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Hakima CHAOUCHI Wireless and mobile Internet 1
Wireless and mobile [email protected]
Institut National des TélécommunicationsDépartement LOR
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ToCIntroductionInternet and Wireless networks
Wireless networks overviewWireless QoSWireless securityWireless mobility
Internet and mobilityMobility concept Mobility protocolsMobility and QoSMobility and Security
Cellular, Wireless and InternetConclusions
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Introduction
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Introduction
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IntroductionALL IP?
IP based Transport
IP based management
IP based Control
IP based applications
Cost effective
Simplification
New revenues
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Internet and Wireless networks
Wireless networks overviewWireless QoSWireless securityWireless mobility
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Wireless networks overview
UMTS
DECT
GSM
10kbit/s 500kbit/s 10Mbit/s 150Mbit/s
WAN
MAN
PAN
2Mbit/s
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.15 ZigBee UWB
IEEE 802.16
satellite
IEEE 802.16e
LAN
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Cellular-Family
1G • NMT • AMPS • Hicap• CDPD • Mobitex• DataTac
0.5G • Autotel/PALM • ARP
0G • PTT • MTS • IMTS • AMTS
4G???
3.75G•HSUPA
3.5G•HSDPA (3-4Mbps)
3G •W-CDMA
•UMTS (2 Mbps)•FOMA
•1xEV-DO/IS-856 •TD-SCDMA •GAN/UMA
2.75G •CDMA2000 1xRTT/IS-2000 •EDGE (384 kbps)
2.5G
•GPRS (115 kbps)•HSCSD •WiDEN
2G
•GSM (9,6 kbps)•iDEN•D-AMPS •IS-95/cdmaOne•PDC •CSD •PHS
Analog Vs Digital ?
Packet switching Vs Circuit Switching ?
Telephone Vs Data?
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Wi-Family
IEEE 802.22/IEEE 802.16.3 WRAN: Regional
IEEE 802.16 (~70 Mbps)IEEE 802.16e/IEEE 802.20 (1,5Mbps, 250km/h)
WMAN: MetropolitanIEEE 802.16 et la WiMaxAlliance et Wimobile
IEEE 802.11b (11Mbps), a (54 Mbps), g (54 Mbps)IEEE 802.11 e : QoS.11n: +MIMO (108-320 Mbps).11 i: security.11 f, r : roaming, fast roaming.11s : mesh network…
WLAN: LocalIEEE 802.11 et Wi-Fi Alliance
IEEE 802.15.1 – Bluetooth (< 1Mbps)IEEE 802.15.3 – UWB (480 Mbps)IEEE 802.15.4 – ZigBee ( 20 ou 250 kbps)
WPAN : PersonalIEEE 802.15 et la WiMediaAlliance
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Maximum rate
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Wireless-QoS
• MAC and PHY layers limitations – Interference and eavesdropping – Less bandwidth than fixed networks– Capacity variation and latency– High bit error rate
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Wireless QoS• QoS is a big concern at all layers
• Physical layer : offered bandwidth, coding, modulation, … (OFDM, OFDMA, …)– Minimize transmission errors– Maximize bandwidth
• Link layer : Access method (CDMA, TDMA, CSMA, ..)– Maximize number of users– Optimize bandwidth usage
• Network layer: traffic differentiation (IP)– Optimize bandwidth usage– Guarantee QoS for upper layers
• Transport and Application layers– Adaptation to network state
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Usecase 1: WiFi QoS• CSMA/CA: Carrier Sense
multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
• IFS: InterFrame Spacing• D: Distributed• P: Point• S: Short
Listen before sendOthers
Frame
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Usecase1: WiFi-QoS
• CSMA/CA:– Fair sharing of ressources– No QoS
CSMA/CA
Physical Layer
Web Packets Video Packets FTP Packets
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Usecase1: WiFi-QoS
• CSMA/CA QoS behaviour– Distance from AP
11 Mbps
2Mbps
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Usecase1: WiFi-QoS
• CSMA/CA QoS behaviour: – Number of active nodes
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Usecase1: WiFi-QoS; 802.11e
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Usecase2: Wimax QoS
• Wimax Topologies
PMP Mesh
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Usecase2:Wimax QoS
1 to 3 miles25 miles3 to 5 miles1 to 30 milesTypical cellradius
1.25-20MHz25 MHz or 28 MHz1.25-20MHz25 MHz or 28 MHzChannel bandwidth
