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Vegetable Insecticide Update 2013
Dr. Ayanava Majumdar (Dr. A)Ext. Entomologist &
State SARE CoordinatorAuburn, AL 36849
Tel: (251) [email protected]
CHR Training Program, Summer 2013
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Reference for this talk: 2013 SE Vegetable Production Handbook
Download at http://www.thegrower.com/south-east-vegetable-guide/
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What is IPM?• “Integrated pest management (IPM) is a threshold based decision management system which leads to judicious use of multiple pest control tactics.”
• IPM is currently insecticide-intensive…
• Major losses occur due to:
• Lack of early detection of insects
• Insecticide resistance by misuse
• Loss of natural control with insecticides
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USDA Crop Pest Management Practice Standard (NOP)
• Level 1: Systems-based practices (cultural
practices, sanitation, crop rotation, trap crops)
• Level 2: Mechanical and physical practices
(barriers, lures/traps, repellents, hand-picking)
• Level 3: Biorational & other material (OMRI
approved insecticides)
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Insecticide Mode of Action (MoA)
Receiving neuron
Sensory neuron
Neonicotinoids, Spinosyn (mimic neurotransmitter)
Cyclodienes, Pyrethroids (act on receiving neuron)
Carbamates, OP (act in the synaptic gap)
Inhibit enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitter
Flow of info
Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC): 28 MoA classification
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Trends in synthetic chemistries
• Early insecticides were short chain>>quick activation• New insecticides: need “activation” by insect enzyme
systems (target-specific)
CarbarylMalathion
Zeta-cypermethrin Imidacloprid
Spinetoram
Chlorantraniliprole
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Step-by-step handbook use• Pest confirmed >> locate crop page• Think about IPM – start with cultural control tactics• E.g., brown stink bug confirmed on tomato, then…
Synthetic pyrethroids are listed in Table 2-26, Page 165 (details on next slide)
Table 2-22, page 159
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Step-by-step handbook use• Identify the pest by traveling to the site • Misidentification is common!• E.g., predatory stink bug (A) vs. phytophagous stink
bug (B)
Source: Clement Akotsen-Mensah, Alabama IPM Communicator newsletter, 2011, Vol. 2, Issue 3
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Common name Product Pesticide type OralLD50 (mg/kg)
Best against
Carbaryl Sevin D/S In, Ac (St, Co) 300 FB, FAW, SVB
Methamidophos Monitor 4L In, Ac(Sys) 16 Aph, Thr, BAW
Methomyl Lannate 40SP
In, Ac (Sys, Co)
17 Thr, BAW
IRAC Chemical class: 1A (Carbamates)
MoA: inhibitor of enzyme (AChE), hyperexcites insects, nonselective
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Updates for Class 1A, 1B
• Inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme…NERVE ACTION• Lower control efficacy than other new insecticides (+, ++) – APPLY EARLY• Methomyl (Lannate) – good against loopers, hornworm, fruitworm,
pinworm• Malathion (57% generic) – effective against small loopers;
• very short residual against cucumber beetles, stink bugs in AL (2010, 2012 study)
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Common name
Product Pesticide type OralLD50 (mg/kg)
Best against
Malathion Malathion In (Co) 1000+ FB, CB, SqB, SB??
