“WORLD UNION OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES” Piazzale M. Giangi n. 2, 47890 San Marino - Repubblica di San Marino
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October, 2014
WUSME INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP on
WASTE TO ENERGY as an Integral Part of Sustainable Waste
Management
Issues, Solutions & Technologies and Role of SMEs for Turning
Polluting Waste into Clean Energy
SAN MARINO
September, 5 – 7, 2014
AN INSIGHT
PREPARED BY:
DR. J S JUNEJA VICE PRESIDENT, WUSME
& CHAIRMAN,
GLOBAL PROJECTS & SERVICES PVT. LTD. 707, ANSAL CHAMBER – II, BHIKAJI CAMA PLACE,
NEW DELHI, INDIA
Email: [email protected]
www.globalprojects.co.in
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Contents
S.No.
Preface Title
Speakers
Page No.
v
1 Welcome Address Captains Regent of San Marino, Dr.
G. F. Terenzi, President WUSME
1
2 Opening Speech H.E. Dr. Antonella Mularoni, State
Minister of Territory, Infrastructure
and Relation to the AASP, San
Marino
3
3 Introduction to the theme of the
Workshop : Waste to Energy
Dr. J. S. Juneja, Vice President,
WUSME
4
4 The Waste Treatment Hierarchy
& Management
Prof. Dr. Norbert Knoll von Dornhoff,
Secretary General, WUSME
14
5 Waste Management – Case Study
of Hungary
Mr. Imre Biczo, Director General,
National Institute for Environment
(NeKI), Hungary
21
6 How the European Union
supports Green Energy projects
through funding
Mrs. Claudia Mularoni, Chief
Executive Officer of Pragmata
Institute
25
7 Case Study of China Ms. Rongyong Yang, WUSME
Member of the Board & President,
Shanghai High Victory Fine Chemical
Co. Ltd., China
33
8 Waste Problem – A Case study of
India
Mr. Arun Agarwal, WUSME Member
of the Commision on Financial Issues
35
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9 Eco area , Better living – A Case
study of Rimini, Italy
Mr. Romano Ugolini, CEO, Eco
Area,Better Living, Rimini, Italy
37
10 Zhongguancun Federation of
Social Organization, China
Mr. Jian Dai, Secretary General ,
Zhongguancun Federation of Social
Organization
40
11 Preparing Action Plan for
Camerooon
Mr. Leon Ayana Ndz’e, Ministry of
Small and Medium Enterprises,
Social Economy and Handicraft of
Cameroon
41
12 A Case study of Cameroon Mrs. Angeline Henzen, Incharge of
SME, Ministry of Cameroon
43
13 World leading waste to energy
solutions – Complete Solution.
Mr. Helmut Konig, Director, Avis
Global Energy, Canada
45
14 Generating Electric Energy from
Organic and Plastic waste
Ms. Marta Laczko, Director, Intech
Energy Ltd.
48
15 Humic acids, humus and humic
substances
Dr. Rafael Pizarro,Lord Miedrich &
Partners Ltd., U.K
51
16 WUSME & UNESCO Initiatives Dr. Robert Holz, WUSME Vice
President & representative to
UNESCO in Paris for SMEs (France –
Europe), France
53
17
Conclusions and
Recommendations
57
18 Glimpses of the Workshop 59
19 Annexures I & II
61
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PREFACE
The theme of the WUSME Workshop “Waste to Energy” is a topical subject being debated all
the world over by political leaders, scientific communities, municipalities, enviromentalists and
intellectuals since the menace of waste is increasing every day in geometrical progression on the
one hand and depleting landfills, due to limited landmass, on the other hand. Therefore,
minimizing waste, converting waste into energy, recycling waste into economically useful
products are emerging solutions and some of them have been well tried and adopted towards
integrated approach for waste management.
In this context, the opening remarks at the Workshop by H.E. Dr. Antonella Mularoni, State
Minister of Territory, Infrastructures and Relation to the AASP, San Marino and Dr. Gian
Franco Terenzi ,WUSME President that waste should be treated as a resource
instead of a problem for the community, were very befitting and inspiring. This in fact set
the direction of the Workhop which dwelt on various technologies for turning polluting waste to
clean energy and other possible solutions.
The editing team went through all the proceedings and presentations of the speakers and has
structured this document keeping in view the premise to find solutions for utilization of waste as
a resource through recycling of waste into economically viable products and raw materials for the
industry,particularly SMEs and its conversion into clean energy.
Keeping this objective in view, the editors have gone through in detail the presentations and
relevant subjects from websites of speakers and other relevant sources since each presentation
team had limited time during the workshop. Clarifications were also sought, so that this useful
document could comprehensively give ‘An Insight’ into the problems, issues and
solutions for waste managment and Role of SMEs for turning waste into Energy.
The introduction of the theme of the Workshop, that is, `Growing menace of waste, useful
utilization of waste and its conversion into useful end products for waste management and
energy`was presented by the undersigned as the Chairman of the Workshop. Dr. Norbert Knoll
von Dornhoff, Secretary - General described the` Hierachy of Waste Treatment` and presented
a specific case study on Adriatic Sea Pollution hotspots. Mr. Imre Biczo, eleborated on total
management of all wastes in Hungary including its conversion to energy. Ms. Claudia
Mularoni highlighted Europeon Union’s commitment and financial support measures for Green
Energy projects from waste. Case studies of China were presented by Ms. Yang Rongyong and
Mr. Dia Jian. Ms. Rongyong informed of the policy initiatives planned & implemented in China
for waste management. Mr.Jian described the Zhongguancin high tech Park and the role and
activities of his organisation aimed at integrating resources, enhance exchange and cooperation
between domestic and overseas organisations for entrepreneurial development. A Plan of Action
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for promoting small and medium enterprises and artisans in Cameroon was presented by Mr.
Leon Ayana Ndz’e. Mrs. Angeline Henzen presented a case study on coordinating &
promoting WUSME activities in Cameroon for SMEs . Dr. Arun Aggarwal presented a case
study from India on waste management and the Indian Govt. support for energy from waste.
Mr. Romano Ugolini presented a case study of Eco area – a better living example in Rimini,
Italy, a place very near to San Marino based on the concept of SMART buildings, incorporating
energy efficiency and materials having low environmental impact. Mr.
Helmut Konig described technology developed by his organization for
converting waste to energy on a large scale which is commercially practiced
and operated in many parts of the world. According to him, although its
initial cost is very high, its pay back value makes it viable and hence could
be adopted. Ms. Marta Laczko specially, illustrated projects for
converting organic and plastic wastes into clean energy. She also
distributed a questionnaire to the participants so that she could provide
solution for the treatment of any waste and could be approached in this
context along with the filled up questionnaire. Humic acids/humic
substances produced in the soil by soil bacteria from organic substances
and their effects on human health were presented by Mr. Raffel Pizarro. Dr. Robert Holtz
elaborated on issues requiring WUSME`s attention.
I am thankful to WUSME President Dr. Gian Franco Terenzi for inviting me to chair this
International Workshop and to prepare a document for use and reference of the members and
other interested in the subject. I am indeed grateful to Dr. Maria Valeria Pasquini for her
backup support for providing all the relevant materials from the speakers and other sources on
continuous basis.
I am grateful to Ms. Pooja Das for her untiring efforts in providing her support for converting
the inputs into An Insight, backed by research on this important subject and without whose
support it would not have been possible to focus and finalize the same. Dr. S. N. Sharma, my
colleague merits my gratitude for going through the document objectively and providing valuable
editorial support to give finishing touches.
I am grateful to WUSME speakers, members and participants for extending their full support in
this effort.
Dr. J S Juneja
Vice President, WUSME
& Chairman,
Global Projects & Services (Pvt.) Ltd.
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1. Welcome Address by Dr. G.F. Terenzi, President, WUSME
Captains Regent of San Marino, Dr. G.F. Terenzi while extending his warmest
welcome to WUSME Annual Conference 2014 stated that the conference has been
organized to offer all those involved in Small and Medium Enterprises and Crafts a
time and a place to meet and discuss the main difficulties, challenges and
opportunities they were facing today. The Workshop
concerns, in fact, with an issue of greater interest and
importance not only for SMEs, but more generally for all
the communities and countries in the world, an issue
that touches everyone closely and propels both human
and environment in the future.
"WASTE TO ENERGY" is meant to be a moment of
constructive thought on how we can turn waste from
problem to resource for our communities, on how we
can realize a virtuous - efficient and sustainable - waste
management, on how we can retrieve and transform
waste into clean energy, a field in which SMEs can play
a truly important role with many benefits for everyone, the enterprises themselves,
the community and the environment.
A more efficient, sustainable use and re-use of the resources in the production
processes not only yield a more environmentally friendly impact, but also offer new
opportunities for growth and employment, starting from SMEs.
In fact, there are many ways and means available for them to participate in this
change. Innovative design, better and more durable products, more efficient and
sustainable production processes, greater efficiency in the supply chain through
enterprises networks and farsighted business models may contribute to increase the
efficiency and hence the competitiveness of enterprises.
It is prudent to become more aware of how all this is possible and will further be
possible and real, especially in view of a stronger - general and entrepreneurial -
culture and more widespread concern for the environmental issues as well as the
President, World Union of Small & Medium Enterprises, Republic of San Marino.
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adoption, by international organizations such as the European institutions, of policies
and measures which help SMEs take advantage of the opportunities arising from the
transition to a green and circular economy. The theme of the re-utilisation of waste is,
in fact, part of a wider process of transition to a new development model, so-called
"circular", where sustainability is at the center of the system.
At WUSME, we are committed to help SMEs seize all the opportunities that this
paradigm shift may bring, to take an active and protagonist role in this transition
process.