MobilefixedFixedFixedMobility
UnkownProbably 0FDMA
SC, SCa, OFDM, OFDMA and HUMAN
OFDM 256 subcarriersQPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Modulation
15 Mbps120Mbps75 Mbps120MbpsBit Rate
Non line of sightNon line of sight andLine of sight
Non line of sightLine of sight onlyChannel conditions
<6GHz10-66GHz & <11GHz<11GHz10 to 66 GHzSpectrum
802.16e802.16d (2004)802.16a(2003)802.16(2001)
• TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access• Real time applications
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Usecase2: WiMax QoS
• Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS)– Real-time, periodic fixed size packets (e.g. T1 or VoIP)
• Real-Time Polling Service (rtPS)– Real-time, periodic variable sizes packets (e.g MPEG)
• Non-Real-Time Polling Service (nrtPS)– Variable sized packets with loose delay requirements
(e.g. FTP)
• Best Effort Service
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Usecase2: Wimax-QoS• Accepting PDU from higher layer• Classifying it to its appropriate CID • Associating it to the appropriate service flow
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Wireless-Security
• Link layer security• Wireless link is vulnerable
– Eavesdropping– Denial of Service– Man-in-The-middle– …
• Need to:– Identify and authenticate users (AAA service)– Protect data (Encryption)
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Usecase: WiFi-securityIEEE 802.11i
• Use of security policy• TKIP replaces WEP• Authentication : 802.1x framework• Encryption : AES
– AES-PSK (Pre Shared Key)• Dynamic key management• WPA2
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Usecase: WiFi-securityIEEE 802.11i Security Policy
Probe Request
Probe Response
Association Request
Association Response
List
en
(1)
Authenticationprocedure
Aut
hent
icat
ion
(2)
Ass
ocia
tion
(3)
Policy exchange
802.1x
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Usecase: WiFi Security: 802.1x
RADIUS - Access Request
EAPOL - Start
EAP – Response (Identity)
EAP – Request (Identity)
EAP – Success
EAPOL - Logoff
EAP – Fail
EAP – Response (Challenge)
EAP – Request (Challenge) RADIUS - Access Challenge
RADIUS - Access Request
RADIUS - Access Accept
RADIUS - Access Reject
Suplicant Authenticator AAA Server
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Wireless-Mobility
• Layer 2 mobility support• 802.11 f : roaming between AP from
different constructors (IAPP)• 802.11 r : Fast roaming to support VoIP• 802.16 e : Mobility support in Wimax
(WiMobile)• 802.21 : universal mobility and VHO
(Media Independent Handover)
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Usecase: Wireless-mobilityIEEE 802.21-MIH
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Wi-family Vs Cellular-family• Is the answer : 4G?
• ITU definition: 4G network is a network offering 1Gbps on static use and up to 100Mbps on the move.
• 4G : integration of heterogeneous wireless and cellular networks
• 4G: cellular network based on pure packet switching technology, high speed and bandwidth
• Which application for 4G?: Mobile TV…
• Need of simple IP and IP mobility
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Internet and mobility
• Mobility concept• Mobility protocols• Mobility and QoS• Mobility and Security
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Mobility Concept
Continuous mobilityDevice Mobility Personal Mobility
Device Mobility (Mobile IP)Personal Mobility (SIP)
Continuous MobilityPersonal MobilitySeamless Personal
Mobility (VHE)
All-IPIETF (IP)Cellular Systems
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Mobility Concept
• Mobility categories– Single Node mobility (Mobile IP)– Personal Mobility (SIP: Session Initiation Protocol)– Manets (Mobile Ad hoc networks)– Nemo (Network mobility)
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Mobility Concept
• Mobility Functions– Registration– Location Update– Paging– Handover– Re-routing
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Mobility protocols
IP Basic Mobility protocolsMobile IP v4
Route OptimizationMobile IPv6
Proxy Agents based Architecture
Localized Enhanced Routing Schemes
Hierarchical Mobile IPv6Regional Tunnel
management….
