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ON
Submitted by:
Reg. No-536850In fulfillment
Of DOEACC A Level
At
JAGAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIESPlot No.2, P.P.Tower, SEC-3, Rohini
DELHI-110085
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Project Report
On
A Level
Year 2008 Submitted By:-
Neha Kalra
Reg No:-536850
JAGAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
Plot No.2, P.P.Tower, SEC-3, RohiniDELHI-110085
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Executive directorDOEACC6 C.G.O ComplexLodhi Road Delhi-110003
May , 2008
Sir,
I am submitting my A level project for Information System for
Video Library ". Details of my Registration No., Postal Addressetc. are as under-:
Project Title-Information System for Video Library
Level- A
Registration Number- 536850
Name-Neha Kalra
Address- E-94 First Floor phase -I Ashok Vihar Delhi-110052
Your sincerely,Neha KalraReg No-536850
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Certificate
This is to certify that Project title InformationSystem for Video Library is original work done solely
by
Neha Kalra
Reg No-536850
Under The Guidance of
Mr.Mohit Mathur
JAGAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
Plot No.2, P.P.Tower, SEC-3, Rohini
DELHI-110085
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ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
TNothing concrete can be achieved without an optimal combination
of inspiration and perspiration. No work can be accomplished withouttaking the guidance of the experts. It is only the critiques fromingenious intellectuals that help transform a product into a qualityproduct.
For this, I would like to thank Mr. Mohit Mathur, lecturer ofJAGANINSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Delhi and all of
the JIMS faculty members for having given me an opportunity to workunder their guidance. I am grateful for their continuous support and
precious time.
It has been good to work on this project and a great experiencein itself.
Place: Delhi NEHA KALRA Reg. No.-
536850
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INDEX
Abstract
Introduction
System Analysis
Introduction
Objective
Defining A System
System Life Cycle
System Design
DFD
Concept
General Data Flow Rules
Control Flow Data Modeling
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Physical & Logical Dfd
Data Flow Hierarchy
ER Diagram
Coding
Output
Testing
Testing Objective
Testing Rules
Testing And Quality Assurance
Types Of Testing
Implementation
Maintenance
Hardware And System Requirement
Limitations
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Bibliography
References
Suggestions
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ABSTRACT
My project called Information System for Video Library ishighly professionalized and can keep records of transactions. By using thetechniques of C++ the project was given an excellent outlook for easyunderstanding and working. This software is capable of holding number ofaccounts. This program deals with: -
1. List of movies that can be given on rent and left in the library.2. Store Customers information.3. Modification in the existing details.4. Calculation of remaining amount after deduction of rent.
Platform
This application has been developed on Windows XP using
Turbo c++.
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INTRODUCTION
Information System for Video Library software is the
most widely used application. It stores the important data like list ofmovies on rent and left that includes the entire list that could be issued toa customer as per his choice. This software is basically made for store thecustomers information. In this software, new list of movies can be addedto movie list.
It has become an important way of keeping the records issued movies.Moreover, it has reduced manual work & calculation. It is also not anexpensive mode; whenever we want details of any customer or movie wecan easily access that particular record.
It is most convenient to obtain the information of the customers, andallows organizations to provide details more efficiently. The interaction isasynchronous, so the organization can prioritize and categorize according toits business process.
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Data of customer
accessed through thefile from computer
memory
Data displayed on outputscreen, as required.
Data ofcustomer
stored in the file
Data entered by addmodule to the datafile.
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Basic elements of InformationSystem for video library
Basic elements of this software is the details of the video library regardingissued movies, movie list, add movie, customers detail which are to bestored in Information system for video library. This data can be accessedwhenever it is required.
In this software data is written in add module and are stored in a datafile. These data can be seen by display module also we can see the record byentering choice. This software is also able to delete the records stored to thefile. This all could be done by modify, display, sort module.
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Input to the
fileAdd module
Movie List
Video Library
Output to the
file
Cust. InfoIssue Add Item
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Information system forvideo library
Different modules are made here to do different tasks by switchingfrom one module to another and make it possible to draw someconclusions as to what should be done. These can be reconstructed byreading the header file from top to bottom.
List of Common modules used:
Add module: This is the main module by which we can feed therecord of the movies; the record includes name of the movie, price of
the movie and rent amount. By this module we can add Video librarydata.
Issue module:This module is used when any customer want to issue amovie. In this user enter the name of the movie then after checking inthe file amount to be deposited as caution money and rent amount isdisplayed on the screen and again ask for continue and then usersinformation is taken as input and video is issued to the customer.
Return module: Using this module a customer return the moviewhich is taken on rent .In this module the name of the movie he want toreturn and his name, address is taken as input and after searching in thefile it shows the remaining amount after deduction of rent from thecaution money.
Display module:Suppose we have entered a number of records and itis difficult to locate the particular record by displaying the recordsstored in the data file. This module solves this problem. When we callthis module from main module it gives us two options first is for viewthe customer information and second is for view the movie list.
