Vegetable Insecticide Update 2013

Dr. Ayanava Majumdar (Dr. A)Ext. Entomologist &

State SARE CoordinatorAuburn, AL 36849

Tel: (251) 331-8416bugdoctor@auburn.edu

CHR Training Program, Summer 2013

Reference for this talk: 2013 SE Vegetable Production Handbook

Download at http://www.thegrower.com/south-east-vegetable-guide/

What is IPM?• “Integrated pest management (IPM) is a threshold based decision management system which leads to judicious use of multiple pest control tactics.”

• IPM is currently insecticide-intensive…

• Major losses occur due to:

• Lack of early detection of insects

• Insecticide resistance by misuse

• Loss of natural control with insecticides

USDA Crop Pest Management Practice Standard (NOP)

• Level 1: Systems-based practices (cultural

practices, sanitation, crop rotation, trap crops)

• Level 2: Mechanical and physical practices

(barriers, lures/traps, repellents, hand-picking)

• Level 3: Biorational & other material (OMRI

approved insecticides)

Insecticide Mode of Action (MoA)

Receiving neuron

Sensory neuron

Neonicotinoids, Spinosyn (mimic neurotransmitter)

Cyclodienes, Pyrethroids (act on receiving neuron)

Carbamates, OP (act in the synaptic gap)

Inhibit enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitter

Flow of info

Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC): 28 MoA classification

Trends in synthetic chemistries

• Early insecticides were short chain>>quick activation• New insecticides: need “activation” by insect enzyme

systems (target-specific)

CarbarylMalathion

Zeta-cypermethrin Imidacloprid

Spinetoram

Chlorantraniliprole

Step-by-step handbook use• Pest confirmed >> locate crop page• Think about IPM – start with cultural control tactics• E.g., brown stink bug confirmed on tomato, then…

Synthetic pyrethroids are listed in Table 2-26, Page 165 (details on next slide)

Table 2-22, page 159

Step-by-step handbook use• Identify the pest by traveling to the site • Misidentification is common!• E.g., predatory stink bug (A) vs. phytophagous stink

bug (B)

Source: Clement Akotsen-Mensah, Alabama IPM Communicator newsletter, 2011, Vol. 2, Issue 3

Common name Product Pesticide type OralLD50 (mg/kg)

Best against

Carbaryl Sevin D/S In, Ac (St, Co) 300 FB, FAW, SVB

Methamidophos Monitor 4L In, Ac(Sys) 16 Aph, Thr, BAW

Methomyl Lannate 40SP

In, Ac (Sys, Co)

17 Thr, BAW

IRAC Chemical class: 1A (Carbamates)

MoA: inhibitor of enzyme (AChE), hyperexcites insects, nonselective

Updates for Class 1A, 1B

• Inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme…NERVE ACTION• Lower control efficacy than other new insecticides (+, ++) – APPLY EARLY• Methomyl (Lannate) – good against loopers, hornworm, fruitworm,

pinworm• Malathion (57% generic) – effective against small loopers;

• very short residual against cucumber beetles, stink bugs in AL (2010, 2012 study)

Common name

Product Pesticide type OralLD50 (mg/kg)

Best against

Malathion Malathion In (Co) 1000+ FB, CB, SqB, SB??

Acephate Orthene In (Sys) 800+ FAW, Aph, Thr

Diazinon Diazinon (RUP) I (Co) 400 WW, MGT, SqB

Chlorpyrifos Lorsban 15G In (Co) 95 MGT, CW, WW, FAW

IRAC Chemical class: 1B (Organophosphates) MoA: inhibitor of enzyme (AChE), hyperexcites insects

Common name Product Pesticide type

Oral LD50 (mg/kg)

Best against

Cyfluthrin Baythroid XL In (Co, St) 1200+ ImCW, SqVB, CW, SB

Gamma cyhalo Proaxis 0.5EC In (Co) - FB, CB, ECB, ImCW, SqVB, CW

Fenpropathrin Danitol 2.4EC In, Ac (Co, St)

