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Unit Overview Level 5 Unit 2
Talking about the futureIn this unit you will start to learn language to talk about the future.
Vocabulary
Vocabulary Phonetic spelling Part of speech Translation / definition
floods UK [fld] US [fld] verbto cause to fill or become covered withwater, especially in a way that causesproblems
gap year nouna year between leaving school and startinguniversity which is usually spent travelling orworking
gas UK [gs] US [gs] nouna substance in a form like air that is neithersolid nor liquid
globalwarming noun
a gradual increase in world temperaturescaused by polluting gases such as carbondioxide which are collecting in the air aroundthe Earth and preventing heat escaping intospace
graduationUK [,grd.u'ei.n]US [,grd.u'ei.n]
nounwhen you receive your degree for finishingyour education or a course of study
soldierUK ['sul.dr] US['soul.d`]
nouna person who is in an army and wears itsuniform, especially someone who fightswhen there is a war
sure UK [:r] US [ur] adjective certain without any doubt
surgeonUK ['s:.dn] US['s`: ]
nouna doctor who is specially trained to performmedical operations
authorUK [':.r ] US[':.`] noun the writer of a book, article, play, etc.
hybrid carsUK ['hai.brid] US['hai.brid]
nouna vehicle with an engine that uses bothpetrol and another type of energy, usuallyelectricity
identityUK [ai'den.ti.ti] US[ .i]
nounwho a person is, or the qualities of a personor group which make them different fromothers
temperatureUK ['tem.pr.tr] US[ p`..t `]
nounthe measured amount of heat in a place orin the body
virtualreality
nouna set of images and sounds produced by acomputer, which seem to represent a placeor a situation that a person can take part in
carbondioxide
nounthe gas formed when carbon is burned, orwhen people or animals breathe out
carbonfootprint
nounSomeone's carbon footprint is ameasurement of the amount of carbondioxide that their activities produce.
climatechange
noun the way the world's weather is changing
coal UK [kul] US [koul] noun
a hard, black substance which is dug fromthe earth in pieces, and can be burnt toproduce heat or power, or a single piece ofthis
military
UK ['mil.i.tri] US [
ter.i] adjective relating to or belonging to the armed forces
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opportunityUK [,p.'tju:.n.ti]US [,:.p`'tu:.n.i]
noun the chance to get a job
pioneerUK [,pai'nir] US [ 'nir]
nouna person who is one of the first people to dosomething
desert noun
an area, often covered with sand or rocks,
where there is very little rain and not manyplants
developmentUK [di'vel.p.mnt]US [di'vel.p.mnt]
nounwhen someone or something grows orchanges and becomes more advanced
droughtUK [draut] US[draut]
noun a long period when there is little or no rain
pollutionUK [p'lu:.n] US[p'lu:.n]
noundamage caused to water, air, etc. by harmfulsubstances or waste
prospectsthe possibility of being successful, especiallyat work
rain forestUK ['rein.fr.ist] US[ f:r ]
nouna forest in a tropical area which receives alot of rain
renewable UK [ri'nju:..bl=] US[ 'nu: ]
adjective describes a form of energy that can beproduced as quickly as it is used
sciencefiction
nounbooks, films or cartoons about an imaginedfuture, especially about space travel or otherplanets
Language focus
First Conditional:
When considering a real future possibility, the first conditional can be used. It's often used to talk about warnings orthreats. The event described in the main clause depends on the condition described in the Ifclause.
Conditional sentences have two clauses:
A main clause containing will / won't followed by a base verb and a subordinate adverbial clause that is introduced byif. We can usually change the order of the clauses:
If + subject + present tense + comma + subject + will / won't + base verb
Subject + will / won't + base form of the verb + if + subject + present tense
If Subordinate clause: Condition Main Clause: Possible Result
If you don't use energysaving lightbulbs, you will have a higher electricity bill.
If we continue to use coal power, we will cause more pollution.
If we work together, we will be able to slow down global warming.
Main Clause: Possible Result If Subordinate clause: Condition
You will have a higher electricity bill if yo u d on't us e e ne rgysaving lightbulbs .
We will cause more pollution if we continue to use coal power.
We will b e abl e t o s low down glo bal war ming if we wo rk t og et he r.
Will and going to
When making a prediction, will is most often used. For example:
In fifty years' time, robots will take over the earth.In the future, people will live on the moon.
When making or talking about a plan, it is better to use going to. For example:
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Tomorrow, I'm going to have a bath.I'm going to visit my grandparents this summer.
Zero conditional
Zeroconditional sentences refer to general truths. Zeroconditional sentences contain a statement of the condition anda statement of the result.
The statement of the condition is formed by an ifclause and a statement of result.
If+ subject + simple present + object, subject + simple present + object
For example:
Ifw ecutdown rainforests, we lose trees which consume carbon monoxide.Ifthe planet becomes hotter, deserts become bigger.Ifthe climate changes, more extreme weather occurs.
Content and function words
The disappearance of the rainforest has led to an increase in extreme weather conditions.
In the above sentence, the content words are in bold. In speech, these content words are given more stress, oremphasis, in order to make the meaning clear. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.
Function words are not usually stressed. These words don't carry meaning and just help with the grammar of thesentence. Function words include articles, prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, etc
Collocations
Collocations are pairs or groups of words that are often used together. To learn English vocabulary effectively, you needto know about common collocations.
For exampl e, we say: But we don't say:
I made a mistake. I did a mistake.
I will domy best. I will make my best.
These are examples ofverb + noun collocations. There are many other types, but we will concentrate on verb + noun,adjective + noun and noun + preposition collocations here.
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Englishtown and Englishtown.com are registered trademarks.