Acephate Orthene In (Sys) 800+ FAW, Aph, Thr
Diazinon Diazinon (RUP) I (Co) 400 WW, MGT, SqB
Chlorpyrifos Lorsban 15G In (Co) 95 MGT, CW, WW, FAW
IRAC Chemical class: 1B (Organophosphates) MoA: inhibitor of enzyme (AChE), hyperexcites insects
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Common name Product Pesticide type
Oral LD50 (mg/kg)
Best against
Cyfluthrin Baythroid XL In (Co, St) 1200+ ImCW, SqVB, CW, SB
Gamma cyhalo Proaxis 0.5EC In (Co) - FB, CB, ECB, ImCW, SqVB, CW
Fenpropathrin Danitol 2.4EC In, Ac (Co, St)
450 ImCW, SqVB, SqB
Zeta-cyper Mustang Max 0.8 EC
In (Co) 150-400 FB, CW, CB, SB, ImCW, SqVB
Bifenthrin Brigade 2EC In, Ac (Co) 54 FB, CB, ImCW, SqVB, CW
IRAC Chemical class: 3A (Pyrethroids) MoA: Act on sodium channels (receiving neuron)Contact/stomach: use for quick knock-down, nonselective
Asana® XL insecticide
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Fruit quality with Sniper (Bifenthrin) (Late season treatment, Cullman, 2012)
Check plots Sniper (bifenthrin)
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Updates for Class 4A
• Neonicotinoid insecticides against sucking pests• Most can be applied to soil (transplant drench, drip irri.) or foliar spray• Systemic & contact action depending on application method• Imidacloprid (Admire):
• Aphid, Colorado potato beetle, thrips control in tomatoes• Soil application @ 7 oz (21 d PHI)• Foliar application @ 1.2 oz (0 PHI)• Transplant water @ 2 oz per 10,000 plants (21 d)
• Dinotefuran (Venom 70SG, Scorpion 35SL):• Cucumber beetle & squash bugs – Venom @ 4 oz , 21 d PHI• Stink bugs, whitefly in tomato – Scorpion @ 2 to 7 oz, 1 d PHI• Good action against stink bugs (tested in AL, 2012)
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Insecticide study: Venom 70SGLocation: Addison, AL, 2012Crop: SquashPest: Squash bugsObservation: Numbers indicate squash bugs per 10 plants randomly observed.
Obs. 1 (Sep. 4, 0DAT) Obs. 2 (Sep. 6, 2DAT) Obs. 3 (Sep. 12, 8DAT)0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
87.2
1.2
0.2
Squash bug numbers (per 10 plants)
Insects become paralyzed with outstretched legs.
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Efficacy of ImidaclopridObservations:
• Imidacloprid provides early season protection
• Promotes plant establishment & growth
• Earlier fruit harvest
• Less buildup of insects
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Master Gardeners IPM Project (2010): Plant Yield from Integrated Treatments
Details Bell pepper yield, lb per plant ± SD
Okra yield, lb per plant ± SD
Tomato yield, lb per plant ± SD
IPM Regime 1 Imida + Carb FR + Mala FR
3.6 ± 0.3 1.1 ± 0.6 1.9 ± 0.5
IPM Regime 2 Imida + Carb HR + Mala HR
2.1 ± 0.1 1.7 ± 0.5 3.2 ± 1.0
IPM Regime 3 Untreated check 1.8 ± 0.8 1.3 ± 0.7 2.2 ± 1.5 F 10.829 0.624 1.107 P 0.010** 0.567 0.390
Findings:
• Yield response significant for bell peppers but not for okra, tomato
• Yield increases: 100% bell pepper, 45% tomato
• Spray of carbaryl & malathion did not provide large returns
Baldwin County, 2010
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Common name Product Pesticide type
OralLD50 (mg/kg)
Best against
Spinosyn A, D Entrust (SpinTor phase out)
In (St) >5000 CPB, ImCW, CEW, FAW, BAW, CL, DBM
Spinetoram Radiant 1SC In (St) >5000 CPB, CEW, ECB, ImCW, CL, Thr
IRAC Chemical class: 5A (Spinosyns) MoA: Mimic neurotransmitter, hyperexcite insects
Spinetoram (Radiant 1SC):• Microbial fermentation derivate• Application rate = 6-8 oz• Preharvest interval (PHI) = 1-3 days• Registered for many leafy veg., fruit crops, root crops, etc.