In this sense, occasions like this International Workshops and Conferences are
evidence of our ongoing commitment to create the conditions necessary for a direct
interaction among all those who act as entrepreneurs and/or in their interest, to
identify and exploit the synergies available to put in place concrete and profitable
actions that shall protect, benefit and support SMEs, Craft and the environment.
2. Opening Speech by H.E. Dr. Antonella Mularoni
Dr. Antonella Mularoni, State Minister of Territory, Infrastructures and Relation to the AASP, San Marino
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H.E. Antonella Mularoni delivered the opening speech on behalf of the San
Marino Government. She warmly welcomed all the participants for the WUSME
International Workshop at the headquarters of the World Union of Small and
Medium Enterprises, which is the main world organization representing at the level
of the United Nations. She also raised the problem of waste disposal and the
possibility to have a waste virtuous circle, enabling men to make it a
resource instead of a big problem for the
community. The contribution of small and
medium enterprises plays significant role in this
regard. She appreciated the topic for the workshop,
which was very timely for all countries of the world.
She added that San Marino is engaged to reach a 100
% rate of house by house, waste recovery by the end
of next year. The project is already partially in place
and in the areas concerned is giving very good results
in terms of quantity of the waste collected. The
problem remains the same as how to recycle it
better and make it a profitable exercise instead
of an expensive one. She wished the workshop, conference and other programs, all
the success.
WUSME President Dr. Terenzi with H.E. Dr. Antonella Mularoni
3. Introduction to the theme of the Workshop : Waste to Energy by
Dr. J. S. Juneja#
#Dr.J.S.Juneja,Vice President,WUSME and Chairman, Global Projects & Services Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India.
H.E. Antonella Mularoni during the speech
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WUSME President Dr. G. F. Terenzi invited Dr. J. S. Juneja, Vice President, WUSME to
Chair and introduce the theme of the workshop. Dr. J.S. Juneja introduced the concept
of Waste-to-Energy to the participants and its importance particularly for the SMEs of
the world and other emerging avenues.
Dr. Juneja quoted an article appeared in the journal Nature by Dan Hoornweg, Bhada-
Tata, and Chris Kennedy which stated that “ if business continues as usual, solid waste
generation rates will more than triple from today to exceed 11 million tonnes per day by
2100. The amount of garbage humans throw away is rising fast and won't peak this
century without transformational changes in how to
use and reuse materials. That level of waste carries
serious consequences – physical and fiscal – for cities
around the world.”
The authors have further prophesied for future:
“Through a move towards stable or declining
populations, denser and better-managed cities
consuming fewer resources, and greater equity and
use of technology, we can bring peak waste forward
and down. The environmental, economic and social
benefits would be enormous.”
Dr. Juneja complimented H.E. Antonelle Mularoni and Dr. G. F. Terenzi for their
foresight in treating Waste as a Resource, thereby, setting a direction for the
workshop.
Dr. Juneja drew attention of the participants to the fact that the menace of Waste has
been increasing.Throughout most of history, the amount of waste generated by humans
was insignificant due to low population density and low societal levels of the exploitation
of natural resources. Common waste produced during pre-modern times was mainly
ashes and human biodegradable waste and these were released back into the landfills,
with minimum environmental impact. Today however menace of waste was increasing
in geometric progression and has become a major challenge for humanity to control and
use it as a resource.
WUSME Vice President, Dr J.S. Juneja introducting the theme of the workshop
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Waste management and disposal issues are not just problem of a certain country or a
continent. It is a global issue which should be addressed globally & immediately.
Countries and governments are expressing concerns over problems with their waste
disposal as it has a major impact on individual and community health. There could be
chemical spills which could pose danger to water supplies. Poor landfills and incinerators
could release cancerous carcinogens and other pollutants in the air. Landfills in Asia,
Latin America and Africa are claimed to be blamed
for about 40 % of methane emissions every year.
Which was equal to about 37 million metric tons of
carbon dioxide.
Experts approximate that developed and
industrialized nations produce more waste
compared to developing countries. In the United
States, each American will produce an average of
0.75 tons of trash every year. Those in Europe are
estimated to accumulate almost half a ton of trash
annually. In Asia, an average person would
produce 0.2 tons of trash annually.
Although, Asia has the lowest waste average, it
does not mean that they have better waste
management system. There are studies and
surveys conducted in Asia about waste disposal
procedure. According to World Bank, China’s
whopping 190 million tons of waste every year is
not totally properly disposed. Only less than 50 % of China’s solid wastes are treated
properly, whether it is through landfill or incineration. China is not alone. Other Asian
countries, like India, Indonesia and the Philippines also have poor waste disposal
methods.
Regardless of territories and boundaries, pollution affects everybody. Environmental
problems in Asia could still affect North America, Europe and Africa. This is why there
are efforts among different countries in helping each other resolve environmental and
waste problems. An example would be the efforts between European and Asian countries.
Europe is leading in environmental technologies, about 60 % of environmental
discoveries and technologies came from them. They would play a major role in helping
WUSME President, Dr G.F. Terenzi along with VP, Dr J.S.Juneja during the introduction of the theme of the workshop
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Asian and other countries to become aware of different environmental damage happening
in their nations. Asian countries mostly would have to deal with issues of water and air
pollution, waste management for both households and industries, deforestation and loss
of biodiversity.
Countries, like the United States and Canada, are encouraging more individuals to go back
to the basics of waste reduction: reduce, reuse and recycle. The government are passing
laws, state regulations about trash disposal that would help homeowners to start smart
and proper waste management at home. Environmental issues are not just an issue of a
specified country. We should be more aware that by starting waste management in our
homes, workplace or school, we get to reduce the impact of pollution and climate change.
Dr. Juneja informed tha as per UN/OECD, the Waste and Waste Management have been
defined as follows:
A. Waste
According to the United Nations Statistics Division (U.N.S.D.):
"Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is products produced for the
market) for which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes of
production, transformation or consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose.
Wastes may be generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw
materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and
other human activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation are
excluded."
B Waste Management
At a workshop in Berlin organized by the OECD in 1996, a definition of waste
minimization was worked out, according to which waste minimization is “Preventing
and/or reducing the generation of waste at the source; improving the quality of waste
generated, such as reducing the hazard, and encouraging re-use, recycling, and recovery.”
3.1 Treatment of wastes
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Dr. Juneja at length deliberated on types of wastes being generated and different
technologies that were available or were under development for treatment of different
type of wastes. The rapid industrialization has resulted in the generation of huge quantity
of wastes, both solid and liquid, in industrial sectors and civic communities.
In a broad sense, industrial wastes could be classified into two types: i) Hazardous
industrial waste and ii) Non-hazardous industrial waste
i) Hazardous Industrial Waste
Hazardous wastes, could be in solid, liquid or gaseous form and may cause danger to
health or environment, either alone or when in contact with other wastes. Various
agencies have defined hazardous wastes in different ways and as such, there is no
uniformly accepted international definition so far. Hazardous waste in particular includes
products that are explosive, flammable, irritant, harmful, toxic, carcinogenic, corrosive,
infectious, or toxic to reproduction.
Management and Treatment Options for Hazardous Waste
Use of Hazardous Wastes : as Alternate Fuels
Incinerationof Hazardous waste: to reduce both the toxicity and the
volume of the waste
Disposal of Hazardous wastes in (secured) landfill: area designed
scientifically to have an impervious stratum at bottom to stop
leaching/percolation, and thus to avoid soil and water
pollution/contamination.
ii) Non-Hazardous Industrial Waste
The non hazardous wastes are generated by industrial and commercial activities and
are similar to household wastes and treated by same methods. The table below gives
treatment option for various non hazardous wastes.
Table: Various industries producing wastes and treatment adopted and their applications
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Industries Prominent Wastes Generated Treatment Option Application
Sugar Mills Sugar bagasse Combustion and
Gasification
Heat and Power
Press mud Composting Fertilizer
Sugar molasses Fermentation Ethanol synthesis
Fermentative Yeast biomass Bio methanation Biogas production
& digestate
Slaughter
houses
Organs, Tissues, Blood, Hides,
Animal excreta and Carcass etc
Bio methanation Biogas production
& digestate
Paper mills Pulp Bio methanation Biogas production
& digestate
Paper shavings Combustion Heat and power
Wood wastes and Paper boards Combustion and
gasification
Heat and power
Dairy Plants Whey and Milk cream Bio methanation Biogas production
& digestate
Sago factories Starch materials and peels Bio methanation Biogas production
& digestate
Tanneries Hides and skins Acid treatments and
bio methanation
Biogas production
& digestate
Animal
Husbandries
Animal excreta and body fluids Bio methanation Biogas production
& digestate
Fruits and
vegetable
processing
units
Pulp wastes Bio methanation Biogas production
& digestate
Please Note: It does not include the finished goods from industries such as plastic and cables etc thrown off as urban solid wastes.
3.2 Recycling of Waste
Recycling of waste is a crucial productive method of
waste utilization. Recycled products are also becoming
more popular and important and are growing every
day, as oil exploration moves to ever more hostile and
difficult to reach locations, which will result in prices of
products made from oil to increase. Hence, recycling is
the best option for waste management for plastics,
textile, paper, metal and other wastes.
i) Plastic Recycling involves different
stages, namely: Dr. Juneja addressing the gathering
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Millions of tons of plastic waste end up in landfill when the vast majority of it can be
recycled.Plastic recycling is processing waste plastic, turning old or scrap plastic into
useable products that can re-enter the manufacturing chain. In order for plastic to be
suitable for re use in the manufacturing environments there are different stages
involved,namely
Stage 1: Sorting the plastic into specific types Stage 2: Washing Waste Plastic to remove foreign material Stage 3: Shredding the Plastic into small pellets for packaging Stage 4: Identify and classify the Plastic by chemical tests Stage 5: Extruding into form of pellets for manufacturing plastic products
Figure: 1.1
ii) Metal Recycling
Steel scrap from the demolished ships is a major source of raw material for the re-rolling
mills in India. Normally at least 70 % of the total light displacement tonnage of a ship
broken constitutes of re-rollable scrap. These are converted into bars and rods that are
used in the construction sector. Gujarat coast in India has become the biggest ship
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wrecking yard of the world. The other sources for the scrap are re roll able scrap from
railways, pencil ingots from induction furnaces, semis from integrated plants etc.