450 ImCW, SqVB, SqB

Zeta-cyper Mustang Max 0.8 EC

In (Co) 150-400 FB, CW, CB, SB, ImCW, SqVB

Bifenthrin Brigade 2EC In, Ac (Co) 54 FB, CB, ImCW, SqVB, CW

IRAC Chemical class: 3A (Pyrethroids) MoA: Act on sodium channels (receiving neuron)Contact/stomach: use for quick knock-down, nonselective

Asana® XL insecticide

Fruit quality with Sniper (Bifenthrin) (Late season treatment, Cullman, 2012)

Check plots Sniper (bifenthrin)

Updates for Class 4A

• Neonicotinoid insecticides against sucking pests• Most can be applied to soil (transplant drench, drip irri.) or foliar spray• Systemic & contact action depending on application method• Imidacloprid (Admire):

• Aphid, Colorado potato beetle, thrips control in tomatoes• Soil application @ 7 oz (21 d PHI)• Foliar application @ 1.2 oz (0 PHI)• Transplant water @ 2 oz per 10,000 plants (21 d)

• Dinotefuran (Venom 70SG, Scorpion 35SL):• Cucumber beetle & squash bugs – Venom @ 4 oz , 21 d PHI• Stink bugs, whitefly in tomato – Scorpion @ 2 to 7 oz, 1 d PHI• Good action against stink bugs (tested in AL, 2012)

Insecticide study: Venom 70SGLocation: Addison, AL, 2012Crop: SquashPest: Squash bugsObservation: Numbers indicate squash bugs per 10 plants randomly observed.

Obs. 1 (Sep. 4, 0DAT) Obs. 2 (Sep. 6, 2DAT) Obs. 3 (Sep. 12, 8DAT)0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

87.2

1.2

0.2

Squash bug numbers (per 10 plants)

Insects become paralyzed with outstretched legs.

Efficacy of ImidaclopridObservations:

• Imidacloprid provides early season protection

• Promotes plant establishment & growth

• Earlier fruit harvest

• Less buildup of insects

Master Gardeners IPM Project (2010): Plant Yield from Integrated Treatments

Details Bell pepper yield, lb per plant ± SD

Okra yield, lb per plant ± SD

Tomato yield, lb per plant ± SD

IPM Regime 1 Imida + Carb FR + Mala FR

3.6 ± 0.3 1.1 ± 0.6 1.9 ± 0.5

IPM Regime 2 Imida + Carb HR + Mala HR

2.1 ± 0.1 1.7 ± 0.5 3.2 ± 1.0

IPM Regime 3 Untreated check 1.8 ± 0.8 1.3 ± 0.7 2.2 ± 1.5 F 10.829 0.624 1.107 P 0.010** 0.567 0.390

Findings:

• Yield response significant for bell peppers but not for okra, tomato

• Yield increases: 100% bell pepper, 45% tomato

• Spray of carbaryl & malathion did not provide large returns

Baldwin County, 2010

Common name Product Pesticide type

OralLD50 (mg/kg)

Best against

Spinosyn A, D Entrust (SpinTor phase out)

In (St) >5000 CPB, ImCW, CEW, FAW, BAW, CL, DBM

Spinetoram Radiant 1SC In (St) >5000 CPB, CEW, ECB, ImCW, CL, Thr

IRAC Chemical class: 5A (Spinosyns) MoA: Mimic neurotransmitter, hyperexcite insects

Spinetoram (Radiant 1SC):• Microbial fermentation derivate• Application rate = 6-8 oz• Preharvest interval (PHI) = 1-3 days• Registered for many leafy veg., fruit crops, root crops, etc.