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Delete module:This module is used to delete the movie from the listof movies. In this module after entering the movie name it shows theno. of copies of movie in the library and after confirmation delete it.
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System Analysis
A system is a set or arrangement of functionally dependent componentsinteractively working together to attain a predefined goal by processinginformation.
Analysis is the process of diagnosing situations, done with a defiant aim,with the boundaries of the system kept in mind to produce a report basedon the findings. Analysis is a Fact Finding Technique where studies likeUsers need, System Requirement Specification, Feasibility Analysis andCost Benefit Analysis are carried out.
This is the most important step in a software project where we get ageneral idea about the needs of the customers or end users by having manto man conversation with them and about the various conditions andrestrictions that have to be taken care of while developing the softwareapplication.
System Analysis
System analysis was conducted with the following objectives in mind:
1. Identification of need
2. Information Gathering
3. Evaluate the system concept of feasibility
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1. Identification of Need
The success of the system depends largely on how accurately a problemis defined, thoroughly investigated, and properly carried out through thechoice of solution. Uses need identification and analysis re concernedwith what the user needs rather then what he/she wants. Until the
problem has been identified, defined and evaluated the analyst shouldntthink about solutions and whether the problem is worth solving or not.This step is intended to help the user and the analyst understand the real
problem rather than its symptoms.
2. Information Gathering
A key part of system development is gathering information. The analystmust know what information to get, where to find it, how to collect it,and how to make use of it. The proper use of tools for gathering
information is the key to accessible analysis.
3. Feasibility Study
Feasibility study is carried out to test if the proposed system is feasiblein terms of economy, technology, resource availability etc. As such,given unlimited resources and infinite time, all projects are feasible.
Unfortunately, such results and time are not possible in real lifesituations. Hence it is both necessary and prudent the evaluate thefeasibility of the project at the earliest possible time in order to avoidunnecessary wastage of time, effort, and professional embarrassment ofover an ill conceived system. Feasibility study is a test of the system
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proposed regarding its workability, impact on the organization ability tomeet the users need and effective use of resources.
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System Design
System design is a solution, a HOW TO APPROACH to thecreation of a new system. This important phase is composed of severalsteps. It provides the understanding and procedural details to implementsthe system. Design goes through a logical and physical stage of the
progress. Logical design reviews the present physical system, preparesinput/output specifications, makes audit security and controlspecifications, detailed implementation plans, and prepares the logicaldesign walkthrough. The physical design makes out the details of the
physical system, plans the system implementation and specifies any newhardware and software products.
System design is a highly creative process, which can be greatlyfacilitated by the following:
1. Strong problem definition.2. Pictorial description of the existing systems.3. Set of requirements of the new systems.
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Project Planning AndManagement
Project management is a technique used by a manager to ensure successfulcompletion of a project. It includes the following functions:
Estimating resource requirements Scheduling tasks and events Providing for training and site preparation
Selecting qualified staff and supervising their work Monitoring the projects program Documentation Periodic evaluation Contingency planning
From these functions, we can see that project management is a specializedarea. It involves the application of planning, organization, and controlconcepts to critical, one-of-a-kind projects.
Without Planning it is difficult to measure progress. As plans arecrystallized, crisis should begin to disappear. A project manager must planthe life cycle of the project and delegate authority for its implementation.Project Planning involves plotting project activities against a time frame.One of the first steps in planning is developing a road map structure or anetwork based on analysis of the tasks that must be performed to completethe project.
My project was not a critical one and there was nothing in it to implement
these all functions as I create the project and there was no one else with me.Therefore all functions of project management need not be implemented.
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ER-DIAGRAM
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ANKITSVIDEO LIBRARY
Addmovie
Exit
Issue
Return
Printreport
Delete
Price
Rent
Copy
Moviename
Rent
cust.name
Price
Cust.addMovie
list
Cust.info
Movie
Rent
Price
Copie
NameMovie.
Cust.name
Add
Name
Price
Rent
Copy
Cust.nam
e
Add
Movie.
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DFD(Data FlowDiagram)
Concept
A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a graphical tool used to describe andanalyze the movement of data through the system- manual orautomated including the process, stores of data and delays in thesystem. They are central tools and the basis from which othercomponents are developed. It depicts the transformation of data fromwhich other components are developed. It depicts the transformationof data from input to output through processes and the interaction
between processes.
Transformation of data from input to output through processesdescribed logically and independent of physical components is calledthe DFD. The physical DFD shows the actual implementations andmovement of data between people, departments and workstations.
DFDs are excellent mechanism for communicating with the customersduring requirement analysis and are widely used for representing of
external and top-level internal design specification. In the lattersituations, DFDs are quite valuable for establishing namingconventions and names of the system components such as subsystems,files and data links.
