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WORM DISSECTION
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KIDSPIRATION by Riedell
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CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom: Phylum: Class:
ANIMALIA
Annelida “little rings”
OLIGOCHAETA “few bristles”
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SETA (plural: setae)
http://www.pgjr.alpine.k12.ut.us/science/whitaker/Animal_Kingdom/Earthworm/Earthworm.html
BRISTLES on VENTRAL surface
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SETAE- Provide traction
http://www.dof.virginia.gov/images/anim-worm-crawl.gif
http://www.greatbluemarble.com/robin_pulling_worm_ground_md_wht.gif
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Segmentation
Compartments allow
individual parts to move independently
Damage insurance
If one section is damaged, others can still function
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/earthworm_dissection.htm
BIODIDAC
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Cartoon by:
Gary Larson
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WHICH END IS WHICH?
CLITELLUM = ring • Doesn’t go all the way around
• Closest to anterior end
• Makes mucous for reproduction
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005
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2 opening digestive system
MOUTH ANUS Prostomium
covers/protects mouth opening senses light/dark, chemicals (food), vibration
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005 Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005
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EXTERNAL STRUCTURES
PROSTOMIUM
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EXTERNAL STRUCTURES
DORSAL BLOOD VESSEL CAMOUFLAGE
http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101-104/tutorials/animals/earthworm.html
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CUTICLE (non-cellular protective layer)
http://www.flushing.k12.mi.us/srhigh/tippettl/biology/lum/cuticle.html
http://www.flushing.k12.mi.us/srhigh/tippettl/biology/lum/cuticle.html
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RESPIRATORY No respiratory organs
Skin must stay moist for gas exchange
Glands produce mucous
http://www.wildlifetrust.org.uk/cheshire/IMAGES/watch_earthworm.jpg
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SURVIVING HOT DRY CONDITIONS Worms tunnel deeper into the soil Roll into a ball Cover themselves with mucous Slow their body functions down “Suspended animation” = ESTIVATION Wait for conditions to improve
http://www.backyardnature.net/earthwrm.htm
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Earthworms are hermaphrodites
HAVE BOTH MALE & FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS in same worm
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
OVARIES – make eggs TESTES- make sperm
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EXTERNAL STRUCTURES
MALE GENITAL PORE- releases sperm to give away
FEMALE GENITAL PORE- releases eggs
OPENINGS to SEMINAL RECEPTACLES- receive
sperm from other worms when trade
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/earthworm_dissection.htm
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EXTERNAL STRUCTURES
SPERM GROOVE- carries sperm from MALE GENITAL PORE down to CLITELLUM
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2005
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Earthworms are HERMAPHRODITES BUT. . . DON’T fertilize themselves!
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Mating_earthworms.jpg
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
Produce COCOONS made of MUCOUS and CHITIN (tough carbohydrate)
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Animated images from: http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/worms/anatomy/anatomy5.html
DIRECT DEVELOPMENT
http://blogs.salon.com/0003248/images/worm_cocoons.jpg
Earthworms produce between 4 - 70 cocoons per year. Each cocoon may contain 2-20 embryos. Baby worms hatch after a few weeks
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LOOK INSIDE
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COELOM = space around organs
Image by Riedell/Vanderwal ©2005
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INTERNAL STRUCTURES
EUCOELOMATES “true” coelom
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/onlinebio/annelidbodyxs.gif
http://www.lander.edu/RSFOX/310images/310bilatImage.html
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SEPTUM (pl. SEPTA)
Dividing walls separate coelom into compartments
Image from: BIODIDAC
Image by Riedell/Vanderwal ©2005
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SKELETAL “hydrostatic skeleton”
Fluid in coelom protects organs and provides support
http://www.wildlifetrust.org.uk/cheshire/IMAGES/watch_earthworm.jpg
http://blog.tricerion.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/balloon.jpg
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EXCRETORY SYSTEM
NEPHRIDIUM pl. NEPHRIDIA EXCRETORY TUBULES
http://www.pleasanton.k12.ca.us/avhsweb/thiel/apbio/review/excretory.html
Collect & excrete NITROGEN WASTE Osmoregulation
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INTERNAL STRUCTURES
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb6pg3_files/wormnephridia.jpg
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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
SEMINAL VESICLES
STORE SPERM MADE BY WORM TO “GIVE AWAY” TO OTHERS
Image by Riedell/Vanderwal©2005
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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
SEMINAL RECEPTACLES Store sperm received from other worms during sex
Image by Riedell/Vanderwal©2005
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CLOSED circulatory system
DORSAL BLOOD VESSEL VENTRAL BLOOD VESSEL
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DORSAL BLOOD VESSEL
Image by Riedell/Vanderwal ©2005
Images by Riedell/VanderWal©2005
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Image by Riedell/Vanderwal
5 AORTIC ARCHES act as “heart” to pump blood
Image by Riedell/Vanderwal ©2005
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Image from: http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/worms/anatomy/anatomy6.html
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INTERNAL STRUCTURES
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/earthworm_dissection.htm
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PHARYNX PHARYNX Muscular tube pulls in food
Image by Riedell/Vanderwal ©2005
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CROP-stores food waiting to be digested
GIZZARD- grind and mash food
Image by Riedell/Vanderwal ©2005
INTERNAL STRUCTURES
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INTESTINE- absorbs nutrients
ADAPTATIONS for getting nutrients out of SOIL
1. REALLY LONG INTESTINE- so food spends long time passing through
2. TYPHLOSOLE- ridge inside increases surface area for more absorption
Images by Riedell/Vanderwal ©2005
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TYPHLOSOLE Ridge inside intestine
increases surface area so more nutrients are absorbed
http://www.uleth.ca/bio/bio1020/images/worm2.jpg
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TYPHLOSOLE inside intestine
Image by Riedell/Vanderwal ©2005
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Decompose organic matter (dead leaves, animal waste, etc)
Return nutrients to soil
Burrowing allows air and water to penetrate to roots
Tunnels loosen soil so roots can grow more easily
Earthworms play an important role in soil fertility
“intestines of the earth”
~ Aristotle
http://www.semioticon.com/seo/N/images/niche_3.png
"...it may be doubted if there are any other animals which have
played such an important part in the history of the world as these
lowly organized creatures." ~ Charles Darwin
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UNDERNEATH DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
VENTRAL NERVE CORD
(nerves usually white)
VENTRAL BLOOD VESSEL (usually dark)
Image by: Riedell/Vanderwal © 2005
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REMEMBER embryo orientation is flipped in vertebrates and invertebrates!
Images modified from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm
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Most INVERTEBRATES have a DORSAL HEART & a VENTRAL NERVE CORD
ALL VERTEBRATES have a DORSAL NERVE CORD & a VENTRAL HEART.
BODY PLANS are also flipped!
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GANGLIA= nerve center If in located in head and acting as “brain” = CEREBRAL GANGLIA
http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101-104/tutorials/animals/earthworm.html
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Image from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/Animal%20Diversity/Protostomes/mollusks.htm#Chelicerates%20(subphylum%20Chelicerata
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Image from: http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/worms/anatomy/anatomy8.html