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Transport as a Tool for Urban Design
Urban Transportation PlanningMIT Course 1.252j/11.380j
Fall 2006
Mikel Murga, MIT Research Associate and Lecturer
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 2
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Transport as a Tool for Urban Design
Transport and Land UsesProblemsApproachesBest Practices
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 3
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Transport and Land Uses
Let us design a new freeway…Present traffic on existing roads?Design speed? Desired LOS? Budget?But…
How many new dwellings will be built nearby?How many office bldgs? Technology parks?How many parking places are needed?What size for the new shopping center?………??
From road builders to urban planners!
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 4
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Problems
Triggers:Housing densitySuburban job centersSegregation of land usesParking availability and cost
Results:Unbalanced modal splitIncreased economic, environmental and social costs
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 5
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Problems
Let us use the 1990 Census Data to observe very different modal choices at different cities for the home to work trip
Is it the result of the transport system per se? Or is it due to a more complex system where many factors play a role: economic conditions, housing market, individual perceptions and choices…?
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 6
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
CTPP 1990 Home-to-Work Modal Split: Boston
Charles River
Charles RiverBasin
Old Harbor
Little Mystic Ch
tnut Hillrvoir
Fort PointChannel
Charles River
Reserved Channel
BrooklineReservr
Muddy River
Millers River
Leverett Pond
Public GardenPond
Sargent PondWards Pond
Fisher HillReservoir
Sawing Pond
Frog Pond
Muddy River Pond
Modal Share at Origin
0 .4 .8 1.2
Miles
CTPP TAZ Charts
20001000500
Drove Alone2 CarpoolBusStreetcarSubwayRailroadWALKWork at Home
?
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 7
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
CTPP 1990 Home-to-Work Modal Split: Boston
Modal Share at Origin
0 .7 1.4 2.1
Miles
CTPP TAZ Charts
20001000500
Drove Alone2 CarpoolBusStreetcarSubwayRailroadWALKWork at Home
?
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 8
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
CTPP 1990 Home-to-Work Modal Split: Chicago
Burnham ParkHarbor
Stetsons Canal
Canal N Branch
Chicago River NBranch
Ogden Slip
Mason Canal
South Pond
Modal Share at Origin
0 .4 .8 1.2
Miles
CTPP TAZ Charts
20001000500
Drove Alone2 CarpoolBusStreetcarSubwayRailroadWALKWork at Home
?
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 9
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
CTPP 1990 Home-to-Work Modal Split: Chicago
Modal Share at Origin
0 1 2 3
Miles
CTPP TAZ Charts
20001000500
Drove Alone2 CarpoolBusStreetcarSubwayRailroadWALKWork at Home
?
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 10
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
CTPP 1990 Home-to-Work Modal Split: Houston
Modal Share at Origin
0 1 2 3
Miles
CTPP TAZ Charts
20001000500
Drove Alone2 CarpoolBusStreetcarSubwayRailroadWALKWork at Home
?
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 11
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Better Processes
Transport projects opportunities:Development (macro):
Strategic and long-termExamples like Curitiba, Toronto, Stockholm…Self-containment vs dispersalUrban growth along axes through zoning and land-use incentives
Rehabilitation (micro):Tactical, short term but also effectiveIn-fill development as demand management
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 12
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Better Processes
Development (macro):Curitiba as an example
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 13
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Better Processes
Rehabilitation (micro):It can be implemented rather quicklyLocal actions spilling over the metropolitan scaleZürich’s per capita transit trips above Curitiba’s
Any transport project – however minor –can be approached as an improvement opportunity
Let us look at several examples
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 14
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
A traffic-light regulated intersection
Town of Amorebieta, Basque Country, Spain
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 15
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
A new proposal for the traffic intersection
Espacios existentes
Espacios peatonales ganados ( 1.600 M2 )
ESPACIOS PEATONALES
Espacios existentes
Espacios peatonales ganados ( 1.600 M2 )
ESPACIOS PEATONALES
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 16
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
A new proposal for the traffic intersection:Plus rerouting most of the big trucks
Espacios existentes
Espacios peatonales ganados ( 1.600 M2 )
ESPACIOS PEATONALES
Espacios existentes
Espacios peatonales ganados ( 1.600 M2 )
ESPACIOS PEATONALES
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 17
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Traffic Simulation and Visualization
• To guarantee functional outcome• To explore other alternatives and go beyond
the obvious
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 18
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
The Power of the before and after
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 19
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
The Power of the before and after
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 20
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
The Power of the before and after
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 21
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
The Power of the before and after
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 22
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
The Power of the before and after
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 23
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
The Power of the before and after
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 24
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
From traffic to place making...
...Just by avoiding through traffic
GOBELAS
F. C.
a
PLEN
TZIA
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 25
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
From traffic to place making...