Figure:1.2
Incidentally, everywhere else in the world the scrap from the demolished ships are usually
sent into melting furnaces, India is probably only country that has the technique of re-
rolling scrap into producing construction steel without having to first cast scrap as billets
and ingots.
iii) Textile Recycling
Textile recycling is the method of reusing or reprocessing used clothing, fibrous material
and clothing scraps from the manufacturing process and used clothing from households.
Figure:1.3
Textile Recycling
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Clothing fabric generally consists of composites of cotton (biodegradable material) and
synthetic plastics. The textile's composition will affect its durability and method of
recycling.
In case of specialized polyester based materials the shredded fabric is granulated and
formed into small pellets. The pellets are broken down polymerized and turned into
polyester chips. The chips are melted and spun into new filament fiber used to make new
polyester fabrics. Woolen fabrics are processed to make coarse yarn which is woven to
make blankets for the weaker sections of the society.
iv) Paper recycling
Paper recycling involves converting waste paper comprising paper waste from mills, pre
and post consumer paper waste etc.The waste is converted chemically into pulp , cleaned,
deinked and converted into paper. SMEs produce corrugated and packaging boxes,paper
for packaging consumer products etc. SME in India produce quality hand made paper
through the recycling process.
Paper Recycling
SORTING AND
STACKING WASTE
PAPER
PROCESSING IN
RECYCLING PLANT
ROLLS OF RECYCLED
PAPER
DIFFERENT PRODUCTS i.e.,
PAPER BAG, HANDMADE PAPER Figure: 1.4
3.3 WASTE TO ENERGY
Waste is converted into energy in India in various forms by SMEs.
i. Timber recycling
Timber recycling or Wood recycling is the process of turning waste timber into
usable products. Recycled timber most commonly comes from old buildings, bridges and
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wharfs. Sawdust from the saw mills is converted into briquettes by SMEs which is used as
domestic fuel for cooking or in the bakeries etc.
Timber/ Wood Waste
WASTER TIMBER
RECYCLING WOOD INTO
SAW DUST
PRODUCTS
WASTE TO ENERGY
Figure:1.5
ii. Biogas
Biogas commonly known as ‘Gobar Gas’ in rural India is a popular method of converting
cattle excreta into Gobar gas, used as clean fuel for household cooking. Government of
India has popularized this concept successfully for many years especially in rural India.
The leftover from the cattle waste or excreta after fermentation is utilized as organic
manure or fertilizers.
Gobar Gas (Biogas)
COW DUNG
BIOGAS GENERATOR
COOKING
MANURE
METHANE
(BIOGAS)
Figure: 1.6
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iii. Biomass
Among the renewable energy sources, biomass plays a vital role especially in rural areas,
as it constitutes the major energy source to majority of households in India. India is the
7th largest country in the world spanning 328 million hectares and amply bestowed
with renewable sources of energy .Typically technologies for biomass energy are broadly
classified on the basis of principles of thermo chemistry as combustion, gasification,
pyrolysis and biochemistry as anaerobic digestion, fermentation and trans-esterification.
Each technology has its uniqueness to produce a major calorific end product and a
mixture of by-products.
3.4 Government provide incentives and other subsidies:
Various countries provide incentives for converting non – conventional energy resources
into viable energy projects. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) of the
Government of India provides Central Financial Assistance (CFA) in the form of capital
subsidy and financial incentives to the biomass energy projects and non conventional
energy resources utilization in India. CFA is allotted to the projects on the basis of
installed capacity, energy generation mode and its application etc. Financial support is
available selectively through a transparent and competitive procedure. Hence,
Government of India is also encouraging the waste to energy initiative and is working
towards achieving better results in the field of waste management.
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4. The Waste Treatment Hierarchy & Management by Prof. Dr. Norbert
Knoll von Dornhoff*
Prof. Knoll made an elaborate presentation on waste management hierarchy with special
reference to Adriatic Sea Environment Programme. According by him SMEs and Crafts
supporting Associations like WUSME, The
World Union of Small and Medium Enterprises,
in Consultative Status with UN ECOSOC, were
aware since long that “WASTE” as a by-product
of economic activity by bigger and smaller
businesses was an integral part of the global
economy. SMEs and Crafts are significantly
contributing to new sustainable technologies for
waste recycling and the production of energy
(e.g. oil, gas, electricity, building materials, and
organic fertilizers) from waste, such generating
new business activities for smaller companies.
Figure 1.7: The Waste Treatment Hierarchy
* Prof. Dr. Norbert Knoll von Dornhoff, WUSME Secretary-General
Prof. Dr. Norbert Knoll von Dornhoff during the workshop.
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The waste hierarchy is a process used to protect the environment and conserve
resources through a priority approach established in waste policy and legislation. The
hierarchy establishes preferred program priorities based on sustainability. To be
sustainable, waste management cannot be solved only with technical end-of-pipe
solutions and an integrated approach is necessary.
The waste management hierarchy indicates an order of preference for action to reduce
and manage waste, and is usually presented diagrammatically in the form of a
pyramid. The hierarchy captures the progression of a material or product through
successive stages of waste management, and represents the latter part of the life-cycle
for each product.
The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from
products and to generate the minimum amount of waste. The proper application of
the waste hierarchy can have several benefits. It can help prevent emissions of
greenhouse gases, reduces pollutants, save energy, conserves resources, create jobs
promote enterprise & SMEs and stimulate the development of green technologies.
Adriatic Sea Pollution Hot Spots
Figure:1.8
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Dr. Norbert mentioned about the issues concerning the hot spot in the Adriatic Sea.
According to the World Bank Report on Adriatic Sea Environment Program, Rapid
Assessment of pollution Hotspots for the Adriatic Sea 2011. The Adriatic Sea is the most
significant tourism and recreational area in Europe and a major maritime route for the
goods transported to central and south-eastern European markets. It is a semi-enclosed
sea forming a distinct sub-region within the Mediterranean Sea region. Slow water
exchange mechanisms make it particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic activities from
more than 50 million people living within the Adriatic Sea catchment area, 20% of that
on the coastline itself, and about 30 million tourists visiting this area every year, out of
which 15 million on the eastern coast. The study considered 41 potential pollution hotspot
sites and confirmed the existence of 27 hotspot pollution sites in the Adriatic Sea, out of
which 6 at the eastern coast were identified as priority sites that require immediate
actions to be taken in order to reach the desirable environmental conditions. These
actions should be followed by the measures to reduce pollution in the other 12 pollution
hotspot sites at the eastern Adriatic Sea coastline, which are considered as lesser priority.
In the regional perspective, the number of pollution hotspot sites in the Adriatic Sea
represents 18% of all the identified sites in the Mediterranean, which is significantly more
than its relative size. Total investments required to reach the desirable environmental
conditions in the eastern Adriatic region are estimated to 1.76 billion €, out of which 853
million € are already being implemented or are underway and 910 million € is the
remaining funding gap. The remaining funding at the priority hotspot sites is estimated
to 404 million €.
Dr. Norbert elaborated on the sources of pollution and status of treatment in the Adriatic
countries:
(i) Albania: The priority pollution source in Albania is solid waste as there are no
sanitary landfills at the coast and the waste is being disposed in dumpsites close
to rivers and streams or near the sea.
(ii) Montenegro: The priority pollution source is untreated wastewater. There
have been improvements in the wastewater management infrastructure over
the last decade.
(iii) Croatian: The main identified source is solid waste. There are almost no
sanitary landfills at the coast and there are numerous dumping sites.
The Republic of Italy and the Republic of Slovenia as EU member states have to comply
with more stringent EU environmental regulation. Most of the required environmental
protection measures in these countries have already been implemented with national and
EU structural funds.
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Dr. Norbert also emphasized the following:
1. Economics of Waste
For securing economic stability and continuing development in less advanced regions, all
kinds of raw materials must be used efficiently today and for future generations.
However, in most economies, particularly in the new emerging markets (e.g. the BRICS
Countries, Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), these resources are already
today widely over-consumed. Free market mechanisms alone would inevitably result in
an overproduction of waste. Such environmental externalities constitute market failures,
as decisions to produce and consume do not include the cost of negative environmental
consequences connected with excess waste being produced. In the context of waste,
economic efficiency is achieved when the amount of waste generated and treated is
optimal i.e. the costs of reducing waste by one unit is equal to the economic and
environmental benefits of having one less unit of waste (“PARETO Optimum”).
Externalities are several environmental impacts associated with waste management –
greenhouse gases, air quality, water pollution, noise and land use change. While there
may be specific impact categories associated with particular waste types – for example,
hazardous wastes – the preponderance of waste-related environmental impacts relate to
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Source: Waste Survey, Professor Philippe Chalmin, February 2011
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2. Waste Volumes World
Every year the world produces more than 4 billion metric tons of municipal and industrial
waste:
Municipal waste 1.7 to 1.9 billion
Industrial waste 1.2 to 1.7 billion
Hazardous industrial waste 0.5 billion
Other wastes include construction, mining, agricultural and forestry wastes.
