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Urogenital (Urinary & Reproductive system) the microscopic aspect
Staf pengajar
Laboratorium Anatomi - Histologi
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya Copyright @dr.Bambang Soemantri, M.Kes
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Reference
• Color Textbook of Histology, Leslie P. Gartner
• Bailey’s Textbook of Microscopic Anatomy, Douglas E. Kelly, PhD
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The Urinary System
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The Urinary system
• Paired Kidney
• A ureter for each kidney
• Urinary bladder
• Urethra
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Kidney function
• Removes toxic by products of metabolism
• Regulate blood pressure, hemodinamic and acid base balance
• Endocrine function, release:
– Renin
– Erythropoietin
Kidney
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Overview of Kidney’s microsopic Structure
Kidney has two region:
• Cortex – Superficial layer of the kidney
• Medulla – Contains 6 to 12 pyramid - shaped, pale striated
regions, the renal pyramids, separated by renal columns (of Bertin)
– Base of each pyramid is oriented toward cortex
– Renal papilla, apex of the pyramid, points toward the hilum
Anatomy of kidney
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7
Anatomy of kidney
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• Three type substances in the cortex
– Renal corpuscle
– Cortical labyrinth:
• the convoluted tubulus
– Medullary rays:
• straight portion of proximal and distal tubule, collecting duct
cortex
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• Renal lobe
– A single pyramid with its overlying cortex and cortical columns
• Renal lobule
– Medullary ray with part of the cortical labyrinth surrounding it
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The Nephron – 2 parts
• Renal corpuscle – filters blood plasma
– Glomerulus – capillary network
– Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule – double-walled cup
surrounding glomerulus
• Renal tubule – filtered fluid passes into
– Proximal convoluted tubule (TCP)
– Loop of Henle (nephron loop)
– Distal convoluted tubule (TCD)
– Renal corpuscle and both convoluted tubules in cortex, loop of
Henle extend into medulla
– Distal convoluted tubule of several nephrons empty into single
collecting duct
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The structure of nephrons and associated blood vessels
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Renal Corpuscle • is composed of Glomerulus: supplied by afferent
arteriole and drain by efferent arteriole
• Bowman’s capsul:
– Viceral layer
– Parietal layer
Bowmann’s space: the space inside Bowmann’s capsule
Vascular pole: the region where the vessels enter and exit Bowmann’s capsule
Urinary pole: the region of continuation between the renal corpuscle and the proximal tubule
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Renal corpuscle general view
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Visceral layer of Bowmann’s capsule
• Epithelial cells of visceral layer are modified to podocytes
• Podocytes have numerous cytoplasmic extension: primary processes
• Each primary process bears many secondary process, known as pedicel
• Pedicel completely envelop the glomerular capillaries by interdigitating with pedicels from neighboring podocytes
• The openings between the pedicels are called filtration slits
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Histology of a renal corpuscle
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Filtration Membrane
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Histology of a renal corpuscle
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Tubular section
• Tubular section
(processes the filtrate)
– Proximal convoluted tubule (TCP)
– Loop of Henle
– Distal convoluted tubule (TCD)
(ends by joining collecting duct)
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Proximal convoluted duct
• Confined to renal cortex
• Resorption of water, ions and solutes
Loop of Henle
• Descending limb ( pars recta)
• Thin segment
• Thick ascending limb
Distal convoluted tubule
• Confined to the renal cortex
• Begins near the vascular pole
• terminate by becoming continuous with arched collecting tubule
• Macula densa, a specialized group of cells on the side of tubule adjacent to the vascular pole
• Selective secretion and resorption of ions
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Collecting duct
• Each receives urine from several nephrons
• Run straight through cortex into the deep medulla
• At papilla of pyramid* ducts join to form larger papillary ducts
• The papillary ducts minor calices
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Collecting duct
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Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
three component:
• Macula densa of the distal tubule
• Juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent glomerular arteriole
• Extraglomerular mesangial cells, between the afferent and efferent arterioles
Function • Regulation of blood pressure • Granule (jg cells) – modified muscle cells secreting
renin. • Macula densa – chemoreceptors which detect a low
sodium concentration in the ultrafiltraate.
