transport as atool for urban design 2006...transport as a tool for urban design urban transportation...

Transport as a Tool for Urban Design

Urban Transportation PlanningMIT Course 1.252j/11.380j

Fall 2006

Mikel Murga, MIT Research Associate and Lecturer

Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga 2

Urban Transportation Planning – Fall 2006

Day

Transport as a Tool for Urban Design

Transport and Land UsesProblemsApproachesBest Practices



Day

Transport and Land Uses

Let us design a new freeway…Present traffic on existing roads?Design speed? Desired LOS? Budget?But…

How many new dwellings will be built nearby?How many office bldgs? Technology parks?How many parking places are needed?What size for the new shopping center?………??

From road builders to urban planners!



Day

Problems

Triggers:Housing densitySuburban job centersSegregation of land usesParking availability and cost

Results:Unbalanced modal splitIncreased economic, environmental and social costs



Day

Problems

Let us use the 1990 Census Data to observe very different modal choices at different cities for the home to work trip

Is it the result of the transport system per se? Or is it due to a more complex system where many factors play a role: economic conditions, housing market, individual perceptions and choices…?



Day

CTPP 1990 Home-to-Work Modal Split: Boston

Charles River

Charles RiverBasin

Old Harbor

Little Mystic Ch

tnut Hillrvoir

Fort PointChannel

Charles River

Reserved Channel

BrooklineReservr

Muddy River

Millers River

Leverett Pond

Public GardenPond

Sargent PondWards Pond

Fisher HillReservoir

Sawing Pond

Frog Pond

Muddy River Pond

Modal Share at Origin

0 .4 .8 1.2

Miles

CTPP TAZ Charts

20001000500

Drove Alone2 CarpoolBusStreetcarSubwayRailroadWALKWork at Home

?



Day

CTPP 1990 Home-to-Work Modal Split: Boston


0 .7 1.4 2.1

Miles

CTPP TAZ Charts

20001000500


?



Day

CTPP 1990 Home-to-Work Modal Split: Chicago

Burnham ParkHarbor

Stetsons Canal

Canal N Branch

Chicago River NBranch

Ogden Slip

Mason Canal

South Pond


0 .4 .8 1.2

Miles

CTPP TAZ Charts

20001000500


?



Day

CTPP 1990 Home-to-Work Modal Split: Chicago


0 1 2 3

Miles

CTPP TAZ Charts

20001000500


?



Day

CTPP 1990 Home-to-Work Modal Split: Houston


0 1 2 3

Miles

CTPP TAZ Charts

20001000500


?



Day

Better Processes

Transport projects opportunities:Development (macro):

Strategic and long-termExamples like Curitiba, Toronto, Stockholm…Self-containment vs dispersalUrban growth along axes through zoning and land-use incentives

Rehabilitation (micro):Tactical, short term but also effectiveIn-fill development as demand management



Day

Better Processes

Development (macro):Curitiba as an example



Day

Better Processes

Rehabilitation (micro):It can be implemented rather quicklyLocal actions spilling over the metropolitan scaleZürich’s per capita transit trips above Curitiba’s

Any transport project – however minor –can be approached as an improvement opportunity

Let us look at several examples



Day

A traffic-light regulated intersection

Town of Amorebieta, Basque Country, Spain



Day

A new proposal for the traffic intersection

Espacios existentes

Espacios peatonales ganados ( 1.600 M2 )

ESPACIOS PEATONALES

Espacios existentes


ESPACIOS PEATONALES



Day

A new proposal for the traffic intersection:Plus rerouting most of the big trucks

Espacios existentes


ESPACIOS PEATONALES

Espacios existentes


ESPACIOS PEATONALES



Day

Traffic Simulation and Visualization

• To guarantee functional outcome• To explore other alternatives and go beyond

the obvious



Day

The Power of the before and after



Day




Day

From traffic to place making...