A DFD, also known as bubble chart, has the purpose of clarifyingsystem requirements and identifying major transformation that will
become programs in system design. So, it is starting point of design phase that functionally decomposes the requirement specificationsdown to the lowest level of detail. A DFD consists of a series of
bubbles joined by lines.
In a DFD there are four components:
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Sources or Destination of data such as human beings, entities, whichinteract with the system outside the system boundary, who forms thesource and the recipient of information are depicted in the form of aclosed rectangle.Data flow is a packet of data. It identifies data flow. It is a pipelinethrough which information flows. It is depicted in DFD as an arrowwith the pointer pointing in the direction of the data flow. Thisconnecting symbol is present between the entity, process and datastores. This arrow mark also specifies sender and receiver.Process depicts the procedure, function or modules that transforminput data to outputs. They are represented as circles or bubble withthe procedure name and the unique number inside the circle.Data stores are the physical areas in the computers hard disk where agroup of related data is stored in the form of files. They are depictedas an open-ended rectangle. The store is used either for storing data
into files or for the reference purpose.
The DFD methodology is quite effective, especially when the requireddesign is unclear. The DFD is easy to understand after a brieforientation.
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Data Flow Diagram(0 level)(INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR VIDEO LIBRARY)
Detail entered through keyboard
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Data input
Temporary
stored inprocessing
Data
permanently
stored in a data
file
Data output
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Detailed Design
Data Flow Diagram(1
level)
Data entered
Input
Memory
Input &
Output data
Output
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Add module
Temporarydata
Permanentlystored in file
ExtractingInformation
From file
Display module Delete module
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Hardware and SystemRequirement
Following Hardware and software are required to run the
program:
Hardware used:-
Processor- Pentium 2000MHZ or P III or above
Memory- 128 MB RAM or above
Hard disk- 2 GB or above (at least 10 MB free space
Required)
Cache- 256 KB or Above Monitor- SVGA Monitor
Peripherals- Standard Keyboard & Mouse
Software used:-
Operating System- MS Windows 98 or above Application Software- Turbo C++ compiler,
MS Word 2003
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//~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
//****************************************************
//PROJECT ON INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR VIDEOLIBRARY//***************************************************
*//~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~
//****************************************************
// PASSWORD=nehak//****************************************************
//****************************************************
// HEADER FILES USED//***************************************************
*
#include#include#include#include#include#include#include#include
#include
//****************************************************
// CREATION OF STRUCTURE VIDEO
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//****************************************************
struct video{
char name[100];float rent;float copy;float copy_init;int count;int price;
};
//****************************************************// CREATION OF STRUCTURE CUSTOMER//***************************************************
*
struct customer{char vid_name[100];
char cust_name[100];char cust_add[200];int cust_count;
};
//****************************************************
// THE CLASS CONTAINING ALL THE FUNCTIONS//***************************************************
*
class fns{private : //PRIVATE MEMBER FUNCTIONS
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int i,row,flag;char ch,ans,test;char name_iss[100],name[100];char name_customer[100],cust_address[200];public: //PUBLIC MEMBER FUNCTIONS
void res(); //FOR DISPLAYING THE MAIN MENUvoid add(); //FOR ADDING VIDEOSvoid retur(); //FOR RETURNING VIDEOSvoid issue(); //FOR ISSUING VIDEOSvoid report(); //FOR DISPLAYING RECORDSvoid credits(); //FOR SHOWING CREDITSvoid del(); //FOR DELETING VIDEOSvoid del_cust(); //FOR DELETING CUSTOMERSvoid count1(); //FOR READING THE NO. OF VIDEOS
void count2(); //FOR WRITING THE NO. OF VIDEOSvoid count3(); //FOR READING THE NO. OFCUSTOMERS
void count4(); //FOR WRITING THE NO. OFCUSTOMERS
void init_display(); //FOR INITIAL DISPLAYvoid password(); //FOR PASSWORDvoid border(); //FOR OUTER BOUNDARYvoid start(); //FOR STARTING OF A PROGRAM
void first(); //FOR FIRST PAGE OF A PROGRAM};//***************************************************
*// CREATION OF FIRST PAGE *//***************************************************
*void fns::first(){
clrscr();textbackground(1);clrscr();int i,j;
_setcursortype(_NOCURSOR);
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gotoxy(33,25);cout
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midx = getmaxx() / 2;midy = getmaxy() / 2;setcolor(getmaxcolor());int i;
for(i=1;i
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// CREATION OF BORDER *//***************************************************
*
void fns::border()
{int i;a:for(i=1;i
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}
//****************************************************
// CREATION OF OBJECTS *//****************************************************
video vid;fns functions;customer cust;
//****************************************************// THIS FUNCTION ADDS NEW RECORDS *//***************************************************
*
void fns :: add(){ clrscr();textbackground(2);
