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Urban Land Markets
Presenter: Carlos Morales-Schechinger
Best Practices for Land Tenure and
Natural Resource Governance in Africa
Monrovia, Liberia
October 2012
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• Land rent and the control of the use of land
… what use, who controls
… how much rent (or price)• Rent capitalized into price
… rent capitalized into price
… effect of a land tax on price… & rent• Land policies
… cost vs. benefits
… land prices vs. quality• Land instruments
… zoning, taxes, rights, expropriation, readjustment
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Content
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• What is land rent?
… payment to have access to the use of land
… to anyone who controls such access to land• In money
… or in kind• Periodic payment
… or in advance• Statutory control
… or customary control
3rent and the control of land
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• Who controls land?
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a group• tribe• family• cooperative
an individual • physical• legal
government• national• municipality• public agency
rent and the control of land
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• The bundle of rights
… or the bundle of controls
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government• mining• extracting water
an individual• build• develop
a group• cultivate• graze
rent and the control of land
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• The bundle of rights
… or the bundle of controls
… to rent / sell … separately
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government• mine
an individual• develop
a group• cultivate
• taxes• lease (ground rent)
• crops• presents
• money• work
rent and the control of land
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• Types of land owners
… according to economic behaviour
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occupier• use values• Invests to improve use values• sells to replace use values• cannot wait for long• seeks buyer
patrimonial• exchange values• did not invest• sells for a profit / benefit• can wait forever• buyers seek them• has poor information• asking price: highest of
the region / city• misled by inflation
investor• exchange values• invested• sells for a profit • waits for land use change• seeks buyer• has good information • asking price: most able and
willing user• not misled by inflation
• poor information• asking price: enough to
replace use value• misled by inflation
rent and the control of land
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• Types of land owners
… according to economic behaviour
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as occupier
as patrimony as investment
2 poor family with a titled plot
1 industrialist with an old factory
4 farmer with land in urban fringe
5 chief with vacant in the inner city
6 government housing agency with land
3 developer with agricultural land
rent and the control of land
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• How much rent?
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government• market rent• administrative rent+ a bribe
a group• market price• agricultural price+ market price- cost of regularization
an individual • market price• low density price• high density price
public land
Hong Kong
public land Vietnam
Commu- nity land trustUSA
ejidoMexico
lessee
pirate subdivider
titling agency
private land
South-africa
privateland Kenya
developer
rent and the control of land
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Land market misconceptions
• Rent / price is paid to the land owner
… vs. paid to the land controller• Full rents only paid if there is an open market
… vs. always shared between various controllers• End users may pay lower than market price
… vs. user end up paying full market price• Land values are produced by supply
… they derive from the thrust of demand
10rent and the control of land
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• Residual nature of the land rent… or how “land values” are created (?)
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price of wheat
distance
valu
e
rent and the control of land
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• Residual nature of the land rent… or how “land values” are created
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price of wheat
distance
valu
e
capital & labourtransport
land
rent and the control of land
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distance
valu
e price of a housemaximum amount a household can pay
rent and the control of land
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distance
valu
e price of a house
capital & labour
maximum amount a household can pay
transport
land
rent and the control of land
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distance
valu
e
rent and the control of land
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distance
• Where will agriculture start?
A ?
B ?
valu
e
rent and the control of land
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• What if demand for the city is expected to increase?
A
valu
e
distance
rent and the control of land
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distance
• What if demand for the city is expected to increase?