Entrust: for ORGANIC producers

Fruit quality with Radiant (Clanton, 2012)Untreated check Radiant 8 oz + 0.25% NIS

Updates for Class 7Pyriproxyfen (Knack/Distance):Insect growth regulatorVery good against whiteflies (immatures only)Some delay in actionGet absorbed in eggs

Updates for Class 16Buprofezin (Courier, Talus):Insect growth regulator (disrupts cuticle formation)Very good against whiteflies (immatures only)3-7 d delay in actionTalus for greenhouse tomatoes Whiteflies Biotype Q

Growth Regulator Insecticides

Common name Product Pesticide type

OralLD50 (mg/kg)

Best against Less effective

Methoxyfenozide Intrepid 2F I (Co) >5000 CL, FAW, ImCW DBM, SqVB

Buprofezin Courier I, Mi (Co) >5000 WF

Pyriproxifen Knack I (Co) >5000 WF

IRAC Chemical class: 7C, 16, 17, 18

Growth regulators:• Methoxyfenozide forces molting, long-lasting, 4-10 oz, 1 day PHI

• Buprofezin inhibits chitin biosynthesis (homopteran), 9-13 oz, 7 day PHI

• Pyriproxifen mimics juvenile hormone (homop.), 8-10 oz, 14 day PHI

Updates for Class 9Pymetrozine (9B, Fulfill)Flonicamid (9C, Beleaf)

• Selective homopteran feeding blockers (50% AI)

• Specific to aphids (over 19 sp, incl. green peach aphid)

• Suppression of whiteflies

• Applied through spray or chemigation

• 0 d PHI in tomatoes, 14 d PHI in watermelon

• Excellent rotation partner

Spirotetramat (Movento)• New lipid biosynthesis inhibitor• Foliar systemic movement in plants (7 d

activation time)• Good aphid, whitefly control• Alternative to neonicotinoids• Needs a surfactant• Residual action for 21 d (leaf surfaces)• 1 d PHI

Updates for Class 23

Updates for Class 28

Chlorantraniliprole (Coragen)

Flubendiamide (Synapse 24WG/Belt 4SC)• Ryanodine receptor modulators (nerve/muscle action)• Rapid cessation of feeding• Belt 4SC against armyworms @1.5 fl. oz.• Synapse 24WG against loopers, hornworms, fruitworms @ 2-3 oz• Apply early for small caterpillars• Foliar application• 1 d PHI• Excellent rotation partner

Fruit quality with Coragen (chlorantraniliprole)(Late season treatment, Cullman, 2012)

Check plots Coragen foliar treatment

90% fruit damage

20% fruit damage

Fruit quality with Belt (flubendiamide)Cullman, 2012

Untreated check

Belt

90% fruit damage <10% fruit

damage

Spider mite managementCAUTION: Many synthetic pyrethroids can flare up spider mites by removing predatory mites and other beneficial insects.

Abamectin (AgriMek, 8-16 fl oz/acre): • Good rescue insecticide. • Contains synthetic abamectin and provides long-term

residual control of TSM. • Do not apply more than two sequential applications of

abamectin. • PHI on tomatoes is 7 days.

Spider mite managementBifenazate (Acramite, 0.75-1 lb/acre): • MOA: GABA agonist• Contact poison against motile stage of TSM• Has some ovicidal action (kills eggs) • Reduced toxicity to predaceous mites and

beneficial arthropods. • Do not make more than one application per

season. • PHI on tomatoes is 3 days.

Fenpyroximate (Portal, 2 pts/acre): • Mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor

(METI), blocking cellular respiration• Stops mite feeding & egg laying, 7 days to kill• Good late season rescue insecticide• Limit to one application per year• Softer on predatory mites• Complete coverage essential

Spider mite management

Insecticides for Organic Vegetable Production

Organic Approved Insecticides

Insecticide Mode of Action (MoA)Physical dessicant – kaolin clay, ash

Contact action – vegetable oils, horticultural oils, neem, pyrethrin, insecticidal soap, spinosyn, Beauveria, Metarhizium

Stomach action – Bt (Dipel), botanicals

Volatile action – Garlic Barrier, Cinnamite

Pyrethrin/Pyrethrum

• Broad-spectrum insect control

• Pyganic 1.4EC, 5 EC – OMRI approved

•Pyrethrin + piperonyl butoxide (PBO-synergist) not organic

• Insects may recover

6% AI6o% PBO

Permethrin – NOT organic insecticide!