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The BLOOD VESSELS
Aorta gives off right and left renal arteries
Renal arteries divides into 5 segmental arteries as enters hilus of kidney
Segmentals branch into lobar arteries Lobars divide into interlobars Interlobars into arcuate in junction of medulla and cortex Arcuates send interlobular arteries into cortex Cortical radiate arteries give rise to glomerular arterioles
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The Renal Pelvis and Ureter Cont. from calyces The walls consist of three coats:
• Inner mucosa : transitional epithelium
• Middle muscular: – Inner longitudinal – Outer circular layer – Lower part of the ureter, a
discontinuous outer longitudinal layer
• Outer fibrous: loose connective tissue
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Urinary Bladder • Mucosa:
– Trasitional epithelium – Lamina propria
• Superficial: Dense irregular connective tissue
• Deeper : Loose connective tissue
• Muscular: – Inner longitudinaal – Middle circular – Outer longitudinal
• Adventitia: – Dense irregular connective
tissue – Adventitia
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URINARY SYSTEM
BLADDER
transitional epithelium
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Female urethra
• About 4 to 5 cm length and 4 to 6 in diameter
• Lined by
– transitional epithelium, near the bladder
– Stratified sq nonkeratinzed ep along the remainder of the length
• Lamina propria: fibroelastic
• Glands of Littre: mucous, along the entire length
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Male Urethra • 15-20 cm long
• Three regions:
– Prostatic urethra : Lined by transitional ep
– Membranous urethra : Lined by stratified columnar ep interspersed with patches of pseudostratified columnar ep
– Spongy urethra (penile urethra) : Lined by stratified columnar ep interspersed with patch of pseudostratified columnar ep and squamous non keratinized ep. Navicular fossa lined by stratified squamous ep. Glands of Littre in LP
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Reproductive System
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Genetalia Masculina Consist of :
– Glands :
• Testis
• Accessory glands :
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands
Glands of Littre
– Ducts :
• Intratesticular ducts
• The excretory genital ducts
– The external genetalia :
• Scrotum
• Penis
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Testes – Male gonad
– Located in the scrotum
– Primary glands of the male reproductive system
– Have exocrine and endocrine function/Component :
• The exocrine component :
– Seminiferous tubules
– Product : spermatozoa
–Sperm production occurs only at 35° C
• The endocrine component :
– Interstitial cells of Leidig
–Product : testosterone
Glands
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General organization
• Tunica vaginalis covered the antero lateral of the testes
• Tunica albuginea : capsule that thickens at the posterior surface to form mediastinum testis.
• The septa are extension of the mediastinum testis and divide it into approximately 250 lobules
• Each lobule contain one to four seminiferous tubule and loose connective tissue that contain interstitial cells of Leydig
Glands Testis
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Glands
Testis
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HISTOLOGY OF TESTIS
TUNICA VAGINALIS
TUNICA ALBUGINEA
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM
- complex stratified epithelium
containing two basic cell
populations:
(1) SPERMATOGENIC CELLS
(2) SERTOLI CELLS
Glands Testis
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Seminiferous tubules
Inside the testis lobule
The walls have three layers :
• Tunica propria
• Basal lamina
• Seminiferous epithelium consist of :
–Spermatogenic cells
–Sertoli cells
Glands Testis
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SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
INTERSTITIAL
CONN. TISSUE
TESTIS H&E
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
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Spermatogenic cells :
a. Spermatogonia : Small round cells near basal lamina
b. Primary spermatocytes :
• Closer to the lumen
• The largest germ cells present
• have a diploid chromosome (46,2N)
c. Secondary spermatocytes : The chromosomes number are haploid (23n)
d. Spermatids : next to the lumen
e. Spermatozoa
• Location : in the lumen
• Product of spermiogenesis
• Recognized by their long flagella
Seminiferous tubule Testis
Spermiogenesis : cytodifferentiation / transformation of spermatids spermatozoa.