If we include the many other categories of waste, the total is no doubt much higher
estimated at 3.4 to 4 billion (metric tons).
The richer an economy, the more waste is been produced:
High revenue developed countries: 1 billion people 1.4 kg / capita / day
Average revenue developing countries: 3 billion people 0.8 kg / capita / day
“Third World” 2.5 billion people 0.6 kg / capita / day1
Figure:1.9
From Waste to Resource, The World Waste Challenge, Professor Philippe Chalmin, February 2011
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3. Waste to Energy and Recycling Technologies
The technologies mentioned hereunder all produce energy. We don’t refer to pure
incineration or other means of reducing municipal solid waste that does not produce
energy. Also not included are Non-Thermal Technologies (Anaerobic Digestion, Landfill
Gas, or Hydrolysis and Mechanical Biological Treatment).
The technologies we reviewed are as follows:
I. Thermal Technologies
II. Direct Combustion (Mass Burn and RDF)
III. LTCC - Low Temperature Conversion
IV. Conventional Gasification
V. Plasma Arc Gasification
4. Estimated Costs of the technologies:
Ranges for Capital Costs for each of the Thermal Technologies assumes a 15 MW output
for a:
Direct Combustion (Mass Burn and RDF) ranges from $7,000 to $10,000 per kW.
Pyrolysis ranges from $8,000 to $11,500 per kW.
Conventional Gasification ranges from $7,500 to $11,000 per kW.
Plasma Arc Gasification ranges from $8,000 to $11,500 per kW
Costs vary from technology to technology due to each having unique design
characteristics, variations in equipment costs, site specific waste characteristics and site
space requirements. There are significant other factors that can negatively affect the costs
of construction.
5. Waste-To-Energy-Policy
Waste to Energy Policy remains central to renewable energy business case in much of
Europe, USA and Asian Countries and new rules designed to shift that support to a
market-based mechanism have raised some uncertainties. Nonetheless, new sources of
investment suggest Waste-To-Energy-Projects can still be financed.
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A “green” economy is characterised where economic benefits and growth is maximised,
and all natural resources are been sustainably managed. The waste economy is one of
many environmental sectors with policy actions contributing to the overall
macroeconomy, and to a transition to a green economy. Waste management is an
important sector that needs to be promoted. Business potentials in recycling industry
need to be explored by the entrepreneurs. Governments should come forward to provide
all kinds of incentives & supports to promote this sector. Tax incentives, interest subsidies
or interest free loans, technical consultancy services and marketing support for waste
recycling enterprises may be some of the measures that the Government may consider, so
that many more entrepreneurs would come forward as well as SMEs and Crafts would
diversify into waste-management/recycling sector.
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5. WASTE MANAGEMENT – CASE STUDY OF HUNGARY by Mr. IMRE
BICZO*
At the outset, Mr. Imre Biczo declared that Hungary has evolved its National Waste
Management Plan 2014 - 2020 and has contributed significantly at the policy level on the
basis of scientific justification. The goals of
NeKI are to support the knowledge based
governance in the fields of environmental
protection, nature conservation, based on the
principle of sustainable development, using
and integrated approach reinforcing the
linkages between disciplines.
Waste Management Plan of Hungary is based
on the collective experience of EU which aims
at Zero waste programme for Europe. Hungary
is raising awareness about the cooperation with
National Waste Management Agency with the
slogan:
“Let’s Clean Up Hungary!, Open day of
the waste operators
Lets Clean Up Hungary! Action efficiency shadowing study”
NeKI is involved in actual waste management tasks such as preparing background studies
e.g., practice of EU Member States’ national legislation on biodegradable demolition
waste, industrial waste and coordinating of the collection of professional opinions on
draft legislation.
* Imre Biczo, General Director, National Institute for Environment (NeKI) , Hungary.
Mr. Imre Biczo during the workshop.
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Steps in Waste Management
Figure:1.10
Figure:1.11
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Mr. Imre Biczo, also mentioned about various legislative programmes:
Aim for waste management
A Zero waste programme for Europe towards a circular economy (date: 02/07/2014)
Legislative proposal to review recycling and other waste – related targets in the EU:
Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directives
2008/98/EC on waste (Brusseles, 02/07/2014)
The aim of the proposal is to help turn Europe into a circular economy, boost
recycling, secure access to raw materials and create jobs and economic growth.
1. Preparing regulation on waste incineration
Transposition of 2010/75/EU Industrial Emissions Directive Chapter Iv. Ministerial
Decree on the Technical and Operational conditions of waste incineration and emission
limit values relating to waste incineration.
i) Structure of ministerial decree
Waste incineration plants and waste co – incineration plants
General rules of design and operation, specific rules of permission process, emission limit
values, operation conditions, specific rules of delivery and reception of waste, monitoring
and reporting of emissions.
ii) Specific condition of waste incineration permission
The heat generated during the incineration is recovered as far as practicable; the residues
will be minimized in their amount harmfulness and recycled where appropriate
The applications for permits have to be prepared by authorized expert only.
The permits include:
List of types of waste which may be treated
The total waste incinerating capacity
The limit values for emission into air and water
The requirements for the Ph, temperature and flow of waste water discharges
The sampling and measurement procedures and frequencies
The maximum permissible periods of any technically unavoidable stoppages or
failures of purification devices.
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2. Operation of GIS database on waste incineration plants and waste co
incineration plants
3. Possibilities of Cooperation
Environmental impact assessment studies – chapter of Waste Management, Air
protection, noise.
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) permission
Market research, reference point for partner search.
Mr. Imre Biczo was hopeful for complete waste management in 2020 and recovery of heat
and energy from waste as much as possible.
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6. “How the European Union supports Green Energy projects through
funding” by Mrs. Claudia Mularoni**
Mrs. Claudia Mularoni in her opening remarks lauded the role of SMEs in the economy
of European Union and elaborated as follows:
(i) Small and medium sized enterprises
(SMEs) were the economic backbone of
the European Union. More than 99% of
all European businesses are SMEs.
(ii) SMEs provided two out of three of the
private sector jobs and contribute to
more than half of the total value-added
created by businesses in the EU.
(iii) SMEs being primarily responsible for
wealth and economic growth, next to
their key role in innovation and R&D.
(iv) Nine out of ten SMEs are actually
micro enterprises with less than 10 employees. Hence, the mainstays of Europe's
economy are micro firms, each providing work for two persons, in average.
(v) Climate change, scarcity of energy supplies and sustainable development are key
challenges for SMEs, which have to adopt more sustainable production and
business models. The demand for environmentally friendly products and services
also opens the way for new business opportunities.
The Europe 2020 Strategy outlines the EU‟s priority to become a sustainable economy
and set ambitious objectives for climate action and energy efficiency.
1. EU Policy Actions
** Mrs. Claudia Mularoni, Chief Executive Officer of Pragmata Institute
Mrs. Claudia Mularoni during the workshop
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(i) Communication for a European Industrial Reinassance
On 22 January 2014, the Commission adopted a new Communication on Industrial
Policy “For a European Industrial Renaissance” COM (2014)14. The Communication sets
out the Commissions key priorities for industrial policy, it provides an overview of actions
already undertaken and puts forward a limited number of new actions to speed up the
attainment of these objectives.
(ii) A resource-efficient Europe – Flagship initiative of the Europe 2020
Strategy
The flagship initiative for a resource-efficient Europe under the Europe 2020 strategy
supports the shift towards a resource-efficient, low-carbon economy to achieve
sustainable growth. Natural resources underpin our economy and our quality of life.
(iii) The Small Business Act (SBA)
The Small Business Act for Europe (COM(2008) 394) adopted in June 2008, reflects
the Commission's political will to recognize the central role of SMEs in the EU economy
and for the first time puts into place a comprehensive SME policy framework for the EU
and its Member States. It aims to improve the overall approach to entrepreneurship,
permanently anchor the 'Think Small First' principle in policy making from regulation
to public service, and to promote SMEs' growth by helping them tackle the remaining
problems which hamper their development. The European Commission promotes the
growth of SMEs through the Small Business Act This framework includes an initiative to
raise SMEs‟ awareness of environmental and energy-related issues and to assist them in
implementing legislation, assessing their environmental and energy performance and
upgrading their skills and qualifications.
(iv) Green Action Plan for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs)
The Green Action Plan (GAP) adopted in July 2014, gives a clear direction and framework
for how the EU, in partnership with Member States and regions, intends to help SMEs
exploit the business opportunities that the transition to a green economy offers. It is a
significant milestone for involving the SMEs in not only in waste minimization and
management but also encouraging enterprise and opportunities in green business.
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The GAP proposes to exploit green opportunities, by improving productivity and driving
down costs in European SMEs through resource-efficiency, by supporting green
entrepreneurship and by exploiting and developing Europe's leadership in green
processes and technologies.
The Green Action Plan focuses on European level actions which are designed to fit in with,
and reinforce existing 'green' initiatives to support SMEs at national and regional levels.
It was drafted through consultation with, and will be implemented in cooperation with
actors in the Member States that are active in this area.
The Green Action Plan sets out a series of objectives and lists actions that will be
implemented at European level within the framework of the Multiannual Financial
Framework 2014-2020. All the actions are either new or revised versions of previous
actions that now take into account the potential for business of resource efficiency and
access to green markets.
GAP objectives are for SMEs:
Greening SMEs for more competitiveness and sustainability;
Green entrepreneurship for the companies of the future;
Opportunities for SMEs in a greener value chain;
Access to the markets for green SMEs;
Governance (bottom up policies to be implemented thoroughly).
