Download - Warm Up- pg What is cognition?
Warm Up- pg 15 1. What is cognition?
2. What is the most sure way to solve a problem? 3. What is the
difference between an algorithm and a heuristic? 4. What is wrong
with using heuristics to solve problems? 5. What is fixation? 6.
What day is your test? 7. What day is your midterm packet due?
Language Development of Language
Language:refers to our spoken, written, or gestured words and how
they are combined to communicate. Language: Building Blocks
1.Phonemes:the smallest distinctive sound unit. How many phonemes
is in the word:Chat? 2.Morphemes:the smallest unit that carries
meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) How
many Morphemes is in the word previewed? How many Morphemes is in
the word rabbits? Language:The Rules Grammar:a system of rules that
enables us to communicate with and understand others.Includes
semantics and syntax. Semantics:the study of meaning; rules for how
we get meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given
language. Syntax:the rules for combining words into grammatically
sensible sentences in a given language. Examples of Language
Rules
Semantic Examples:adding ed to end of word does what? Adding s to a
noun does what? Syntax Examples:In English adjectives come before
nouns but the opposite is true in Spanish. Pretty girl Chica bonita
Stages of Language 1.Babbling Stage: beginning at 3 to 4 months the
stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously
utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
10 months start to only learn the language of the household Start
to lose the ability to make sounds other than the sounds of the
spoken language at home Stages of Language 2. One word stage: from
about age 1 to 2
the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly
in single words Stages of Language 3. Two-Word Stage beginning
about age 2
the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly
two-word statements 4. Telegraphic Speech early speech stage in
which the child speaks like a telegram go car using mostly nouns
and verbs and omitting auxiliary words Language Summary Summary of
Language Development Month (approximate)
Stage 4 10 12 24 24+ Babbles many speech sounds. Babbling reveals
households language. One-word stage. Two-world, telegraphic speech.
Language develops rapidly into Complete sentences. Theories of
Language Development: B. F. Skinner vs. Noam Chomsky Theory
1:Skinner Believes We Learn Language Through Learning Techniques
(Class. Cond., Op. Cond, and Observation) Tools for learning
language according to Skinner: Association:associate the sight of
things with certain sound of words Imitation:watch models speaking
words and syntax and then we imitate them. Reinforcement:given
positive feedback and words of encouragement when we speak
correctly. Theory 2:Chomsky Believes Our Brains Are Hardwired With
Inborn Universal Grammar.
Language is Enabled by a: Language Acquisition Device:humans are
born with innate abilities to acquire language. Argued although
children do learn the language of their environment, the rate they
acquire words and grammar without being taught is too astonishing
to be explained purely from external learning principles.
Experience Modifies Brain to Learn Native Language
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Percentage able to discriminate
Hindi ts Hindi- speaking adults 6-8 months 8-10 10-12 English-
Infants from English-speaking homes Importance of Early Language
Learning
100 90 80 70 60 50 Native 3-7 8-10 11-15 17-39 Percentage correct
on grammar test Age at school Cognitive Neuroscientists:
Statistical Learning
Mix between inborn ability and environment Genes do play a role in
language development Learning during the first 7 years is critical
Learn a new language easiest when younger When a young brain does
not learn any language, its language capacity never fully develops
Languages Influence on Thinking
Linguistic Determinism :Benjamin Whorfs idea that language
determines the way we think. English has many self-focused emotions
vs. Japanese which has many words for interpersonal emotions.
Language Relativity and Doublespeak
Double-Speak describes when language is used to disguise the actual
meaning and possibly mislead people. Examples: Downsizing=multiple
firings of employees. Physical Persuasion=torture Collateral
Damage=death of civilians Concentration Camp=labor/death camp
Thinking Without Language
There are some ideas in which we do not depend on language.
Ex:Remembering different colors. What direction do you turn in your
driveway when you come home from school? What direction do you turn
a knob to turn water on? LANGUAGE AFFECTS THINKING AND THINKING
AFFECTS LANGUAGE. Animal Thinking and Language
Yes animals think Count, exhibit insight, use tools, and transmit
cultural innovations Animals also use deception Animal Thinking and
Language
Yes animals use language Chimps have learned 181 different signs
Can form sentences Human language similar to a 2 year old Animal
language much more sophisticated