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Supporting (Sertoli’s) cells
Structure :
• Tall, columnar cells
• Lateral and apical cell membrane possess complex infoldings
Glands Testis
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Interstitial Cells of Leydig
• Scattered among connective
tissue elements of the tunica
vasculosa
• Secrete testosteron
• Are polyhedral, single
nucleus, occasionally
binucleate.
• They have mitochondria with
tubular cristae, large
accumulation of SER and
Golgi apparatus
• The cytoplasma contains
crystals of Reinke
Glands
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Accessory Genital Glands
Seminal vesicles :
• Each consist of highly coiled tubes about 15 cm long.
• Mucosa : highly folded with primary, secondary and tertiary branching
• Lumen : lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• Each columnar cells has numerous short microvilli and a single flagellum
Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Glands of Littre
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Prostate gland
– collection of 30-50 branched
tubuloalveolar glands excretory
ducts prostatic urethra
– Corpora amylacea are prostatic
concretions, composed of
glycoprotein, which may become
calcified; their numbers increase
with age
– The prostatic secretion serves to
liquefy the coagulated semen after
it is deposited in the female genital
tract.
– Its synthesis and release are
regulated by dihydrotestosterone.
Accessory Genital Glands
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Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s gland)
– Are small 3 to 5 mm in diameter
– Is tubuloalveolar glands, lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
– The secretion product is a thick, slippery fluid containing galactose and sialic acid that plays a role in lubricating the lumen of the urethra
Glands of Littre
– Mucus-secreting
– found throughout the length of the penile urethra
Accessory Genital Glands
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Genital ducts • Intratesticular genital ducts:
– Tubuli recti
– Rete testis
– Ductuli efferentes
• Extratesticular genital ducts :
– Epididymis
– Ductus deferens
– Ejaculatory duct
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Tubuli recti
Ducts
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Rete testis
Ducts
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EPIDIDYMIS
EFFERENT
DUCTULES
Ducts
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Genital ducts
• Ductus Deferens (vas Deferens)
– Is a thick walled muscular tube
– The lumen : small, irregular and lined by pseudodtratified epithelium
– Lamina propria with elastic fibers
– The three layers of smooth muscle is composed of inner and outer longitudinal layer, middle circular.
– The diameter increases near the termination to form the ampulla
Ducts
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Ductus deferens Ducts
Ductus deferens
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Penis General organization : its composed of three cylinders of erectile tissue,
– 2 corpora cavernosa : each of these two dorsal erectile tissue is penetrated by a deep artery and ensheated by a thick tunica albuginea
– 1 Corpus spongiosum (corpus cavernosum urethrae) : • This single, smaller, ventral cylinder is surrounded
by a thinner connective tissue sheath. • Its expanded distal tip is the glans penis. • The corpus spongiosum is penetrated along its
length by cavernous (penile) urethra. • The tip of the glans penis is pierced by the end of
the urethra.
The external genetalia
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Penis
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Erectile tissue.
• within each cylinder is an irregular network of fibrous connective tissue trabecular containing smooth muscle fibers
• The trabeculae form the supporting framework between the numerous endothelium-lined lacunae (vascular sinuses).