2. EU Funding Programmes and Instruments:
Mrs. Mularoni elaborated on the funding programmes of EU, in order to achieve the
priorities set out in the green Action Plan. The EU will engage towards the following
specific objectives:
Greening SMEs
for more
competitiveness
1) Provide European SMEs with practical information,
advice and support on how to
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and sustainability
improve their resource efficiency in a cost-effective
manner;
2) Support efficient technology transfer mechanisms for
green technologies;
3) Facilitate the access to finance for resource- related
improvements and energy
efficiency in SMEs
Fostering Green
entrepreneurship
for the companies
of the future
1) Promote all forms of eco-innovation, including non-
technological eco-innovation
2) Facilitate business partnering, skills and knowledge for
green entrepreneurship
3) Exploit better the role of clusters in support of eco-
innovative SMEs
Provide
opportunities for
SMEs in a
greener value
chain
1) Address systemic barriers to cross-sectoral and cross-
national value chain
collaboration and business creation and cooperation, by
facilitating the creation of
service business models and the re-use of materials,
products and waste
Facilitate access
to the markets for
green SMEs
1) Promote a greener European internal market
2) Facilitate access to international markets for green
entrepreneurs
3) Facilitate the uptake of resource efficiency technology
in partner countries through
cooperation with European SMEs
Such objectives will be achieved through a specific set of Actions to be financed under the
following programmes and/or instruments.
3. Other Programmes of European Union:
a. Horizon 2020 Programme
Horizon 2020 is the biggest EU Research and Innovation programme ever with nearly
€80 billion of funding available over 7 years (2014 to 2020). This programme is divided
into several pillars5 and implements the Innovation Union, a Europe 2020 flagship
initiative, aimed at securing Europe's global competitiveness. Through a dedicated SME
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instrument, which offers seamless business innovation support under the section Societal
Challenges and the specific part Leadership in Enabling and Industrial Technologies
(LEITs, Horizon funds High-potential innovation and stimulates SME participation
across the whole programme, targeting all those SMEs which are showing a strong
ambition to develop, grow and internationalize, regardless of whether they are high-tech
and research-driven or non-research conducting, social or service companies.
Provided with about € 3 billion in funding over the period 2014-2020, the SME
Instrument helps high-potential SMEs to develop ground-breaking innovative ideas for
products, services or processes that are ready to face global market competition. The SME
Instrument consists of three separate phases and a coaching and mentoring service for
beneficiaries. Participants can apply to phase 1 with a view to applying to phase 2 at a later
date, or directly to phase 2.
In phase 1, a feasibility study shall be developed verifying the technological/practical as
well as economic viability of an innovation idea/concept with considerable novelty to the
industry sector in which it is presented (new products, processes, services and
technologies or new market applications of existing technologies).
Bottlenecks in the ability to increase profitability of the enterprise through innovation
shall be detected and analyzed during phase 1 and addressed during phase 2 to increase
the return in investment in innovation activities. The proposal should contain an initial
business plan based on the proposed idea/concept. Funding will be provided in the form
of a lump sum of EUR 50,000. The Proposals should last around 6 months.
In phase 2, innovation projects will be supported that address the specific challenges
identified and that demonstrate high potential in terms of company competitiveness and
growth underpinned by a strategic business plan. Activities should focus on innovation
activities such as demonstration, testing, prototyping, piloting, scaling- up,
miniaturization, design, market replication and the like aiming to bring an innovation
idea (product, process, service, etc.) to industrial readiness and maturity for market
introduction close to deployment and market introduction, but may also include some
research.
Proposals shall be based on an elaborated business plan either developed through phase
1 or another means. Particular attention must be paid to IP protection and ownership.
The Commission considers that proposals requesting a contribution from the EU of
between EUR 0.5 and 2.5 million would allow phase 2 to be addressed appropriately.
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Nonetheless, this does not preclude submission and selection of proposals requesting
other amounts. Proposals should last between 12 and 24 months. In addition, in phase 3,
SMEs can benefit from indirect support measures and services as well as access to the
financial facilities supported under Access to Risk Finance of this work program.
Successful beneficiaries will be offered coaching and mentoring support during phase 1
and phase 2. This service will be accessible via the Enterprise Europe Network and
delivered by a dedicated coach through consultation and signposting to the beneficiaries.
The single SME instrument call includes topics particularly relevant to innovation driven
SMEs seeking to commercialize eco-innovative products, services or processes, including
under Horizon 2020 Societal Challenges 2, 3, 4 and 5. Moreover Horizon 2020 funds
collaborative R&D actions that are of particular relevance to eco-innovation driven SMEs,
not least under its Societal Challenge "Climate Action, Environment, Resource Efficiency
and Raw Materials", in terms of increasing resource efficiency through a systemic
approach towards eco-innovation and in the setting up of a circular economy.
The Horizon 2020 action „Cluster facilitated projects for new industrial value chains‟ to
be implemented as of 2015, is aimed at better unlocking the innovation potential of SMEs,
including the eco-innovative and resource- efficient solutions they offer. The action will
support cross-sectoral and cross-regional collaboration and innovation projects driven by
SMEs by better integrating them into clusters and different value chains.
b. Erasmus +
The Erasmus Plus Programme aims to boost skills and employability, as well as
modernizing Education, Training, and Youth work. The seven year programme will have
a budget of €14.7 billion.
In order to foster higher education and enterprise cooperation to trigger innovative
solutions and entrepreneurship, and to support Vocational Education and Training to
tackle sector specific skills gaps on environmental technologies and eco- innovation, key
action ‘Cooperation for innovation and good practices' supports: supports the
establishment of:
i) Knowledge Alliances, and
ii) The establishment of Sector Skills Alliances.
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i) Knowledge Alliances are transnational, structured and result-driven projects
between higher education institutions and public or private, small, medium or large
enterprises for:
4. Jointly designed and delivered innovative learning and teaching methods
5. Introducing entrepreneurship knowledge, skills and motivation in order to trigger
students, enterprise and academic staff to engage in entrepreneurial activities in
their environment
6. Cross-sectoral and reciprocal mobility for continuing educational programmes,
supervision, teaching and activities with and within companies.
The programme is open to any discipline, including the field of the green economy.
Selected Knowledge Alliances are funded with EUR 700,000 (for a 2-year project) or up
to EUR 1,000,000 (for a 3-year project) following yearly calls for proposals. Some 150
Knowledge Alliances between 1500 higher education institutions and enterprises are
expected to be built by 2020.
ii) Sector Skills Alliances are transnational projects drawing on evidence of
trends in a specific economic sector and the skills needed in order to perform in one
or more professional field.
They support the design and delivery of joint vocational training curricula. Selected
Sector Skills Alliances are funded with a grant ranging from EUR 700,000 (for a 2-
year project) or up to EUR 1,000,000 (for a 3-year project) following yearly calls for
proposals. One of the sectors which are eligible under this action is "environmental
technologies" (eco-innovation). Public or private, small, medium or large
enterprises (including social enterprises) are eligible participating organizations for
the Sector Skills Alliances. Up to 150 Sector Skills Alliances are expected to be set up
by 2020.
c. COSME
COSME is the EU programme for the Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and
Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) running from 2014 to 2020. With a planned budget of
€2.3bn, the financial instruments under COSME will specifically support SMEs to
internationalize, by promoting their cross border development.
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d. LIFE
LIFE is the EU's financial instrument supporting environmental, nature conservation and
climate action projects throughout the EU. With an overall budget for the next funding
period, 2014–2020, of €3.4 billion the Life programme also supports initiatives to
facilitate business partnering, and skills and knowledge for green entrepreneurship.
It prioritizes projects implementing:
i) New business models for resource efficiency and energy efficiency, including
establishing resource efficiency practices in SMEs, focusing on the environmental impact,
durability, reuse, repair and recycling of their products and processes – including sharing
or leasing of products rather than selling them. This should involve one of the industrial
sectors considered as a priority
in the Roadmap for a Resource Efficient Europe, and the new business model should
result in a reduction in material use and/or energy and water use.
ii) The circular economy concept though actions spanning the value chain or ensuring the
use of secondary resources/scrap material/waste in other industries or value chains,
including eco-design, cascading use of materials, repair, remanufacture, reuse, recycling,
new circular business concepts, innovative take-back and collection systems, and
industrial symbiosis-related projects.
Mrs. Claudia Mularoni concluded by remarking that European Union is committed for
development of enterprise and Green SMEs.
7. Case Study of China by Ms. Rongyong Yang
Ms. Rongyong Yang, WUSME member of the Board and President of Shanghai High Victory Fine Chemical Co., Ltd, China
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Ms. Rongyong Yang elaborated that thirty years ago, China opened its door to the world.
From then on, Chinese economics changed from
Planned Economy to Market Economy step by step.
During the past 30 years, Chinese people were
enthusiastic about creating their economic future, and
made great contributions to the manufactures
worldwide. “World Factory” is a dramatic name to
describe how China developed.
However, China also consumed and overused a lot of
the natural resources. Even more, China had to face
mountains of industrial waste. According to her,
pollution is a big threat to China, and will challenge
the ability of the Chinese government and Chinese
people. Chinese government is trying to improve
condition of air with several aspects before it gets worse.
Meanwhile, people are also paying more attention to
environmental protection.
1. From the regulation point of view, the Chinese government promulgated the new
“Environment Protection Law” to protect environment more stringently. The new
"environmental protection law", clearly defined, states that environmental planning
should fit with city planning, and land development. Environmental protection
departments should take a long-term view, to become more involved in the national
and local planning system. Environmental protection departments should strengthen
environmental supervision, to disclose more environmental information and garner
public participation. This helps environmental economic policy in accelerating the
necessary legislation and system construction.