ans='y';do{count1();clrscr();gotoxy(32,5);cout
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if(strlen(name)==0){gotoxy(28,21);cout
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fflush(stdin);cin>>vid.rent;gotoxy(20,14);cout>vid.copy;if(vid.copy
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void fns :: issue(){clrscr();textbackground(3);
flag=0;ifstream vfile;vfile.open("cv.dat");ofstream afile;afile.open("a.dat");clrscr();gotoxy(34,5);cout
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gotoxy(59,21);fflush(stdin);cin>>ans;if((ans=='y')||(ans=='Y')){
clrscr();gotoxy(34,5);cout
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cout
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afile.close();ifstream cfile;cfile.open("a.dat");ofstream bfile;bfile.open("cv.dat");
while(cfile){cfile.read((char *)&vid,sizeof(video));if(!cfile)break;bfile.write((char *)&vid,sizeof(video));}cfile.close();bfile.close();
}
//****************************************************
// THIS FUNCTION RETURNS A VIDEO *//***************************************************
*
void fns :: retur(){ clrscr();textbackground(4);// border();flag=0;row=0;ifstream vfile;vfile.open("cv.dat");ofstream afile;
afile.open("a.dat");clrscr();gotoxy(30,5);cout
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cout
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ifstream zfile;zfile.open("cust.dat");while(zfile){zfile.read((char *)&cust,sizeof(customer));
if(!zfile)break;
if((strcmpi(name_iss,cust.vid_name)==0)&&(strcmpi(cust_address,cust.cust_add)==0))
{if(strcmpi(name_customer,cust.cust_name)==0){
vid.copy++;
flag=1 ;}}
}zfile.close();if(flag==0){gotoxy(19,21);cout
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cout
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//******************************************************
// THIS FUNCTION DISPLAYS THE IMPORTANTINFORMATION *
//***************************************************
***
void fns :: report(){clrscr();//border();gotoxy(38,5);cout
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gotoxy(19,6);cout
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xfile.close();clrscr();gotoxy(38,5);cout
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clrscr();row=8 ;clrscr();gotoxy(19,5);cout
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dfile.open("cv.dat");count1();clrscr();flag=0;gotoxy(32,5);
cout
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gotoxy(20,18);cout
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ofstream bfile;bfile.open("cv.dat");while(cfile){cfile.read((char *)&vid,sizeof(video));
if(!cfile)break;bfile.write((char *)&vid,sizeof(video));
}cfile.close();bfile.close();count1();vid.count--;count2();
gotoxy(27,21);ifstream xfile;xfile.open("cust.dat");ofstream wfile;wfile.open("c.dat");while(xfile){xfile.read((char *)&cust,sizeof(customer));if(!xfile)
break;if(strcmpi(name,cust.cust_name)==0);elsewfile.write((char *)&cust,sizeof(customer));
}xfile.close();wfile.close();ifstream efile;efile.open("c.dat");
ofstream ffile;ffile.open("cust.dat");while(efile){efile.read((char *)&cust,sizeof(customer));
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if(!efile)break;ffile.write((char *)&cust,sizeof(customer));
}efile.close();
ffile.close();gotoxy(27,21);cout
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if(!vfile)break;if(cust.cust_count==i);else if(cust.cust_count!=i)afile.write((char *)&cust,sizeof(customer));
}vfile.close();afile.close();ifstream cfile;cfile.open("c.dat");ofstream bfile;bfile.open("cust.dat");while(cfile){
cfile.read((char *)&cust,sizeof(customer));if(!cfile)break;bfile.write((char *)&cust,sizeof(customer));}cfile.close();bfile.close();
}
//****************************************************
// THIS FUNCTION DISPLAYS THE CREDITS *//***************************************************
*
void fns :: credits(void){clrscr();
// border();textbackground(5);char text1[]={"CREDITS"};
char text2[]={"Information system for Video LibraryManagement"};
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char text3[]={"Was Made On C++"};char text4[]={"For DOEACC 'A' LEVEL By"};char text5[]={"NEHA KALRA"};char text8[]={"Under The Super Vision Of"};char text9[]={"Our C++ Teacher"};
char text10[]={"Mr. Mohit Mathur"};gotoxy(37,5);for(i=0;i
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gotoxy(33,17);for(i=0;i
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clrscr();password();gotoxy(20,14);
}
//*****************************************************
// THIS FUNCTION IS DISPLAYS THE MAIN MENU//***************************************************
**
void fns :: res(){ clrscr();
// border();while(ch!='7'){textbackground(4);clrscr();gotoxy(30,5);cout
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// border();gotoxy(33,21);coutch;switch(ch){case '1':add();
break;case '2':issue();
break;case '3':retur();
break;case '4':report();break;
case '5':del();break;
case '6':credits();break;
case '0':exit(0);default:cout
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int pass[5];const int check[5]={'a','n','k','i','t'};LABEL:clrscr();gotoxy(30,14);
cout
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void fns :: count2(){ofstream yfile;yfile.open("ab.dat");yfile.put(vid.count);
yfile.close();}
//*****************************************************
// THIS FUNCTION READS THE NUMBER OF VIDEOS//***************************************************
**
void fns :: count1(){vid.count = 0;ifstream zfile;zfile.open("ab.dat");zfile.get(test);vid.count=test;if(!zfile)
vid.count=0;zfile.close();
}
//*****************************************************
// THIS FUNCTION WRITES THE NUMBER OFCUSTOMERS
//*****************************************************
void fns :: count4(){
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ofstream yfile;yfile.open("ba.dat");yfile.put(cust.cust_count);yfile.close();
}
//*****************************************************
// THIS FUNCTION READS THE NUMBER OFCUSTOMERS