Penis
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PENIS
CC CC
CS
URETHRA
Penis
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Consist of :
– Internal genetalia :
• Ovary
• Oviduct
• Uterus
• Vagina
– External genetalia :
• Mons pubis
• Clitoris
• Labia major
• External urethral orifice
• Labia minora
– Mammary glands ----- related to reproductive hormonal activity
– Placenta ------- relationship with uterus
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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Ovary
• Functions :
– Exocrine : gemetogenesis
– Endocrine (steroidogenesis) :
• Estrogen: promote growth and maturation of sex organ including the mammary gland
• Progestogen : prepare the internal sex organs for pregnancy ( promoting secretors changes in the endometrium ). Progesterone also prepare the mammary gland for lactation
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- thin connective tissue capsule
underlying germinal epithelium
TUNICA ALBUGINEA
GERMINAL EPITHELIUM
CORTEX
- surrounds the medulla and
contains maturing follicles
MEDULLA
- central connective tissue
containing vascular supply and
nervous innervation
Ovary
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Ovary Histology
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– The germinal epithelium
– Tunica albuginea :
dense connective tissue
– Connective tissue stroma
that houses ovarian
follicles in various stages
of development and
stromal cells
(= interstitial cells).
The ovarian cortex is consisted of :
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Ovarian Follicles
• Evolve through four developmental stages : primordial, primary, secondary, and graafian
• Surrounded by stromal tissue and consist of
– Primary oocyte
– Follicular cells ( granulosa cells), arranged in a single or several layer around primary oocyte
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follicular development based on growth of the follicle :
– Non growing, or primordial follicles
– Growing follicles :
• Unilaminar and multilaminar primary follicles : – the zona pellucida appears, separating the oocyte
from follicular cells.
– Stromal cells surrounding follicles theca folliculi
• Secondary (antral) follicles : fluid filled cavities appear among granulosa cells, cumulus oophorus which projects into the antrum corona radiata
• Graafian (mature) follicles : Extends through the entire cortex and Oocyte is displaced to one side of the follicle
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Primary follicle
Growing follicles
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Secondary (vesicular) follicle
1. antrum
a. liquor folliculi
2. cumulus oophorus
3. oocyte at maximal diameter
4. 1st meiotic division: secondary oocyte & 1st polar body (not visible)
Growing follicles
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• Graafian Follicle
– Mature follicle, diameter 2.5 cm
– Extends through the entire cortex and causes a bulge on the outside of the ovary
– Antrum size increase greatly
Growing follicles
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Follicular Atresia
• Degeneration of follicle that can occur at any stage
• Phagocytes take up dead oocyte fragments
• Common just after birth (loss of maternal hormones), puberty and pregnancy
• Apoptotic cell death, autolysis
• Follicle cells replaced by stromal cells
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Corpus Luteum (Yellow body)
• Collapsed follicle undergoes reorganization
• Bleeding from the theca interna into follicular lumen
• CT from stroma invades follicular cavity
• Granulosa lutein cells: formed from granulosa cells
• Corpus luteum of menstruation :
– if fertilization does not occur, the CL of menstruation forms and degenerates after approximately 14 days
• Corpus luteum gravidarum.
– If pregnancy occurs, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) maintains the CL for 3 months
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Corpus luteum – granulosa lutein cells
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Corpus albicans.
Is dense CT scar, which replaces a degenerated CL
Large ones form after pregnancy and smaller ones after each ovulation
Older ovaries have many
Internal genetalia
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Oviduct • Muscular tube 12 cm long
• Upper end opens into peritoneal cavity near ovary
• Lower end passes through the uterus wall
• 4 segments – intramural part in uterine wall
– isthmus is adjacent to uterine wall
– ampulla is dilated part
– infundibulum is funnel-shaped part near ovary with fimbriae
Internal genetalia
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Oviduct Wall
• Mucosa – simple columnar epithelium – ciliated cell and nonciliated peg cell – cilia near ovary beat toward uterus – cilia near uterus beat toward ovary – lamina propria of loose connective tissue
• Muscularis – Inner circular layer – Outer longitudinal layer – Peristaltic movements
• Serosa/Adventitia – dense irregular connective tissue – vasculature
Internal genetalia
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Uterus Gross anatomy
1. fundus
2. body
3. cervix
Internal genetalia
• Uterine tube histology - 3 cell layers
– internal mucosa (endometrium) - ciliated columnar epithelial cells and secretory cells
– middle muscularis (myometrium)
– outer serous membrane/adventitia – (perimetrium)
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Continued Uterus
Endometrium
1. simple columnar epithelium
a. ciliated cells
b. secretory cells
2. lamina propria
a. loose CT
b. uterine glands
Internal genetalia
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Continued Uterus
Myometrium
1. poorly organized layers
2. smooth muscle fibers
Internal genetalia
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Menstrual Cycle A. Menstrual phase
• days 1-4
• begins with menstrual flow
• no fertilization
• corpus luteum degenerates
• coiled arteries constrict
• ischemia & necrosis of functionalis
• shedding of functionalis
Internal genetalia
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Continued Menstrual Cycle
B. Proliferative phase
• days 5-14
• coincides with development of ovarian follicles
• Glands are straight and lined by a simple columnar epithelium.