Friend of friends – Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)

• Bt kurstaki acts on small caterpillars

• Caterpillars in cool-season crops, tomatoes, pepper

• Bt tenebrionis for beetles

• Frequent appl., thorough coverage needed

• Prefer the liquid than concentrate

• 0 Pre Harvest Interval (PHI)

Fruit quality with Xentari (Bt aizawai)(Late season treatment, Cullman, 2012)

Untreated crop with 90% caterpillar damage

Xentari foliar treatment with 20% damage

Fruit quality with Pyganic (pyrethrum)(Cullman, 2012)

Untreated check Pyganic foliar

90% fruit damage

30% fruit damage

Fruit quality with Xentari (Bta) + Pyganic(Late season treatment, Cullman, 2012)

Check plots Xentari + Pyganic foliar

Insect pathogen: Beauveria bassiana• Contact action• Slow acting but effective• Target pests: nymphs & adults of

whiteflies, thrips, aphids, mealy bugs, scarab beetles

• Check label for OMRI

OMRI approved

Neem-based Insecticides

Neem (oil)OMRI approved

Neem II (oil + pyrethrin)

• Contact action, controls immature insects!

• Look for azadirachtin on label (Molt-X, Neemix)

• Target pests: aphids, armyworms, scales, thrips, WF

• Clarified hydrophobic extract of neem oil may have no azadirachtin

For commercial producers

Insecticide PremixesAzera (MGK): • OMRI approved• Mix of azadirachtin + pyrethrin• Interferes with molting, rapid knock-down• Contact, stomach action, IGR• Effective against stink bugs (brown

marmorated stink bug)

Mix of neem + pyrethrin (Green Light)

Common name Product Pesticide type

OralLD50 (mg/kg)

Best against

Spinosyn A, D Entrust (SpinTor phase out)

In (St) >5000 CPB, ImCW, CEW, FAW, BAW, CL, DBM

Spinetoram Radiant 1SC In (St) >5000 CPB, CEW, ECB, ImCW, CL, Thr

MoA: Mimic neurotransmitter, hyperexcite insects

Entrust: for ORGANIC producers

Spinosyn

Spinosyn…a good rotation partner

• Excellent for thrips, leafminers, looper, DBM, CPB, control

• Monterey product is OMRI approved

• 1 day PHI

Insecticidal Soap• Potassium salt of fatty acids• Control soft-bodied insects (aphids, whiteflies)• Some short-chain fatty acids are herbicides

(household detergent)• No residual action, not rain fast

OMRI Approved

Not OMRI Approved

Kaolin Clay• Present naturally in soil in tropical countries• Foliar spray at high rate (25 lb/A)• OMRI approved – Surround WP (95% clay)• Natural desiccant, feeding deterrent

Vegetable Oils• Physical poisons• Short residue• Effective against soft-bodied insects• Do not use if temps are >90F• May not be OMRI approved

Canola oil (96%)

Soybean oil (93%)

Sesame oil 5%Fish oil 92%

Pyola Insect Spray = vegetable oil + pyrethrin

Organic Insecticide Research– Insecticide rotations– New formulations/delivery systems

Good rotation partners

EXTENSION RESOURCES

Know the IPM Campaign!

Campaign items: Display magnets, bookmarks (4 designs), IPM exhibitions

Vegetable IPM Website

www.aces.edu/go/87

Alabama SARE Website

Join Vegetable IPM on Facebook!

Advantages: Live updates, interact with researchers, videos and photos, IPM contest

The IPM Communicator(A FREE electronic newsletter)

To signup: Email bugdoctor@auburn.eduOr sign up today on the sheet provided!

Organic Approved Insecticides

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