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Unpaid vs. Paid Work-Integrated-Learning: A Research Approach
Presented by members of the CAFCE Research Committee:
Ms. Judene Pretti, University of WaterlooMs. Christine Arsenault, University of Toronto Scarborough
Dr. Rocco Fondacaro, University of Waterloo
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Agenda
• Canadian Context• Why look at paid vs. unpaid WIL?• Factors affecting WIL compensation• Current Research• Gaps in Research• Moving Forward
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Canadian Context
• CAFCE Research Committee Mandate• Co-op is dominate form of WIL• Co-op defined• Accreditation
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Why look at paid vs unpaid WIL?
• In the news…• Attention of policy makers• Employment access:
“[an unpaid internship] cuts out people who can’t afford to do unpaid internships; it can [favour] people based on their socioeconomic class. It erodes any notion of meritocracy. – Andrew Langille, Employment Lawyer
• Other reasons??
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Factors Affecting WIL Compensation
Remuneration
Supply & Demand
IndustryLearning
Outcomes
Cultural Norms
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What Literature Exists
• Very little on compensation as issue in WIL• Many examine legal aspects Gardner, P.
(2012).
• Other compensation related themes include:• Quality of the work experience• Learning impacts• Access to WIL and Employment Prospects• Areas are not mutually exclusive
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A Word on Methodology:
• Paid vs. unpaid normally not primary issue of research
• When compensation is primary topic, types of WIL studied often excludes “co-op” model– Co-op requires pay, may skew results
• Findings primarily from survey data• Majority of research from U.S.
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What the Research Says:
Paid internship/co-op employment affects:• Realism and authenticity• Employer/employee relationship• Substantive work• Accountability and evaluation• Sanctions for Performance (Termination)• Corporate competitive advantage
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What the Research Says:
Overall… • Evidence on Paid vs. unpaid and the perceived quality
of experiences is minimal and equivocalGardner, P. (2011)
Chatzsky, J., & McGrath, M., -- Summary NACE 2011 (2011)
• Paid or unpaid – both provide balance during student life, sense of community, connectedness
Billett, S. & Ovens, C. (2007). Bounous, R. M. (1986).
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What the Research Says:
Overall… • Employers who intend to hire students later provide
higher quality experiences • Paid interns/co-ops more likely to be hired post work
terms Bailey, Hughes and Barr, (2000)
• More meaningful work for paid co-ops/interns– Paid do more professional work, unpaid do more clerical
workChatzsky, J., & McGrath, M. (2011, November 28)
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What the Research Says:
Overall… • 63.1 % of paid interns received at least one job offer, while only
37 % of unpaid interns received a job offer. • 35.2 % with no internship received at least one job offer.
• $51,930 is median starting salary new grads with paid internship $35,721 is median salary for those with unpaid internship
• $37,087 is median salary for new grads with no internship NACE 2013 Student Survey (2013)
38000 responses from college students, 9215 earning bachelor degrees
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What the Research Says:
Overall… • 51.3% of students not paid for their internship experience– up 3.6% from previous year
• 64.1% of students need second jobs when doing unpaid internship
• continued decline in paid opportunities working against companies’ long-term recruitment efforts and branding efforts
• Legal challenges to continue to increase, creating potential liabilities for companies who employ unpaid interns.
Intern Bridge, National Internship Salary Survey (2012)11000 students at 150 universities
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What the Research Says:Overall• Nearly half (49%) of unpaid in private sector
Couture & Attfield (2014)
• More in Unpaid– Women; students with family incomes < $80K; Education, social
sciences, health sciences, arts & humanities, communications major
• More in Paid– Engineering, computer & science majors
• Highest income students (>$120k) more likely in both paid and unpaid internships
Gardner, P. (2011)
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What the Research Says:Employer views… paid work • Attracts better students, and can expect more of them
Hurst, J. L. & Good, L. K. (2010)
• Exposure to demands, capacities and commitments required for working life beyond school – punctuality, working with others, time and personal management– working with others, imposition of sanctions (termination)– Claimed to be the most valued capacities for the workplace
Billett, S. & Ovens, C. (2007)
• Employers have more positive views about paid interns– better attendance, reliability, attitudes– Why? …pay incents better performance, or more selective in hiring
Bailey, Hughes and Barr, (2000)
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What the Research Says:Student view… paid work• Interns more satisfied with work experience
– But unpaid interns are “not unsatisfied”Beebe, A., Blaylock, A. & Sweetser, K. D. (2009).
– “I felt more like an ‘engineer’ when I was getting paid to do engineering work”Bounous, R. M. (1986).
• Qualifications needed to get better job and pay• What I don’t want to do… for a living• What I do want to do.. but not is this industry or job
Billett, S. & Ovens, C. (2007)
• Priorities… “work for pay comes first, internship or career enhancement comes second, and school work comes last”
Gardner, P. (2011)
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Research Gaps:
• Replication of existing research• Paid vs. unpaid…• On quality of work experience• On type of work given students • On how seriously employers view the experience • On how seriously students view the experience• On attainment of learning outcomes
Gardner, P. (2012)
• In the Canadian context
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Moving Forward
• More definition among WIL models• Understanding and engagement by stakeholders • Legal, ethical, and policy evolution• New and Emerging forms of WIL• Changing face of work force… e.g., entrepreneurial
• Alternative forms of remuneration
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Moving Forward
Sattler, P. & Peters, J (2012). Work-Integrated Learning and Postsecondary Graduates: The Perspective of Ontario Employers. Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.
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2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20130%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
80%
82%
84%
86%
88%
90%
92%
94%
96%
98%
100%
Percent Growth Work TermsUnpaid as a % of all employedEmployment Rate
Employment rate
Moving Forward …unpaid at uW• Minimizing absolute number of unpaid opportunities
– Active management of unpaid; Discussions with employers; Alternative remuneration
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Questions?
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Unpaid/Paid Reference List“In the News”: http://www.internbridge.com/company/unpaid-internship-resource-centerLiterature/Research Articles:Bailey, T., Hughes, K. & Barr, T. (2000). Achieving scale and quality in school-to-work internships: Findings from two employer surveys. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 22(1), 41–64. SAGE Publications.Beebe, A., Blaylock, A. & Sweetser, K. D. (2009). Job satisfaction in public relations internships. Public Relations Review, 35(2), 156–158. Elsevier. Billett, S. & Ovens, C. (2007). Learning about work, working life and post-school options: guiding students’ reflections on paid part-time work. Journal of Education and Work, 20(2), 75–90. Taylor & Francis.Bounous, R. M. (1986). Experiential learning programs: An organizational schema. Journal of Career Development, 13(1), 61–67. Springer.Chatzsky, J., & McGrath, M. (2011, November 28). The great American internship swindle. Newsweek, p. 22. Retrieved from: http://www.newsweek.com/why-students-shouldnt-take-unpaid-internships-66241Gardner, P. (2011). The debate over unpaid college internships. Intern Bridge. Gardner, P. (2012). Reaction on Campus to the Unpaid Internship Controversy. Intern Bridge.Hurst, J. L. & Good, L. K. (2010). A 20-year evolution of internships: Implications for retail interns, employers and educators. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 20(1), 175–186. Taylor & Francis.InternBridge (2012). 2012 Internship Salary Report. National Association of Colleges and Employers (2013), The Class of 2013 Student Survey Report. Sattler, P. & Peters, J (2012). Work-Integrated Learning and Postsecondary Graduates: The Perspective of Ontario Employers. Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.