//*****************************************************
void fns :: count3(){cust.cust_count=0;ifstream zfile;zfile.open("ba.dat");zfile.get(test);cust.cust_count=test;if(!zfile)cust.cust_count=0;
zfile.close();}
//*****************************************************
// START OF MAIN//***************************************************
**
void main(){textbackground(MAGENTA);
functions.first();functions.init_display();
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functions.start();functions.res();
}
//~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~//*****************************************************
// END OF PROJECT//***************************************************
**//~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~
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******************************************************
MAIN MENU******************************************************
VIDEO LIBRARY MANAGEMENT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1. To Add a Video
2. To Issue a Video
3. To Return a Video
4. To Print a Report
5. To Delete a Video
6. To Display Credits
0. To Exit
Enter your choice:
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CHOICE 1
******************************************************
ADD MODULE******************************************************
To Add a New Video
Name ==> KRAZY4
Price ==> 250
Rent ==> 50
Copies ==> 8
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Do You Want To Continue...? (Y/N):
CHOICE 2
*****************************************************
* ISSUE MODULE******************************************************
To Issue a Video
Enter Name of the VideoYou Want To Issue ==> GURU
Name => GURU
Rent => 40
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Do You Want To Continue...? (Y/N): Y
To Issue a Video
Enter Your Name ==> NEHA KALRA
Enter Your Address ==> PITAMPURA
Advance = Rs.200
Do You Want To Continue...? (Y/N): Y
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CHOICE 3
******************************************************
RETURN MODULE******************************************************
To Return an Issued VideoEnter Name of the Video
You Want To Return ==> GURU
Name => GURU
Rent => 40
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Press Any Key to Continue
To Return an Issued Video
Enter Your Name ==> NEHA KALRA
Enter Your Address ==> PITAMPURA
Advance Paid By You ==> Rs.200
Amount Due To You ==> Rs.160
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The Video Has Been Successfully Returned
CHOICE 4
******************************************************
DISPLAY INFORMATION******************************************************
Display
1. To Display Customer Information2. To Display the Video Records
3. Return to Main Menu
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Enter your choice:
Sub choice 1 of choice 4
Customer Details
Name Address Video
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Neha pitampura 123Neha pitampura jab we met
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Neha Rohini 123123 west 123
Sub choice 2 of choice 4
Movie list with detail information
Name Copies Price Rent
Initial / Current
----------------------------------------------Jab we met 3 / 1 250 40123 3 / 1 290 45KRAZY4 8 / 8 250 50
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CHOICE 5
****************************************************** DELETE MODULE
******************************************************
To Delete a Video
Enter Name of the VideoYou Want To Delete ==> 123
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Name => 123
Price => 290
Rent => 45
Initial Copies => 3
Current Copies => 1
Are You Sure... (Y/N)
CHOICE 6
****************************************************** TO DISPLAY CREDITS
******************************************************
CREDITS
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Information System for Video Library
Was Made On C++
For DOEACC 'A' LEVEL By
NEHA KALRA
Under The Super Vision Of
Our C++ Teacher
Mr. MOHIT MATHUR
Press Any Key to Continue
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Introduction to Testing
The importance of software testing and its implications with respect tosoftware quality cannot be overemphasized. Software testing is a crucialelement of software quality assurance and represents the ultimate reviewof specification, design, and coding.
The increasing visibility of software as a system element and theattendant costs associated with a software failure are motivating forcesfor well-planned, thorough testing. It is not unusual for a software
development organization to expend 40 % of total project effort ontesting.
Defect can be caused by a flaw in the application software or by a flaw inthe application specification. For example, unexpected (incorrect) resultscan be from errors made during the construction phase, or from analgorithm incorrectly defined in the specification. Testing is commonlyassumed to mean executing software and finding errors. This type oftesting is known as dynamic testing, and while valid, it is not the mosteffective way of testing. Static testing, the review, inspection and
validation of development requirements, is the most effective and costefficient way of testing. A structured approach to testing should use bothdynamic and static testing techniques.
1.Testing Objectives
Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding an
error .A good test case is one that has a high probability of finding an asyet undiscovered error. If testing is conducted successfully (i.e. accordingto the objective stated), it will uncover errors in the software. As asecondary benefit, testing demonstrates that software functions appear to
be working according to specification, that performance requirements
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appear to have been met. In addition, data collected when testing isconducted provides a good indication of software reliability and someindication of software quality as a whole.
