Download - Unit one presentation
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INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCE
Earth science- -study of Earth’s systems
Includes:MeteorologyAstronomyGeologyOceanography
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Presentation Outline
1.What is Earth Science2.Observations vs. Inference
3.Metric Measurements4.Scientific Notation5.Percent Error6.Density7.Graphing8.Rate of Change
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OBSERVATION- -Uses the 5 senses to gather information-We use technology to extend these senses
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What are some instruments that you have used in science?
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OBSERVATION- -Use senses for information-We use INSTRUMENTS to extend the senses
INFERENCE--make a conclusion-making sense of observations
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What do you see and what do you think will happen?
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What do you see and where do you think this photo was taken?
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Come up with an observation and an inference based on this photo
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Come up with an observation and an inference based on this photo
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Metric MeasurementsWhat is approximately 3,000 mm?The height of the classroom.10 feet equals about 3 m or 3,000 mm
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Conversions1 km = 1000 m60 m = ? cm.1 cm = ? mm 700 hm = ? cm
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More Metric and UnitsKittens Kilometer 1000 m
Have Hectometer 100 m
Dirty Decamater 10 m
Mouths Meter 1 m
From
Drinking Decimeter 0.1 m
Chocolate Centimeter .01 m
Milk Millimeter .001 m
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UnitsMass grams (g)1000 g = 1 kg
Volume milliliters (ml) for liquidsCubic centimeters (cm3) for solids
1000 ml = ?
Density mass /volume units ?
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Scientific NotationScientific Notation: A number written as
the product of a coefficient between 1 and 10 and a power of 10.
U238 half life = 4.5 x 109 years
Diameter of an atom = 2.44 x 10-10 m
4,500,000,000 years
0.00000000024 m
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Practice:
3.5 x 103 = ______________
8.6 x 105 =_______________
7.4 x 102 =_______________
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80,000 = 8 x 104
9500=
520,000,000 =
42,000,000,000,000=
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Age of Earth 4,600,000,000 years
Step 1: Write this number in scientific notation:4.6 x109 years
Step 2: Write this in # of years (text):4.6 Billion Years
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Scientific Notation on the ESRTPAGE 1
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Temperature?
?
Accepted value - measured value PCT ERROR = ---------------------------------------------- x 100%
accepted value
Accepted value = correct answer
Measured value = your data
PERCENT ERROR- -how wrong you are
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How many Jelly Beans do you think there are in the jar. Measure with your eyes…There are __________ jellybeans.
Accepted value - measured value PCT ERROR = ---------------------------------------------- x 100%
accepted value
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Practice: A student measures a table to be 1.9m long.
In reality it is 2.0m long. What is the percent error of the student?
2.0 – 1.9 X 100 = 5%2.0
A student measures a room to be 6.9m. If the actual length is 7.5m, the student’s percent error is?
7.5 – 6.9 X 100 = 8% 7.5
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DensityDensity: a mass/volume ratio that does not
depend on size or shapelength= 10 cm mass:
240gwidth = 2 cmheight = 4 cm
Volume = ?Density = mass/volumeDensity = ?
Mass = 240 grams
10 cm x 2 cm x 4 cm = 80 cm3
240 g / 80 cm3 = 3 g/cm3
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What if…?If we cut the block into several smaller pieces,
what would the density of each piece be compared to the original block’s density?
(1) Less(2) Greater(3) Equal
********* (3) EQUAL ***********
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PracticeA student determines the mass of a rock to
be 196 grams, but the actual mass of the rock is 200 grams. The students approximate percent deviation (percentage of error) is
(1)1.0%(2)2.0%(3)1.5%(4)4.0%
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Density, Temperature, and Volume
What happens to the air inside a balloon if we heated it?
What happens to the volume? What happens to the density?
What if we cool the air?
Draw a graph that represents this relationship.
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More Density Notes:What happens to the density of this box if you
increase the size of the box (volume) from 80 cm3 to 100 cm3?
If the volume increases (and mass stays the same) density decreases.
You are dividing the mass by a larger number, thus density will decrease.
Ex. 240 grams/100 cm3 = 2.4 g/cm3
240 grams
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Density versus Volume Density
VolumeAs volume increases (when mass is constant), density
decreases.
Volume Density
INVERSE RELATIONSHIP
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What if you decrease volume?If I compress an object, what happens to it’s
density?
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Which is more dense?
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Which is more dense?
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Which is more dense?
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Which is more dense?
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Average densities: -water = 1 g/cm3 at 4o C
*** below 4oC the density of water decreases. Above 4oC, the density of water increases
-Ice 0.5 g/cm3
-Earth = 5.5 g/cm3
-Saturn = 0.7 g/cm3
-human = ?
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Grasping GraphingGraph: Visual display of information or data
A way to organize and arrange data to be easily understood
3 main graphs (used in science) are bar, line, & pie
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Parts of a GraphIndependent variable = “x” axis Ex. Time- causes change in the dependent
variableDependent Variable = “y” axis Ex. Temperature- this experiences the result of
(or depends on) the independent variableTitle compares the dependent variable to the
independent (y versus x)
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LINE GRAPHSData changes due to a relationshipEx. temperature changes over timeAverage Daily Temperature for January 1-7
in Degrees Fahrenheit Date Temperature (F)
1 102 253 304 425 236 257 40
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BAR GRAPHSCompare information collected by countingFavorite Student After School ActivityActivity NumberVisit W/Friends 175Talk on Phone 168Play Sports 120Earn Money 120Use Computers 65
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PIE CHART/CIRCLE GRAPHSlices represent percentages of the total
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Graph Relationships:Direct: as x increases, y increases
Indirect: as x increases, y decreases
Constant: as x increases, y stays the same
Cyclic: it repeats in a predictable pattern
Example: the tides due to moon’s gravityExample: temperature vs. time of day (see sheet)
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Types of graphs:-line graphs
direct indirect or inverse cyclic
relationship relationship relationship
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Rate of ChangeRate of Change: the amount of change in a
field that occurs over timeR.O.C =change / time
Example: 6 am temp = 55 °F 2 pm temp = 82 °F
Change in temp = 82-55 = 27 °F Change in time =8 hours
Rate of change = 3.4 °F/ hour
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Rate of ChangeWhat is
the rate of change here?
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example: From 3:00 pm to 6:00 pm the air temperature
falls from 85oF to 79oF. What is the rate of change for temperature during this time?
Rate of change =
In 60 years, the shoreline at Rye Beach has shrunk by 30 inches. What is the rate of change for the shoreline?
Rate of Change=
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Presentation Conclusion
1.What is Earth Science2.Observations vs. Inference3.Metric Measurements4.Scientific Notation5.Percent Error6.Density7.Graphing8.Rate of Change