A
valu
e
C
rent and the control of land
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land price =rent
interest rate
annual payment : $ 1,000
$ 1,000
5 %= $ 20,000
time
lower price of land =rent - tax
interest rate
annual land tax rate = 2 %, $ 400
$ 600
5%
= $ 12,000
rent capitalized into price
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land price =rent
interest rate
$ 1,000
5 %= $ 20,000
time
negligeable impact on price of land =rent - tax
interest rate
annual land tax rate = 0.2 %, $ 40
$ 960 = $ 19,200
annual payment : $ 1,000
rent capitalized into price
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land price =rent
interest rate
$ 1,000
5 %= $ 20,000
time
very lower price of land =rent - tax
interest rate
annual land tax rate = 4 %, $ 800
$ 200
5%
= $ 4,000
carlos morales-schechinger [email protected] rent capitalized into price
annual payment : $ 1,000
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+ income- basic
= housing : . savings . loan . rent
household house neighbourhood city agriculture household
. self- built
. private developer
. government agency
. municipality : . property tax . betterment charge . building permit . value capture tax
. peasant / original owner. agric. value
housing: . dignified . served . located . secure . on time
land policies
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speculation
the speculator: . manipulates information : - hiding, future infrastructure. buys agricultural land : - retains unused. captures externalities : - public infrastructure - authorized land uses
. lobbies for: . tax abatement -“incentive” . regularization - pirate development . de-regulation - no plan, no standards
. subsidies - loan rate, up front, services
house neighbourhood city agriculture
informal
settlements
land policies
household household
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. inclus. p/s/e/a
+ wage increase. cheaper tech.
if household’s ability remains the same
- a given city “production cost” tax & services
= the residue becomes land price
imp
rove
me
nts
if cost reduced
= the residue increases
if costs increase
= smaller residue
if household’s ability improves
- same costs - same costs
= higher residue
. low standards
. free titling
. high standards
+ house subsidy
. tax rebates . higher tax
if a land use with higher ability appears
= higher residue
+ new accesibility
+ new zoning
. eviction risk
lan
d
land policies
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economic content
that goes to pay for land
economic content
that could go to pay
for land
higher price of land
less house neighbourhood and city
lower price of land
more house, neighbourhood
and city
how much for each ?
with which instruments?
land policies
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land instruments 26
. Zoning
… inclusionary zoning
… exclusionary zoning
… social interest areas
… density areas
… development requirements
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. Land taxes
… updating values, present vs future use
… rate at high percentage of land rent
… land taxes vs. land leasing
… flat rate vs increasing rate
… vacant land surcharge
… rate increasing in time
… value capture tax vs betterment charge
land instruments
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. Development rights
… transfered from government
… transfered between landowners
… building licence fees
… pricing according to land value increment
… parallel: land leasing
land instruments
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. Expropriation (eminent domain)
… definition of public interest
… original, present or future value of land
… according to taxation criteria
… to substitute owners’ responsabilities
… vs. to punish non compliance of obligations
land instruments
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. Land readjustment
… equitable distribution
… of costs and benefits
… multiple land use polygon
… compulsory association rules
... continuous vs discontinuous polygones
land instruments
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scarce public funds
scarce serviced land
serviced land over-priced
unserviced land over-priced
price rise expectations
higher profit expectations
WEAK MUNICIPALITIES
SPECULATIONINFORMALITY
tax exemption, titling and subsidized services
subsidized services deregulation and tax
reduction “incentives”
low development costs
lower tax base, higher need for services
exclusion form serviced land market
low investment on urban services
land retained for future market
serviced land withdrawn from market
refuge in informal unserviced land market
families impoverished
higher tax on capital and labour (productive activities)
transfers
subsidies
Adapted from Smolka, 2004
land instruments
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STRONG MUNICIPALITIES
abundant public fundas
land released for current market
development costs internalized
no tax exemption, nor subsidies, no need for
titling programs
SUPPLY OF SERVICED LANDACCESS TO FORMAL LAND
higher tax base and lower need for
services
abundant serviced land
lower prices expectations
inclusion in serviced land market
no subsidies higher regulation and taxes on
vacant land
high investment in urban services
serviced land not over-priced
more serviced land supplied
dispise of informal unserviced land market
serviced land not overpriced
families with surplus
moderate expectations
lower tax on capital and labour (productive activities)
less transfers
less subsidies
Adapted from Smolka, 2004
land instruments
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land and the urban poor 33
Kibera Nairobi
Khayelitsha Cape Town
Rosinha Rio de Janeiro
Kali Besar Jakarta
Neza, Mexico CityTunel La Planicie Caracas
THANK YOU
QUESTIONS ?