thin outer layer

-The presence of root hair increase the surface area for absorption

-The sap cell in the root hair cell is usually hypertonic to the surrounding

soil water

-Hence, water diffuses into the root hair cells by osmosis

-The root hair become hypotonic to the adjacent cells

-Water then diffuses into the adjacent cells

-In this way, water moves from cell to cell until it eventually reaches the

xylem vessels

-Mineral ion are actively pumped from the root cells into the xylem vessels

-This vessels found in the root become more concentrated

-Water enters the xylem vessels from the root cells by osmosis

-This creates an upward force called root pressure which help to push

water up to a certain height in the plants.

-In plant, capillary action is due to the combination of cohesive and

adhesive forces

-Water molecules form a continuous water column in the xylem vessels

due to cohesion

(b) What is the importance of transpiration to the plant? [2 marks]

-Helps in the transport of water and mineral ions through the xylem

vessels from the roots to different parts of the plant

-Produces a cooling effect in the plants

-Help to prevent plants from wilting by maintaining cell turgidity

(c) Discuss the factors that affect the rate of transpiration [8 marks]Air movement

-transpiration is higher on a windy day. This is because when the air

movement is more, it its easier for the water to evaporate from the leaves

to the surrounding atmosphere

Temperature

-The higher the temperature the higher the rate of transpiration

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Light intensity

-Transpiration is directly proportional to light. The higher the intensity of

light, the higher is the rate of transpiration. Thus, transpiration is high

during the day and radically drops at night

Relative humidity

-The higher the humidity of the surrounding atmosphere, the lower is the

rate of transpiration

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