Entrust: for ORGANIC producers
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Fruit quality with Radiant (Clanton, 2012)Untreated check Radiant 8 oz + 0.25% NIS
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Updates for Class 7Pyriproxyfen (Knack/Distance):Insect growth regulatorVery good against whiteflies (immatures only)Some delay in actionGet absorbed in eggs
Updates for Class 16Buprofezin (Courier, Talus):Insect growth regulator (disrupts cuticle formation)Very good against whiteflies (immatures only)3-7 d delay in actionTalus for greenhouse tomatoes Whiteflies Biotype Q
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Growth Regulator Insecticides
Common name Product Pesticide type
OralLD50 (mg/kg)
Best against Less effective
Methoxyfenozide Intrepid 2F I (Co) >5000 CL, FAW, ImCW DBM, SqVB
Buprofezin Courier I, Mi (Co) >5000 WF
Pyriproxifen Knack I (Co) >5000 WF
IRAC Chemical class: 7C, 16, 17, 18
Growth regulators:• Methoxyfenozide forces molting, long-lasting, 4-10 oz, 1 day PHI
• Buprofezin inhibits chitin biosynthesis (homopteran), 9-13 oz, 7 day PHI
• Pyriproxifen mimics juvenile hormone (homop.), 8-10 oz, 14 day PHI
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Updates for Class 9Pymetrozine (9B, Fulfill)Flonicamid (9C, Beleaf)
• Selective homopteran feeding blockers (50% AI)
• Specific to aphids (over 19 sp, incl. green peach aphid)
• Suppression of whiteflies
• Applied through spray or chemigation
• 0 d PHI in tomatoes, 14 d PHI in watermelon
• Excellent rotation partner
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Spirotetramat (Movento)• New lipid biosynthesis inhibitor• Foliar systemic movement in plants (7 d
activation time)• Good aphid, whitefly control• Alternative to neonicotinoids• Needs a surfactant• Residual action for 21 d (leaf surfaces)• 1 d PHI
Updates for Class 23
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Updates for Class 28
Chlorantraniliprole (Coragen)
Flubendiamide (Synapse 24WG/Belt 4SC)• Ryanodine receptor modulators (nerve/muscle action)• Rapid cessation of feeding• Belt 4SC against armyworms @1.5 fl. oz.• Synapse 24WG against loopers, hornworms, fruitworms @ 2-3 oz• Apply early for small caterpillars• Foliar application• 1 d PHI• Excellent rotation partner
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Fruit quality with Coragen (chlorantraniliprole)(Late season treatment, Cullman, 2012)
Check plots Coragen foliar treatment
90% fruit damage
20% fruit damage
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Fruit quality with Belt (flubendiamide)Cullman, 2012
Untreated check
Belt
90% fruit damage <10% fruit
damage
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Spider mite managementCAUTION: Many synthetic pyrethroids can flare up spider mites by removing predatory mites and other beneficial insects.
Abamectin (AgriMek, 8-16 fl oz/acre): • Good rescue insecticide. • Contains synthetic abamectin and provides long-term
residual control of TSM. • Do not apply more than two sequential applications of
abamectin. • PHI on tomatoes is 7 days.
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Spider mite managementBifenazate (Acramite, 0.75-1 lb/acre): • MOA: GABA agonist• Contact poison against motile stage of TSM• Has some ovicidal action (kills eggs) • Reduced toxicity to predaceous mites and
beneficial arthropods. • Do not make more than one application per
season. • PHI on tomatoes is 3 days.
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Fenpyroximate (Portal, 2 pts/acre): • Mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor
(METI), blocking cellular respiration• Stops mite feeding & egg laying, 7 days to kill• Good late season rescue insecticide• Limit to one application per year• Softer on predatory mites• Complete coverage essential
Spider mite management
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Insecticides for Organic Vegetable Production
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Organic Approved Insecticides
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Insecticide Mode of Action (MoA)Physical dessicant – kaolin clay, ash
Contact action – vegetable oils, horticultural oils, neem, pyrethrin, insecticidal soap, spinosyn, Beauveria, Metarhizium
Stomach action – Bt (Dipel), botanicals
Volatile action – Garlic Barrier, Cinnamite
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Pyrethrin/Pyrethrum
• Broad-spectrum insect control
• Pyganic 1.4EC, 5 EC – OMRI approved
•Pyrethrin + piperonyl butoxide (PBO-synergist) not organic
• Insects may recover
6% AI6o% PBO
Permethrin – NOT organic insecticide!