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 26
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
From traffic to place making...
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 27
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
From traffic to place making…… . Humanizing a few roundabouts
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 29
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
The power of a LRT project
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 32
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Zürich
A true success story, thanks to full priority, strictparking policies and pedestrian schemes
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 33
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
The power of a good transit system: Public Spaces in Milano
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 37
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Transport Approaches
City Traffic Engineering Approach:Traffic Calming a first step:
It fosters more convivial public spacesIt triggers a new relationship between pedestrians and carsIt facilitates biking
Other steps:To divert through trafficPriority for bus or LRT service
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 38
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Transport Approaches
Beyond car traffic:O-D pathingRoad crossingsStreet furnitureTraffic calmingBalanced activities throughout the dayPublic activities
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 39
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Transport Approaches
Car Parking:Critical for modal splitOn-site parking is critical to distinguish between shoppers and commuters To be seen in a wider context than just on-site provisionComplementary measures (pedestrian improvements, transit…) a must
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga
41
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Transport Approaches
Public Transport:
Figure by MIT OCW.
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 42
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Transport Approaches
Park-Ride facilities:Visible, well signed and secureAgain to be seen in a larger contextIt should not preclude high-density development near rail stationsPrice should be lower than downtownShuttle service of prime quality: frequent service, priority to reach downtown faster than by car (similar to an airport car rental shuttle)
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 43
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Best Practices
The Netherlands ABC location policy:Locations:
A: main transit hub – few parking - downtownB: district center or small town bus junctionC: Not served by transit
Activities:A: People intensive land usesB: Commercial and service activities with low turnout (e.g..: car sales, furniture dealers…)C: Goods intensive uses
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 44
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Best practices
The priorities of the City of York Council, UK:PedestriansPeople with disabilitiesCyclistsPublic Transport passengersCommercial and business vehiclesCar-borne shoppersCoach-borne visitorsCar-borne long-stay commuters
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 45
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Best practices
The resulting measures in the City of York:Strict parking policy5 park-and-ride sitesReallocation of road space among buses, cyclists and pedestriansTraffic calming measures: 30 mph on major radials and 20 mph, elsewhereSafe and continuous cycle networkImplementation of a pedestrian route network throughout the city
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 46
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Best Practices: Beyond Transport
A recent example: Durango a small ancientsemi-rural town of 26,000 peopleexperiencing growth
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 47
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
25.500
4.900
30.400Interna
2.700
20.300
2.400
1.400
26.800Externa
6.000
10.600
3.700
1.700
22.000Atraída
25.500
4.900
30.400Interna
30.400Interna
2.700
20.300
2.400
1.400
26.800Externa
6.000
10.600
3.700
1.700
22.000Atraída
Mobility Profile 1997 vs 2002
Problems?
Movilidad 2002
32.000
3.600
400
36.000Interna
2.600
12.500
2.500
1.300
18.900Externa
4.400
11.000
2.100
2.000
19.500Atraída
32.000
3.600
400
36.000Interna
2.600
12.500
2.500
1.300
18.900Externa
4.400
11.000
2.100
2.000
19.500Atraída
Movilidad 1997
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 48
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Jobs Supply versus residents with jobs
“Externos”: residents working outside town“Internos”: residents working in town“Atraidos”: Non residents working in town
Movilidad Laboral
4229 3614 3443
3219 3335 2783
2384 3955 4836
0
2000
40006000
8000
10000
12000
´86 ´91 ´96
ExternosAtraidosInternos
Does it explainthe unsustainablemobility profile?
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 49
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Best Practices: Beyond Transport
Among our many other recommendations, we had to include the need to attract service jobs to an area which in the past offered many industrial jobs
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 52
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
In a nutshell
Global Vision, Local Action… Don’t let the global vision rob you from opportunities for local changeLocal change, however limited, is important:
We need early winners to jumpstart a new processSmall changes may become showcasesDon´t forget we need a new model…
To start a process… more effectivethan relying only on end-state planning
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Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 53
Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006
Day
Upon starting a process… (Jane Jacob’s “Systems of Survival”)
Commercial SyndromeShun forceCome to voluntary agreementsBe honestCollaborate easily with strangers and aliensCompeteRespect contractsUse initiative and enterpriseBe open to inventiveness and noveltyBe efficientPromote comfort and convenienceDissent for the sake of the taskInvest for productive purposesBe industriousBe thriftyBe optimistic
Guardian SyndromeShun tradingExert prowessBe obedient and disciplinedAdhere to traditionRespect hierarchyBe loyalTake vengeanceDeceive for the sake of the taskMake rich use of leisureBe ostentatiousDispense largesseBe exclusiveShow fortitudeBe fatalisticTreasure honor