Ten Testing Rules
1. Test early and test often.
2. Integrate the application development and testing life cycles. You'llget better results and you won't have to mediate between two armedcamps in your IT shop.
3. Formalize a testing methodology; you'll test everything the same wayand you'll get uniform results.
4. Develop a comprehensive test plan; it forms the basis for the testingmethodology.
5. Use both static and dynamic testing.
6. Define your expected results.
7. Understand the business reason behind the application. You'll write abetter application and better testing scripts.
8. Use multiple levels and types of testing (regression, systems,integration, stress and load).
9. Review and inspect the work, it will lower costs.
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10. Dont let your programmers check their own work; they'll miss theirown errors.
Testing and Quality Assurance
What is the relationship between testing and Software Quality Assurance(SQA)? An application that meets its requirements totally can be said toexhibit quality. Quality is not based on a subjective assessment butrather on a clearly demonstrable, and measurable, basis. QualityAssurance and Quality Control are not the same. Quality Control is a
process directed at validating that a specific deliverable meets standards,is error free, and is the best deliverable that can be produced. It is aresponsibility internal to the team. QA, on the other hand, is a review
with a goal of improving the process as well as the deliverable. QA isoften an external process. QA is an effective approach to producing ahigh quality product. One aspect is the process of objectively reviewing
project deliverables and the processes that produce them (includingtesting), to identify defects, and then making recommendations forimprovement based on the reviews. The end result is the assurance thatthe system and application is of high quality, and that the process isworking. The achievement of quality goals is well within reach whenorganizational strategies are used in the testing process. From the clients'
perspective, an application's quality is high if it meets their expectations.
Testing and Types of testing
One of the test methods SQA team practice is "Black Box" testing. TheSQA engineers, like the customers whom they attempt to emulate, areisolated from the source code and must rely upon their understanding ofthe application and its features and functions. SQA engineers work withDevelopment engineers toward development of code which lends itselfto the exercise of automated test tools, thus providing for stable,repeatable, reliable testing of base features and functions. The deductive,reasoning, creative skills of the SQA engineers are thus freed from the
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more repetitive tasks to focus on development of more user centrictesting, which expands the scope coverage.
Manual Testing
-GUI - SQA team members upon receipt of the Development build, walkthrough the GUI and either update existing hard copy of the productRoadmaps, or create new hard copy. This is then passed on to the Toolsengineer to automate for new builds and regression testing. Defects areentered into the bugs tracking database, for investigation and resolution.Questions about GUI content are communicated to the Developmentteam for clarification and resolution. The team works to arrive at a GUIappearance and function that is "customer oriented" and appropriate for
the platform, Web, UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh. Automated GUIregression tests are run against the product at Alpha and Beta "Hand offto QA, (HQA) to validate that the GUI remains consistent throughoutthe development process. During the Alpha and Beta periods, selectedcustomers validate the customer orientation of the GUI.-Features & Functions - SQA test engineers, relying on the teamdefinition, exercise the product features and functions accordingly.Defects in feature/function capability are entered into the defect trackingsystem and are communicated to the team. Features are expected to
perform as expected and their functionality should be oriented towardease of use and clarity of objective. Tests are planned around newfeatures and regression tests are exercised to validate existing featuresand functions are enabled and performing in a manner consistent with
prior releases. SQA using the exploratory testing method manually testsand then plans more exhaustive testing and automation. Regression testsare exercised which consist of using developed test cases against the
product to validate field input, boundary conditions and so on...Automated tests developed for prior releases are also used for regressiontesting.
-Installation - Product is installed on each of the supported operatingsystems in either default, flat file configuration, or with one of thesupported databases. Every operating system and database, supported bythe product, is tested, though not in all possible combinations. SQA iscommitted to executing, during the development life cycle, the
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combinations most frequently used by the customers. Clean and upgradeinstallations are the minimum requirements.Documentation - All documentation, which is reviewed by Development
prior to Alpha, is reviewed by the SQA team prior to Beta. On-line helpand context sensitive Help are considered documentation as well asmanuals, HTML documentation and Release Notes. SQA not onlyverifies technical accuracy, clarity and completeness, they also provideeditorial input on consistency, style and typographical errors.
Automated Testing
-GUI - Automated GUI tests are run against the product at Alpha andBeta "Hand off to QA" (HQA) to validate that the GUI has remained
consistent within the product throughout the development process. Theautomated Roadmaps walk through the client tool windows andfunctions, validating that each is there and that it functions.-Data Driven - Data driven scripts developed using the automation toolsand auto driver scripts are exercised for both UNIX and Windows
platforms to provide repeatable, verifiable actions and results of corefunctions of the product. Currently these are a subset of all functionality.These are used to validate new builds prior to extensive manual testing,thus assuring both Development and SQA of the robustness of the code.