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Friend of friends – Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
• Bt kurstaki acts on small caterpillars
• Caterpillars in cool-season crops, tomatoes, pepper
• Bt tenebrionis for beetles
• Frequent appl., thorough coverage needed
• Prefer the liquid than concentrate
• 0 Pre Harvest Interval (PHI)
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Fruit quality with Xentari (Bt aizawai)(Late season treatment, Cullman, 2012)
Untreated crop with 90% caterpillar damage
Xentari foliar treatment with 20% damage
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Fruit quality with Pyganic (pyrethrum)(Cullman, 2012)
Untreated check Pyganic foliar
90% fruit damage
30% fruit damage
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Fruit quality with Xentari (Bta) + Pyganic(Late season treatment, Cullman, 2012)
Check plots Xentari + Pyganic foliar
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Insect pathogen: Beauveria bassiana• Contact action• Slow acting but effective• Target pests: nymphs & adults of
whiteflies, thrips, aphids, mealy bugs, scarab beetles
• Check label for OMRI
OMRI approved
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Neem-based Insecticides
Neem (oil)OMRI approved
Neem II (oil + pyrethrin)
• Contact action, controls immature insects!
• Look for azadirachtin on label (Molt-X, Neemix)
• Target pests: aphids, armyworms, scales, thrips, WF
• Clarified hydrophobic extract of neem oil may have no azadirachtin
For commercial producers
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Insecticide PremixesAzera (MGK): • OMRI approved• Mix of azadirachtin + pyrethrin• Interferes with molting, rapid knock-down• Contact, stomach action, IGR• Effective against stink bugs (brown
marmorated stink bug)
Mix of neem + pyrethrin (Green Light)
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Common name Product Pesticide type
OralLD50 (mg/kg)
Best against
Spinosyn A, D Entrust (SpinTor phase out)
In (St) >5000 CPB, ImCW, CEW, FAW, BAW, CL, DBM
Spinetoram Radiant 1SC In (St) >5000 CPB, CEW, ECB, ImCW, CL, Thr
MoA: Mimic neurotransmitter, hyperexcite insects
Entrust: for ORGANIC producers
Spinosyn
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Spinosyn…a good rotation partner
• Excellent for thrips, leafminers, looper, DBM, CPB, control
• Monterey product is OMRI approved
• 1 day PHI
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Insecticidal Soap• Potassium salt of fatty acids• Control soft-bodied insects (aphids, whiteflies)• Some short-chain fatty acids are herbicides
(household detergent)• No residual action, not rain fast
OMRI Approved
Not OMRI Approved
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Kaolin Clay• Present naturally in soil in tropical countries• Foliar spray at high rate (25 lb/A)• OMRI approved – Surround WP (95% clay)• Natural desiccant, feeding deterrent
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Vegetable Oils• Physical poisons• Short residue• Effective against soft-bodied insects• Do not use if temps are >90F• May not be OMRI approved
Canola oil (96%)
Soybean oil (93%)
Sesame oil 5%Fish oil 92%
Pyola Insect Spray = vegetable oil + pyrethrin
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Organic Insecticide Research– Insecticide rotations– New formulations/delivery systems
Good rotation partners
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EXTENSION RESOURCES
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Know the IPM Campaign!
Campaign items: Display magnets, bookmarks (4 designs), IPM exhibitions
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Alabama SARE Website
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Join Vegetable IPM on Facebook!
Advantages: Live updates, interact with researchers, videos and photos, IPM contest
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The IPM Communicator(A FREE electronic newsletter)
To signup: Email [email protected] sign up today on the sheet provided!
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Organic Approved Insecticides