...Just by avoiding through traffic

GOBELAS

F. C.

a

PLEN

TZIA



Day




Day

From traffic to place making…… . Humanizing a few roundabouts



Day

The power of a LRT project



Day

Zürich

A true success story, thanks to full priority, strictparking policies and pedestrian schemes



Day

The power of a good transit system: Public Spaces in Milano



Day

Transport Approaches

City Traffic Engineering Approach:Traffic Calming a first step:

It fosters more convivial public spacesIt triggers a new relationship between pedestrians and carsIt facilitates biking

Other steps:To divert through trafficPriority for bus or LRT service



Day


Beyond car traffic:O-D pathingRoad crossingsStreet furnitureTraffic calmingBalanced activities throughout the dayPublic activities



Day


Car Parking:Critical for modal splitOn-site parking is critical to distinguish between shoppers and commuters To be seen in a wider context than just on-site provisionComplementary measures (pedestrian improvements, transit…) a must

Frederick P. Salvucci and Mikel Murga

41


Day


Public Transport:

Figure by MIT OCW.



Day


Park-Ride facilities:Visible, well signed and secureAgain to be seen in a larger contextIt should not preclude high-density development near rail stationsPrice should be lower than downtownShuttle service of prime quality: frequent service, priority to reach downtown faster than by car (similar to an airport car rental shuttle)



Day

Best Practices

The Netherlands ABC location policy:Locations:

A: main transit hub – few parking - downtownB: district center or small town bus junctionC: Not served by transit

Activities:A: People intensive land usesB: Commercial and service activities with low turnout (e.g..: car sales, furniture dealers…)C: Goods intensive uses



Day

Best practices

The priorities of the City of York Council, UK:PedestriansPeople with disabilitiesCyclistsPublic Transport passengersCommercial and business vehiclesCar-borne shoppersCoach-borne visitorsCar-borne long-stay commuters



Day

Best practices

The resulting measures in the City of York:Strict parking policy5 park-and-ride sitesReallocation of road space among buses, cyclists and pedestriansTraffic calming measures: 30 mph on major radials and 20 mph, elsewhereSafe and continuous cycle networkImplementation of a pedestrian route network throughout the city



Day

Best Practices: Beyond Transport

A recent example: Durango a small ancientsemi-rural town of 26,000 peopleexperiencing growth



Day

25.500

4.900

30.400Interna

2.700

20.300

2.400

1.400

26.800Externa

6.000

10.600

3.700

1.700

22.000Atraída

25.500

4.900

30.400Interna

30.400Interna

2.700

20.300

2.400

1.400

26.800Externa

6.000

10.600

3.700

1.700

22.000Atraída

Mobility Profile 1997 vs 2002

Problems?

Movilidad 2002

32.000

3.600

400

36.000Interna

2.600

12.500

2.500

1.300

18.900Externa

4.400

11.000

2.100

2.000

19.500Atraída

32.000

3.600

400

36.000Interna

2.600

12.500

2.500

1.300

18.900Externa

4.400

11.000

2.100

2.000

19.500Atraída

Movilidad 1997



Day

Jobs Supply versus residents with jobs

“Externos”: residents working outside town“Internos”: residents working in town“Atraidos”: Non residents working in town

Movilidad Laboral

4229 3614 3443

3219 3335 2783

2384 3955 4836

0

2000

40006000

8000

10000

12000

´86 ´91 ´96

ExternosAtraidosInternos

Does it explainthe unsustainablemobility profile?



Day

Best Practices: Beyond Transport

Among our many other recommendations, we had to include the need to attract service jobs to an area which in the past offered many industrial jobs



Day

In a nutshell

Global Vision, Local Action… Don’t let the global vision rob you from opportunities for local changeLocal change, however limited, is important:

We need early winners to jumpstart a new processSmall changes may become showcasesDon´t forget we need a new model…

To start a process… more effectivethan relying only on end-state planning



Day

Upon starting a process… (Jane Jacob’s “Systems of Survival”)

Commercial SyndromeShun forceCome to voluntary agreementsBe honestCollaborate easily with strangers and aliensCompeteRespect contractsUse initiative and enterpriseBe open to inventiveness and noveltyBe efficientPromote comfort and convenienceDissent for the sake of the taskInvest for productive purposesBe industriousBe thriftyBe optimistic

Guardian SyndromeShun tradingExert prowessBe obedient and disciplinedAdhere to traditionRespect hierarchyBe loyalTake vengeanceDeceive for the sake of the taskMake rich use of leisureBe ostentatiousDispense largesseBe exclusiveShow fortitudeBe fatalisticTreasure honor

transport as atool for urban design 2006...transport as a tool for urban design urban transportation...

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