-Future - Utilization of automated tools will increase as our QA productgroups become more proficient at the creation of automated tests.Complete functionality testing is a goal, which will be implementedfeature by feature.
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Reporting
The SQA team lead produces a formal test plan, which is submitted to
the project team for validation and information. Input is solicited for theunderstanding of requirements, so that the plan can accurately reflect thetesting which will be required. Because of the variances betweenDevelopment teams' style of disseminating feature, function scope anddefinition, the amount of information available is not always consistent.The SQA lead attempts to establish a good working relationship with theDevelopment team, so that questions can be asked and comprehensive,identical understanding of the product will exist. The lead also pairs aQA engineer with a development counter part to facilitate day-to-dayinteraction.
SQA engineers produce status sheets for distribution to the members ofthe product teams. The data on the status sheets have included: features,functions, time estimated to test, time consumed and amount of testingyet to be done, the last has proved to be too subjective. Some testengineers include the staff assigned to specific testing and the percentagecomplete. The later is difficult to estimate due to the iterative process, asfeature and function specifics change often and rapidly during thedevelopment cycle, as they are refined. The evolving report, whichappears to give the most information, is one which lists the features, the
build in which they were tested or re-tested and the pass or fail status ofthe test.SQA provides monitoring of the defects which appear in the product,through the use of QA designed Flashboards (graphical representationsof the aggregate numbers of defects) and reports. The defects found inthe product are recorded in a Bug Tracking database, where theinformation is made available to the development group. Informationstored in the database then provides statistical and trend analysis fordefect find rates and product areas. This information is compared to that
presented by the Development team and the Product team. Customer
support is kept abreast of these defects and influences the priorityassigned to the defect by the team.Team leads have established directories for their products in which test
plans and weekly status reports have been posted. These are updated
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weekly by the team lead and reviewed by the manager and linked orposted to the QA home page on the intranet.QA managers work with their teams to assess better forms and methodsof information dissemination. These reviewed with the largerengineering and project teams so that the teams feel they understand thescope of work to be done by SQA and the status of a project currently
being tested.
TESTING TERMINOLOGY
Software testing is often equated to finding bugs. However test scenariosthat do not reveal failures are also informative, so I offer this definition:
SOFTWARE TESTING
It is a process of executing a software system to determine whether itmatches its specification and executes in its intended environmentThe fact that the system is being executed distinguishes testing fromcode reviews,In which uncompiled source code is read and analyzed statistically(usually by developers). Testing, on the other hand, requires a running
executable.
A specification is a crucial artifact to support testing. It defines correctbehavior so that incorrect behavior is easy to identify. Incorrect behavioris a software failure. Failures are caused by faults in the source code,which are often referred to as defects or bugs .The oracle comparesactual output with specified output to identify failures. Generally thecode developer diagnoses the casual fault.
Software can also fail by not satisfying environmental constraints thatfall outside the specification. For example, if the code takes too muchmemory, executes too slowly, or if the product works on one operatingsystem but not another, these are considered failures.
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Software testing is classified according to the manner in which thetesters perform the first two phases of the testing process. The scope ofthe first phase, modeling the softwares environment, determineswhether the tester is doing unit testing, integration testing, orsystem testing.
Unit testing
It tests individual software components or a collection of components.Testers define the input domain for the units in question and ignore therest of the system. Unit testing sometimes requires the construction ofthrowaway driver code and stubs and is often performed in a debugger.
Integration testing
It tests multiple components that have each received prior and separateunit testing. In general, the focus is on the subset of the domain thatrepresents communication between the components.
System testing
It tests a collection of components that constitute a deliverable product.Usually, the entire domain must be considered to satisfy the criteria for asystem test.
The second phase of testing, test selection, determines what type oftesting is being done. There are two main types:
Functional testing requires the selection of test scenarios withoutregard to source code structure. Thus, test selection methods and testdata adequacy criteria, described in the main text, must be based on
attributes of the specification or operational environment and not onattributes of the code or data structures. Functional testing is also calledspecification-based testing, behavioral testing, and black boxtesting.
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Structural testing requires that inputs be based solely on thestructure of the source code or its data structures. Structural testing isalso called code-based testingand white-box testing.
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Maintenance
MAINTAINENCE REPRESENTS UP TO 70% OF THE TOTAL LIFE
CYCLE COST OF SOFTWARE.
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DESIGNDESIGN CODECODE TESTTEST 11%11% 8%8%11%11%
MAINTAINCEMAINTAINCE 70%70%
CodeCode
20%20%
DESIGN TEST
40%40%
40%40%
TOTAL LIFETOTAL LIFE
CYCLE OFCYCLE OF
SOFTWARESOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
COSTCOST
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WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE? WHATWHAT DO YOU MEAN BY SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE? WHATARE THE PROBLEMS FACED TO MAINTAIN A SOFTWAREARE THE PROBLEMS FACED TO MAINTAIN A SOFTWAREQUALITY?QUALITY?