2. China is changing its development focus from resource-draining to energy efficient
technology development. According to the information from Chinese Government, by
the end of 2020, industries such as energy saving and environmental protection,
information technology, biotechnology, high-end equipment manufacturing industry,
new energy, new materials, and new energy automobile industry will become the
leaders in the national economy. During the Chinese "Twelfth Five Year Plan" period,
China will eliminate processes that create high energy consumption, and high
pollution emissions, including serious excess capacity of copper smelting, smelting of
Ms. Rongyong Yang during the workshop
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lead, zinc smelting, tanning, printing and dyeing, chemical fiber, lead storage battery
industry.
3. China plans to turn garbage disposal services into a method of producing energy. The
waste incineration to energy generation technology will both benefit environmental
protection and power generation. Due to the effect of waste volume reduction, the
harmful components in the garbage are completely decomposed during high
temperature combustion. Waste incineration with high temperature is used for
heating or power generation. It will become the most effective way of recycling
disposal. We expect that the waste incineration disposal volume will reach 30% of the
total in 2020, and the new daily processing capacity of 131,000 tons of garbage
incineration equipment will have been built at that time.
She complimented WUSME and acknowledged that it was a great platform for small and
mid-sized enterprises development worldwide. As a member of this organization, China
would assume the responsibility of sustainable development. Chinese companies would
be very happy to join the WUSME program of “Waste to Energy”, and wished to have
more opportunities to increase their international cooperation to reduce pollution and
conserve resources.
8. Waste Problem- A Case study of India by Mr. Arun Agarwal
Mr. Arun Agarwal, WUSME Member of the Commission on Financial Issue.
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Mr. Arun Agarwal also elaborated in the same context/ direction as by Dr. J S Juneja
about the current scenario of waste and its management in India. Every year, about 55
million tonnes of municipal solid waste and 38 billion litres
of sewage are generated in the urban areas of India. In
addition, large quantities of solid and liquid wastes are
generated by industries. Waste generation in India is
expected to increase rapidly in the future. As more people
migrate to urban areas and as incomes increase,
consumption levels are likely to rise, as would rates of waste
generation. It is estimated that the amount of waste
generated in India will increase at a per capita rate of
approximately 1-1.33% annually. This has significant
impacts on the amount of land that is and will be needed for
disposal, economic costs of collecting and transporting
waste, and the environmental consequences of increased
municipal solid waste generation levels.
i. Why Waste to Energy is Important?
Most wastes that are generated, find their way into land
and water bodies without proper treatment, causing severe water pollution. They also
emit greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide, and add to air pollution. Any
organic waste from urban and rural areas and industries is a resource due to its ability to
get degraded, resulting in energy generation.
ii. India -Waste to Energy Potential
According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India
there exist a potential of about 1700 MW from urban waste (1500 from MSW and 225
MW from sewage) and about 1300 MW from industrial waste. The Ministry is also actively
promoting the generation of energy from waste, by providing subsidies and incentives for
the projects. The Government owned Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency
(IREDA) estimates indicate that India has so far realized only about 2% of its waste-to-
energy potential. A recent market study predicts that the Indian municipal solid waste to
energy market could be growing at a compound annual growth rate of 9.7% every year.
iii Technologies for the Generation of Energy from Waste
Mr. Arun Agarwal, during the workshop
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Energy is being recovered from the organic fraction of waste (biodegradable as well as
non-biodegradable) through thermal, thermo-chemical, biochemical and
electrochemical methods.
iii. Indian Government Support for Waste to Energy
The Indian Government has recognized waste to energy as a renewable technology and
supports it through various subsidies and incentives. The Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy is actively promoting all the technology options available for energy recovery from
urban and industrial wastes. MNRE is also promoting the research on waste to energy by
providing financial support for R&D projects on cost sharing basis in accordance with the
R&D Policy of the MNRE. In addition to that, the Ministry also provides financial support
for projects involving applied R&D and studies on resource assessment, technology up-
gradation and performance evaluation.
He concluded that a number of key statistics, such as the value of recyclables, the amount
of environmental pollution from waste sources, and the quantity of industrial waste
generated, need to be computed to gain a better understanding of this sector. A proper
research related to more realistic statistics relating to generation of different kinds of
wastes and their conversion to energy with detailed analysis of costs and available funding
is needed to be conducted. He also estimated that as of now there would be more than
100-125 SMEs who are involved in the waste to energy sector in India. With the new
Government in India focusing its attention on generation of clean energy via renewable
energy sources and sanitation, this number is expected to increase rapidly over the next
5 years and the sector is providing excellent opportunities for investment and technology
transfer by foreign waste management companies, especially from Europe. While
referring to Ganga2 River cleaning campaign launched by the Government of India, he
also acknowledged about German Deputy Consul General Michael Ott, who stated that
apart from other sectors, Germany would like to assist the Indian Government in cleaning
up the Ganges, which is an ambitious project of the new government. Mr. Ott further said
that Germany is also keen on investing in waste water and sewage treatment as well as
renewable power sectors, apart from education and healthcare. Similarly, the President
of the World Bank, Dr Jim Yong during his recent visit to India, has also assured India of
the Bank’s support in cleaning up the Ganges River and treatment of the waste so
discharged.
2 Ganga River is a Holy river as per Hindu Religious belief and contributes significantly for economic well being of the population and SMEs in Waste Management.
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9. Ecoarea, Better Living – A Case Study of Rimini, Italy by Mr. Romano
Ugolini
Mr. Romano Ugolini emphasized that as a scientific and feasible response to energy
problems on local and global scale, the Green Economy was not an utopian development
model anymore. It has turned into a real factor in which humans, enterprises and nations
work every day to result major economic benefits,
respecting parameters of environmental
protection. Renewable energies, sustainable
mobility, optimized water resources, non polluting
treatments of waste, care of the territories
and designing of low environmental impact
buildings (just like Ecoarea) were only some pieces
of this new socioeconomic mosaic. He made
elaborate presentation of smart and green
structures.
Eco area was founded in order to connect demand
and supply of a new sector, the Green Economy.
This newly established sector, has the potential to
become the backbone of a new economy, that is not
based on wasting resources, but on their more
intelligent and sustainable pursuit. Today the
regulations made for environment protection have
become an important stimulus for re-innovation. Citizens and consumers have a growing
interest to get up-to date information on these processes, particularly in terms of
convenience and saving. This information function, especially in the field of eco-
innovation, is required for professionals like architects, industrial designers, urban
planners and energy managers to name but a few. In Ecoarea, professionals get to know
and experience the advantages and technologies of the innovative products of the
exhibiting companies. Entrepreneurs, academics, professionals and supporters of
sustainable development find in Ecoarea the right atmosphere and platform for
exchanging information and doing business; not only for themselves, but for the
environment and mankind. Experiencing directly what is really green as well as changing
our lives in better living, is integral part of Ecoarea's mission.
Mr. Romano Ugolini, CEO, Ecoarea, Better Living , Rimini, Italy
Mr. Romano Ugolini, during the workshop
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Ecoarea is a concrete example of SMART building: a multipurpose building that
incorporates energy efficiency, materials with low environmental impact and domotics
automation technology, in order to make it "smarter" than conventional buildings. Being
finalist in the categories Structural Design of the Year and Future Project of the Year at
the 2011 edition of the prestigious World Architectural Festival in Barcelona, Ecoarea is
the best expression of eco-efficiency. The top classification A is the result of a great
conceptual and planned work. The internal architectural element that links the four levels
(the Expolab, the technological basement of the building, with the Suspended Garden, a
roof covered with turf which houses a photovoltaic system and solar panels) is called the
strip, and it forms the backbone of the entire tour route of Ecoarea. It is an ideal strip
of biotrass (or TRASSO, natural product of volcanic origin) already known to the
architects of ancient Rome. TRASSO, wood and glass, make up 90% of the building that,
for this and other features of isolation and performance, is certified in energy class A. The
building has been thought as a hybrid structure, where the traditional "mortar and brick"
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method has been integrated with a "dry" technology of structural wood. The
building needs very little energy and it is provided by renewable energies like photovoltaic
at 20 kw pick. Although, Ecoarea does not need much water, there is a system for
the complete utilization of rain water which is used for gardening and domestic use. All
the rooms overlook a central void, where the lowest point is placed in the auditorium,
with a sliding glass roof above. The latter, in addition to being element of visual
continuity, works as a natural vertical ventilation chimney. Ecoarea is also equipped with
home automation devices and car parks illuminated by LEDs that recharge the light of
the sun.
He also introduced the case of Bio Max, an anaerobic digestion plant (non thermal
technology) able to convert agricultural wastes into clean BIOGAS. Despite its "zero CO2
emission" and other assurances by the project creator, the inhabitants do not trust it in
terms of pollution and sustainability. He related sustainability with energy efficiency
through Eco area for better living – a futuristic green building technology.
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10. Zhongguancun Federation of Social Organization by Mr. Jian Dai
Mr. Jian Dai in his presentation informed that
Zhongguancun was the first high-tech park and the
first national innovation demonstration zone in
China. Zhongguancun has become a high-end
industry functional zone in Beijing. Zhongguancun
Federation of Social Organization (FSO) plays an
important part as “the vital point social organization”
in Zhongguancun, founded by Chambers of
Commerce and Associations in 2003, aiming to
integrate resources, enhance exchange and
cooperation between domestic and overseas
organizations and promote development of
organizations.
It has ten thousands branch member enterprises included from the large-scale well-
known to the middle & small-sized enterprises in the field of the advanced technology
including IT, the bioengineering, and the new medicine & pharmacology, and the
intermediary service agency including incubator, electronic products trade, and so on.
They are the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation. He appreciated the workshop and
was much honored to discuss guiding principles for future cooperation with WUSME by
sharing developmental experience, exploit technical markets and probe collaborative
model.