Per Host Forwarding (Cellular IP, Hawaii)
Multicast based
Manet based
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Mobile IPv4
Base StationBS
router
Foreign AgentIP Address: FA
Mobile NodeIP Adress: MN
Care of Adress: CoA
`Corespondent Node
IP Adress: CN
Home AgentIP Address: HA
Home Network
Foreign Network
IP Sourse: HAIP Dest: CoA
IP Source: CNIP Dest: MN
IP Sourse: MNIP Dest: CN
IP Sourse: CNIP Dest: MN
Registration Request
IP Source: CoAIP Dest: HA
Registration Reply
IP Source: HA or FAIP Dest: CoA
Mobile IP Registration/Location Update
Procedure
Mobile IP Packet Forwarding Procedure
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Relevant Features of IPv6• Address Autoconfiguration
– Stateless autoconfiguratoin• Network Prefix + Interface ID
– Stateful autoconfiguration• DHCPv6
• Neighbor Discovery– Discover each other’s presence and find routers– Determine each other’s link-layer addresses– Maintain reachability information
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Mobile IPv6 Operation
• Home Agent Registration
� �
Internet
� � �
Home Agent
Correspondent Node
Mobile Node
Router
Router
Router
Home LinkLink A
Link B
Link C
(1) Binding Update(2) Binding Acknowledgement
(1)
(2)
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Mobile IPv6 Operation
• Route Optimization– To avoid triangle routing
� �
Internet
� � �
Home Agent
Correspondent Node
Mobile Node
Router
Router
Router
Home LinkLink A
Link B
Link C
(1) Packet(2) Tunneled Packet(3) Packet
(2)
(1)(3)
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Mobile IPv6 Operation
• Route Optimization
� �
Internet
� � �
Home Agent
Correspondent Node
Mobile Node
Router
Router
Router
Home LinkLink A
Link B
Link C
(1) Binding Update(2) Packet
(1)
(2)
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Major Differences between MIPv4 and MIPv6
• No FA in Mobile IPv6– Mobile IPv6 requires every mobile node to
support• IPv6 Decapsulation• Address Autoconfiguration• Neighbor Discovery
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Handover
• Three kinds of handover operations– Smooth Handover
• Minimizes data loss during the time that the MN is establishing its link to the new access point
– Fast Handover• Minimizes or eliminates latency for establishing
new communication paths to the MN at the new access router
– Seamless Handover• Both Smooth and Fast Handover
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Micro mobility: HMIP ( Hierarchical)• Two temporary adresses:
– RCoA– LCOA
• One permanente address (home address)
• MAP: Mobility Anchor Point
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Micro Mobility: Fast Mobie IP
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Micro mobility: Cellular IP
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Telco Network
Mobility and QoS
Wireless network
Mobile B
Mobile A
Access point
Circuit
IP Network?
?
Mobile B
Mobile A
Packet
Mobilité IP: connectivity+QdS!Mobilité Telco: Connectivity
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IntServ: MRSVP• Mobile RSVP• 3 classes of service
– MIG: Mobility Independent Guarantees
– MIP: Mobility Independent Predictive
– MDP: Mobility Dependant Predictive
• passive or active reservation
• Object MSPEC: Mobility Specification, includes the list of cells to be possibly visited by the MN
Active reservation
Passive reservation (depending on mobility spec)
Sender
To locations on MSPEC
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DiffServ: ITSUMO• Internet Technologies
Supporting Universal Mobile Operation
• In each domain: QGS: QoS Global Server
• At the access node: QLN: QoS Local Node
• QGS make resource reservation for the MN
• MN negotiates with the QGS the service level, it is specified in his profile
• DSNP: Dynamic Service Negotiation Protocol
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Seamoby and Context Transfer• Each MN has a context stored in the current access router• The context is composed of different parameters: QoS, security,
…• CTP protocol: Context Transfer Protocol
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Mobility-security
• Network layer security• MN, HA, CN are vulnerable• Traffic redirection attack• Need strong authentication of MN (AAA
service)• Need data protection (Encryption)
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False Binding Updates
A B
C
source = Cdestination =
B
False BU
Stolen data
Attacker
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Mobile IPv6 security
• Return Routability (RR) test for HoA and CoA
HoA
CoA
HACN
2a. HoT
1b. CoTI
3. BU
2b. CoT
CNESP tunnel
1a. HoTI
4. BA
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Cellular, Wireless and Internet
• Fixed + Cellular : Fixed Mobile Convergence (FMC) where IMS is the All IP core network and SIP is the signaling protocol
• Cellular + Wireless : 4G
• But Where is Mobile IP??
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SIP in IMS
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SIP Architecture
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SIP based session management
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Conclusions• Facts:
– Packet switching is the winner: is it IP?– IP over wireless: QoS, security, mobility is still
ongoing work– Wireless internet is already deployed
• Internet services over wireless link– Mobile Internet is still ongoing work– VoIP over fixed and wireless link already
deployed– Mobile VoIP is still ongoing work
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Conclusions• In the future, 4G could be:
– A new cellular network ?– Wimax mobile ?– Integration of cellular and wireless networks ?
• The enabling technology of the integrated 4G:– 802.21, MIH ?– Mobile IP ?
• Who will be then “the bottleneck”: IP or the wireless link?
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References
• William Srallings: Réseaux et Communications sans fil
• Traité IC2: Réseaux Ambiants, Édition Hermes• Traité IC2: Mobilité et réseaux sans fil, Édition
Hermes• http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/wirel
ess_comm_specs.htm• Traité Hermes IC2: Sécurité dans les réseaux
sans fil et mobiles, avant fin 2006