• regeneration
Internal genetalia
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Continued Menstrual Cycle
C. Secretory phase
• days 15-28
• begins after ovulation
• depends on corpus luteum secretions
• uterine glands become coiled and distended
• prepared to receive zygote
Internal genetalia
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Placenta
Structure
1. chorionic villi
a. trophoblast layers
b. mesenchyme
c. fetal blood vessels
Internal genetalia
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Continued structure Placenta
2. intervillous space
a. maternal circulation
Internal genetalia
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Placenta
Function: placental barrier
a. trophoblast layers
b. basal lamina of trophoblast
c. mesenchyme
d. basal lamina of capillaries
e. endothelium of fetal capillary
Internal genetalia
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3 parts of Uterus (cont.) 3) Cervix
• narrow portion that opens into vagina
• produces cervical mucus; (20-60 mL/day) – more receptive to
spermatazoa at or near ovulation
– otherwise the mucus plug keeps microbes out
• cervix, mucus – protect spermatazoa
– provide nutrients
– role in capacitation
• Cervical canal in cervix
– internal os
– external os
Internal genetalia
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Squamous mucosa
(Exocervix) Columnar mucosa (Endocervix)
Transformation Zone
Nabothian cysts
CERVIX
Internal genetalia
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Vagina
– Tubular, fibromuscular organ with mucous membrane
– Between bladder, rectum
• superiorly attached to uterus
• recess (fornix) forms around the attachment to the cervix
– Several functions • passage for menstrual flow, childbirth
• receives penis and semen
fornix
Internal genetalia Internal genetalia
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• Vagina histology – Mucosa continuous with the uterus
• non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and connective tissue in folds (rugae)
– mucosal cells have large stores of glycogen
– upon decomposition produce organic acids lowers pH
• dendritic (APC) cells – (source for HIV attachment -- AIDS?)
– Muscularis • smooth muscle - outer circular, inner longitudinal layers
• stretches to receive penis and for accommodating childbirth
– Adventitia - areolar connective tissue
• Vaginal orifice - hymen – thin membrane
Internal genetalia
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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
VAGINA
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
LAMINA PROPRIA
---------------- no glands ----------------
MUSCULARIS
INNER CIRCULAR
OUTER LONGITUDINAL
ADVENTITIA
MUCOSA
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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
LABIA MINORUM
LABIA MINORUM H&E
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Mammary glands
• These accessory glands of the skin are specialized to secrete milk
• Each glands are :
– compound tubuloalveolar glands,
– contains 15 to 25 lobes,
– Separated by adipose tissue and dense connective tissue
• Each lobe is drained by lactiferous duct, which exhibit terminal expansion or lactiferous sinus before opening independently on the nipple
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Mammary Glands
• Organs of milk production located within mammae or breasts
– Consist of glandular lobes and adipose tissue
– Cooper’s ligaments support the breasts
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Areola and the nipple
• Areola :
– is the circular, heavily pigmented skin in the center of the breast
– Its contains : sweat glands (of Montgomery)
• Nipple :
– A protuberance in the center of areola, covered by stratified squamous ep containing the terminal openings of the lactiferous duct
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SELAMAT BELAJAR