The members of the Zhongguancun Federation of Social Organization includes a wide
range, where the Industrial Organization is at 25 %, the comprehensive association 22 %,
the S&T intermediary 17 %, the Venture 13 %, the Talents 12 %, and the Financial 11%. It
also helps their partner to exchange, dialogue or interact with each other and to express
their concerns relating to their interest. They also promote cooperative project.
Zhongguancun Federation of Social Organization acts an irreplaceable role in Science
Park, which is the necessary builder for entrepreneurial environment, the organizer for
industrial development and the remarkable cooperator for enterprise innovation and
development and is supported by Beijing Municipal Government. The organization also
pioneer in waste management and various other practices for waste management.
Mr. Jian Dai, Secretary-General of Zhongguancun Federation of Social Organization
Mr. Jian Dai, during the workshop
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Mr.Jian Dai stated that he would welcome partners for collaboration with Zhongguancun
Park.
11. Preparing Action Plan for Cameroon by Mr. Leon Ayana Ndz`e
Mr. Leon Ayana Ndz`e informed that the Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises,
Social Economy and Handicraft of Cameroon was
established in 2004 by Presidential Decrees. The
Ministry is responsible for the development,
implementation and evaluation of public policy for the
development and supervision of small and medium
enterprises and artisans.
The vision of Cameroon in 2035 in the field of Small and
Medium Enterprises is formulated as follows: "SMEs
make the engine of growth and job creation.” The
strategy chosen to achieve the objective of the program
aims to promote private initiative and improve the
business environment for SMEs in Cameroon.
The promotion of SME sector in Cameroon is regulated
by law(decree 2010/001 of 13 April 2004).It also includes
mechanisms/ incentives related to the development of
the business climate in Cameroon. These are:
- Formalities Centre for Enterprise Creation (CFCE):
helps create a company in 72
hours.
- Management Centers Approved (CGA): provides assistance to the management and
fiscal security for members.
- E-Regulations project: provides comprehensive and detailed information on
administrative procedures making them transparent to investors.
- The Exchange subcontracting and Partnership (SPX) resource center: allows
identification and evaluation of companies based on their technical capabilities. Since
its inception, 165 companies have already joined.
Mr. Leon Ayana Ndz`e, Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises, Social economy and Handicraft of Cameroon.
Mr. Leon Ayana Ndz’e, during the workshop
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- Cameroonian Bank Small and Medium Enterprises (SME-BC): specializes in financing
small and medium enterprises and handicrafts. To achieve its missions, BC - SME has
two funding windows i.e., A window for financing Small and Medium Enterprises and
the counter B for funding Crafts.
- The Agency for Promotion of Small and Medium Enterprises (APME): responsible, in
conjunction with governments and public and private bodies in assistance, coaching,
facilitation of formalities of entrepreneurship and counseling with ideas and projects.
The second component focuses on capacity building, the establishment of a data bank
and the promotion of technological innovation. The third is the establishment of an
Observatory for SMEs, the incubation of start-up and companion (in partnership with
large companies), etc.
Added to this is a biennial platform for exchanges and discussions biennial called
"National Days of SMEs" held in Cameroon's economic capital Douala.
Environmental Protection in Cameroon
In Cameroon, there is a department in charge of environment and protection of nature.
It is a well structured sector with stringent legislation in the matière. Le Cameroon is
Africa in miniature because of vegetation and climates that are found in the African
continent. It focuses protection of fauna and flora. There is also Department of Wildlife.
The non-governmental and inter-governmental organizational structures complement
the Government efforts for the sustainable management of environment. Many SMEs are
engaged in environmental activities. Cameroon has a company that manages garbage
collection across the country.
Hence, Cameroon Government is extending help for waste management and recycling
and the contributions by SMEs towards the same are also laudable.
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12. A Case study of Cameroon by Mrs. Angeline Henzen
Mrs. Angeline Henzen stated that she felt proud to be associated with WUSME. She
added that mandate given to her was to promote, initiate, implement and coordinate
activities of WUSME in Cameroon which has led to the establishment of a set of activities.
Mrs.Henzen informed that WUSME was being actively
promoted in Cameroon.It would participate wherever
forums on SMEs and crafts were held. In the second half
of 2013, in the Convention Center of Yaoundé, an
informative workshop was held which brought together
both public and private actors. This meeting had a great
success. In the year 2014, several activities, such as
meetings with leaders of employers' groups,SMEs and
development partners, among other things, have been
conducted to raise awareness.
She acknowledged the presence in the delegation of
WUSME CAMEROON of the representative of the
Minister of Cameroon in charge of SME, Social
Economy and Handicrafts.She informed that the
Government of Cameroon has launched a series of
measures and incentives after the adoption of the law on
the promotion of SMEs in 2007.It deals with the
improvement of the business climate by establishing,
since 2010, Centers of formalization and creation of enterprises, and the implementing a
"E.REGULATION" program with UNDP in 2013. This program allows a speedy creation
of companies in 72 hours in their country.
The other measure,according to her included approval of management centers to support
fiscal framework of SMEs. The Investment Charter in force since April 2013 is the central
element to encourage foreign investment. The biennial forum for SMEs held nationwide
as the National Day of SMEs.Beside these the other major nationwide measures
functional. included, among others, the CAPAM (Support Framework for the
Mrs. Angeline Henzen, In charge of SME, Ministry of Cameroon.
Mrs. Angeline Henzen , during the workshop
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Promotion of Crafts Mining), API (Investment Promotion Agency), the SMEs bank
(opened since 2014).
In the field of Handicrafts, Cameroon provides each of its ten regions with guidance and
training in Crafts in one place structures.These places showcase handicrafts for sale. In
the same area, an international group hosts, every two years, Artisans from the world;
this year holding the fourth edition of the International Exhibition of Crafts of Cameroon.
The highlight of the policy mandate is that it is consistant towards all the Public
Institutions, governmental organizations, non-governmental and development partners.
They meet the prerequisites necessary for the submission of the requests and pass the
required preliminary investigations of morality prescribed by competent authority of
country.Mrs.Henzen informed that the transverse component of the Ministy for SMEs, in
view of its activities, highlights a range of actors from different backgrounds.She stated
that pending the outcome of the administrative process of the recognition of WUSME
being evaluated from the political or diplomatic strategic angles,this was a good reason
justifying the existence of WUSME under the legal form of lawin Cameroon.
Mrs.Henzen informed that she felt encouraged to see the evolution of their activities and
the presence of the Representative of the Government which showed that their work was
appreciated and has a positive impact. With these activities and concrete actions it was
imminent that the action plan was going to be implemented immediately. Their mission
was thus inspiring and would be made real.
13. “World leading waste to energy solutions - Complete Solution” by
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Mr. Helmut Konig
Mr. Koenig described early initiatives in Germany for conversion of waste into energy. He
elaborated the work done his company Avis Global Energy in this area. According to him
the early initiative comprised of a pilot plant – first of its kind constructed at Fürth,
Germany by Siemens which was fully operational as a prototype waste conversion plant
to produce bio energy. The plant operated on a hot thermal conversion system however it
was subsequently closed due to the environmental technology concerns raised by the
waste lobby groups in Germany. Siemens elected not to deal with the German lobby
groups and preferred instead to close and sell the facility.
Later on a leading Engineering team of Germany created a new technology replacing the
hot thermal system with a revolutionary cold conversion system, thus eliminating the
concerns of the German government and the Lobby groups. This new technology has
earned global acclaim and has been patented worldwide.
The new, environmental friendly technology converts all existing wastes and organic
materials into high grade bio-oil, fertilizer and by-products, while also extracting all
minerals, ferrous, non ferrous metals and polluted water into usable consumer products;
all achieved with zero emissions or residues, without any odor and landfill use. The waste
conversion plant technology generates Methanol for an unlimited supply for power fuel
cells, to produce electricity and water.
In 2007 while Avis Energy was searching for unique alternate energy production
opportunities they researched the German patented technology and realized the global
potential for this new waste disposal system. Each Avis Energy Conversion plant costs
about 200Million Euros to build and, in turn, it generates on average between 30 and 50
million Euros, net profit after all costs. The total investment cost of each plant is also
amortized and fully paid back in less than ten years.
There has already been such a market demand that the AVIS team has closed contracts in
2008 and 2014, every week with municipal governments and their waste contractors
(joint Venture Contract). In fact, as of this time Avis Energy has negotiated to build more
than 100 plants, including 10 in Brazil.
Mr.Helmut Konig,Director,Avis Global Energy,Canada
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The highly sophisticated AVIS Energy Plant
Figure: 1.12
At the end of 2013, the AVIS Energy Team transferred the entire project to Canada and
now with the new extended Team and partners, Avis Energy can deliver about 20
prefabricated waste conversion plants every year at industrial scale size.
The Avis business model calls for each JV contractor to provide the waste infrastructure
and the land, and they must become a shareholder in AVIS Energy. The JV partner retains
a 20% ownership of the newly structured firm, while Avis Energy maintains the 80%
balance controlling position. The plants will be financed by Medium Term Loan Program
with a Credit contract structured between the Bond issuer and the Plant host firm. The
Bonds are issued against first class insurance, first class zero coupons and collateral
basket. Due to serious illness of the German leader of the engineering team, the AVIS
team entered into collaboration with a leading Canada engineering team and German
machinery corporation.
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Figure: 1.13
In 2014 AVIS Energy will reverse- merger with a Multi International Engineering
Corporation, to guarantee the development of the BML Plants worldwide. The
Corporation has currently strength of 3000 employees, enlarged to 8000 for the delivery
of 20 BML plants every year.