Maintenance is the enigma of system development; it holds the softwareindustry captive, typing up, and programming resources. Analysts and
programmers spend far more time maintaining programs than they dowriting them. Maintenance accounts for 50-80 percent of total systemdevelopment. The federal government alone spends more than $1.3
billion a year on software maintenance. Whereas the cost of hardware hassteadily declined, the cost of producing programs has skyrocketed. Forexample, 10 years ago the development cost of one of Development ofDefense (DOD) project averaged $75 per line of programminginstruction, whereas maintenance costs ran as high as $4000 per line.
This problem occurs across industry largely because software is a
handmade product designed in an ad hoc fashion with few standards; incomes out late, is poorly documented, and therefore is difficult tomaintain. There are other problems as well:
1. Maintenance is not as rewarding as exciting as developingsystems. It is perceived as requiring neither skill norexperience.
2. Users are not fully cognizant of the maintenance problem or its
high cost.
3. Few tools and techniques are available for maintenance.
4. A good test plan is lacking.
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5. Standards, procedure and guidelines are poorly defined andenforced.
6. Maintenance is viewed as a necessary evil, often delegated to junior programmers. There is practically no maintenancemanager job classification.
7. Programs are often maintained without care for structure anddocumentation.
8. There are minimal standards for maintenance.
GIVE THE BROAD STUDY ON MAINTAINCE OR ENHANCEMENT?GIVE THE BROAD STUDY ON MAINTAINCE OR ENHANCEMENT?
Maintenance can be classified as corrective, adaptive, or perfective.Corrective maintenance means repairing processing or performancefailures or making changes because of previously uncorrected problemsor false assumptions.Adaptive maintenance means changing the
program function. Perfective maintenance means enhancing the
performance or modifying the program function.Perfective maintenancemeans enhancing the performance or modifying the program to respondto the users additional or changing needs. Of these types, more time andmoney are spent on perfective than on corrective and adaptivemaintenance together.
Maintenance covers a wide range of activities, including correctingcoding and design errors, updating documentation and test data, andupgrading user support. Many activities classified as maintenance are
actually enhancements. Maintenance means restoring something to itsoriginal condition. Unlike hardware, however, software does not wearout; it is corrected.
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In contrast, enhancement means adding, modifying, or redeveloping thecode to support changes in the specifications. It is necessary to keep upwith changing user needs and the operational environment.
Although software does not wear out like a piece of hardware, it ages
and eventually fails to perform because of cumulative maintenance. Overtime, the integrity of the program, test data, and documentationdegenerated as a result of modifications. Eventually, it takes more effortto maintain the application than to rewrite it.
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Limitations
The application developed of Information System for Video Libraryhas following Limitations-:
This is not for online working.
Application developed does not imbibe any password security.
The Backup of all the data are quite obvious but the application hasnot provided any backup security option.
It is also incapable of handling any Network (LAN).
The program can only be executed on Turbo c++ or Visual c++.
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Conclusion
This project is designed to meet the requirements of anInformation system
for video library. It has been developed in C++ and the database has been
built in C++ binary file only, keeping in mind the specifications of the
system.
For designing the system we have used simple data flow diagrams.
Overall the project teaches us the essential skills like:
1. How to engineer particular software product be it a small package for
a small company or a huge package for an MNC.
2. The steps needed to develop a particular product.
3. The precautions that need to be taken to build a quality product.
4. The factors that need to looked after while manufacturing a product.
5. Using the system analysis and design techniques like the context free
diagrams, data flow diagrams and the entity relationship diagrams.
6. Understanding programming logic and language in C++.
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Bibliography
A REFERENCE SECTION LISTING SPECIFIC REFERENCEA REFERENCE SECTION LISTING SPECIFIC REFERENCEMADE IN THE TEXT.MADE IN THE TEXT.
There were not much specific/special references in the whole project; fewof the ref. mentioned is given below:
Introduction : This section deals with the information aboutproject, meaning of banking, aspects of banking and much more.
Analysis and Design:: This section explains what the steps aretaken in the analysis and design procedure in accordance with the
project. This section is taken from:
System Analysis and Design (Elias M.Awad).
Project Management and Planning:: This section dealswith the management and planning of all the modules to be createdand implemented. This section was taken from: System Analysis and Design (Elias M.Awad).
Data Flow Diagram:: This section explains few things aboutthe DFDs. This section was taken from:
System Analysis and Design (Elias M.Awad).
Testing:: This section explains the testing procedure and the stepstaken for the same, These were taken from:
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System Analysis and Design (Elias M.Awad).
A Bibliography section listing general literature, related to theA Bibliography section listing general literature, related to theproject that has been read.project that has been read.
References:
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN (Elias M.Awad).
LET US C++ (Yashavant P.kanetkar).
Object-Oriented Programming with C++ (E.Balaguruswamy).
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Suggestions
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