AVIS Energy plant is world leading waste to energy solution which cleans energy from
waste by converting waste to recycled products and other useful substances. Now, it is a
tried and well accepted technology. Although, initial investment is heavy particularly for
the developing countries but it is worth it.
He emphasized that WUSME could play a facilitating role as it has a powerful strategic
member chain.
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14. Generating Electric energy from Organic and Plastic Waste by Ms. Marta
Laczko
Ms. Marta Laczko stressed that waste management was a serious problem in most of Europe and in Hungary as well. Due to the development of societies and technologies, the amount of municipal waste per capita was increasing. Therefore the legislators of the EU must put more emphasis than ever on controlling waste disposal and on keeping deadlines in each member state. A number of regulations and deadlines have been made in order to abolish anachronistic landfills and to control the amount of waste held in modern landfills however on long term, landfills cannot serve as a long lasting solution.
On the one hand with the present amount of
waste they will get filled up very fast. On the
other hand municipal waste contains a lot of
recyclable materials such as: paper, glass, metal, and a large amount of plastic based
organic materials. With recycling of paper, glass and metal waste we have an easy job,
because there are already sufficient solutions existing. In the case of plastic and other
waste the situation is not as simple.
Plastic waste gets to the landfills where its degradation begins only after decades, causing
earth pollution and air contamination, thus polluting the environment and poisoning
animals, water, land and air. It was thus obvious that placing municipal waste in landfills
did not offer a long-term solution. Waste management have to be reconsidered, the
amount of waste has to be reduced, and the selection of recyclable waste have to be
emphasized. Instead of the incineration of organic waste and slow degradation, new
disposal technologies must be developed.
One of the leading waste recycling technologies is thermo-catalytic. It is possible to
process waste in an anaerobic environment, unlike waste incinerators. In the thermo-
catalytic process plastic waste would go through a hermetically closed system, therefore
Ms. Marta Laczko, Director, Intect Energy Ltd.
Ms. Marta Laczko during the workshop
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no harmful gases would be emitted. By using this technology the difficulties regarding the
continuous problems generated by the disposal of plastic waste disappear.
The thermo-catalytic system designed by the inventor/producer has been created in a way
that the whole process, from input to output, is performed automatically without any
problems; therefore the possibility of shutdowns can be reduced to a minimum. The
process can be easily monitored and controlled with the help of an electronic controlling
device, which plans and controls the previously given heat parameters in each phase.
Naturally, a hi-tech automatic safety stopping mechanism has also been developed for the
plant. This technology serves two purposes: it helps dispose organic waste that has been
appearing in large amounts all over the world and creates „clean” and cheap electric
energy via the waste utilizing unit in order to supply the nearby communities with
electricity.
The power plant
Plastic and rubber are special types of waste which are actually indestructible. Getting rid
of these materials by incineration is not the right solution since it pollutes the
environment, especially by free carbon particles (dense smoke) and the toxic materials
connected to them. Rubber waste has been utilized in the form of ground rubber or by
incineration in cement factories until now. By the thermo-catalytic processing of rubber
and plastic the following products will arise:
oil
gas
soot/slag
Steel waste (only in case of tires).
Oil may be utilized in internal combustion engines by which generators can be driven.
Therefore, they will be able to produce electric energy.
Plasma Gasification - Technology
Plasma gasification based technology utilizes plasma that is considered to be the 4th state
next to solid, liquid and gaseous states. High temperatures between 4000ºC do 6000ºC
with the possibility of increasing the temperature up to 16000ºC are created in a special
device called reactor via plasma/plasma reactor. The inside of the reactor is lined with a
special ceramic material developed and used by the NASA to protect spaceships. Material
inputs are immediately gasified due to the high temperature and become liquid under
pressure in oxygen-free environment in the reactor.
Common materials processed by gasification such as Municipal waste, Industrial waste,
Medical/Hospital waste, Renewable resources such as wooden chips, Materials that are
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outputs of agricultural activities, Second-rate fuels, Coal + water, Sewage, Used tires,
Used oil, Waste from slaughterhouses, Hazardous waste such as PCB materials and so on.
Figure: 1.14
The benefits of the related region from plasma gasification technology are the following:
1. The technology involves the potential of new jobs for the region.
2. Waste from households or from existing landfills including used tires is processed by
this method of waste disposal.
3. It offers the possibility of producing cheap electric power, heat, cold or fuel.
This technology developed by NASA is nowadays considered the best environmental
method of waste disposal connected with the production of energy media. It is utilized in
United States, Great Britain, and India or in Italy for example. Municipal waste will be
delivered to the place of operation by the existing method of specialized companies
dealing with waste transport. There is also possibility of waste import from neighboring
countries to be processed at the premises. The implementation of the technology would
bring the most effective way of waste disposal respecting the surrounding environment.
The generated electricity would contribute to the balanced power system.
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15. Humic Acids, humus and humic substances by Dr. Rafael Pizarro
Dr. Raffel Pizarro discussed about the harsh impact of humic acids and their substances.
Humic substances are without a doubt one of the most important compounds for life on
earth. Humic acid is the principal constituent of all humic substance which are major
organic constituents of soil, coal, dystrophic lake, ocean water etc.
Humic substances are formed by the microbial degradation of dead plant matter.
According to present knowledge, the necessary condition for development of humic acids:
many thousand of year, anaerobic conditions in a ground of a shallow water sea,
continental climate with long frost period in winters, and frequent frozen ground to
destroy the living cells of soil bacteriums by needle ice formation in their mezoplasm.
In living cells there is a state of equilibrium among and acting against enzymes, but after
freeing from the cell they can independently play their chemical roles to build big humic
acid compounds from the smaller molecules existing in the decay mass. The enzymes get
free from the restriction of the living cell equlibria can take their chemical activity already
without any control. This is the reason of the enormous diverseness of humic materials.
The effect of natural humic acids on human health
Humic acids are natural substances resulting from biological and chemical decomposítion
and the production activity of soil bacteriums. The main source is the peat of not higher
age of fifty years. The longer time is disadvantageous for veterinary and human use. The
reason is: increasing risk of the appearance of cancerogenic and/or mutagenic molecules.
The humic acids contains aromatic di-, tri- and tetra-acids which link between the
aromatic cores provide sugars, peptides, aliphatic compounds. Mostly carboxylic,
quinone, semiquinon, hydroxyl, ethers, esters and amide groumps are present. Humic
acids are large moleculs, having a molecular weight even over100-thousend Dalton (weigt
of a proton). The high content of humic acids in the mud has well known impotance in
balneology, treating diseases as inflammation of organs, in gastrointestinal disorders,
diabetes, cancer, infectious diseases, anemia etc.
Dr. Rafael Pizarro, Lord Miedrich & Partners Ltd., U.K.
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Humic acids have strong absorption capacity for other toxic substances, bind dioxins,
some pesticides, fungal toxins and some carcinogens and mutagens. Humic acids strongly
suppot the immune system by preventing the degradation of immune cells. Prevent the
formation of gastric and duodenal ulcer after Helicobacter pylori indection, so reduce
potential for cancerogenesis int he stomach and duodenum, act in prevention against
aspirin induced gastric ulcers.
Important feature of humic arcid is a very strong antioxidant activity. They are able to
neutralize free radicals, decrease cholesterol, triglycerides, support the beneficial
probiotic microorganisms. It forces the body to convert more cholesterol to bile acids.
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16. WUSME & UNESCO Initiatives by Dr. Robert Holz
In this world of increasing chaos, which by some odds, falls under the Middle Ages, if
not to the Stone Age. In any case,we can see the consolation of technology, that has never
been so all-powerful and the ability of certain sections of humanity able, fortunately, to
add to the contrary, the permanent elements of progress.In this setting, what about
SMEs, the infantrymen without grades who can hardly progress in a such hostile
universe.
It belongs to World Union to illuminate new ways devised for its present
development, and the perspective for the near or more distant future. The proposals are
various and he mentioned hereinafter, some examples.
1. Europe
In response to criticism of any kind, whom the European Union, rightly or wrongly,
objects,want to select actions that have been basis for progress.
a) The Ombudsman
Faced with several complaints, in one area or the other, the Commission decided to
establish an Ombudsman responsible to receive and if possible, to find the best solution,
in conjunction with the Community Administration concerned.
This person is Ms. Emily O'Reilly.
2. Our potential role in the investment aid granted from the USA to Africa for
$ 14 billion dollars.
Indeed, to refer to a previous allocation, last year, made by China for some 50 billion
dollars, not a gift, but very long-term loan (50 years, to be verified) at very low interest
rates (close to 0, to verify) also for infrastructure and public investment.
The goal was to show that the action of China in Africa was not limited to collect raw
materials, but also to provide funding to assist the continent in its efforts to develop
Dr. Robert Holz, WUSME Vice President & Representative to UNESCO in Paris for SMEs (France – Europe), France
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infrastructure and modernization together. 50 Heads of State were invited, in this
connection, to Beijing by the Chinese Government.
despite efforts to make contact with the Chinese Government, through its Embassy in
Paris, had unfortunately not been successful.
3. The negotiations on the Free Trade Treaty between America and Europe
The Treaty, which should significantly increase trade between America (USA, Canada,
Mexico) and the European Union, is progressing slowly. As always there are "apples of
discord" that hinder the development of the Final Agreement. Anyway, we must make
sure SMEs are not forgotten.
Whatever are the tools that will allow to customize its own characteristics, there is a
provision which has already given proofs in the three nations of USA, United Kingdom
and the Netherlands.
This is TASBI (Transatlantic Small Business Initiative) a variation of the broader
agreement entitled TABD (Transatlantic Business Dialogue).
The main idea that drives these initiatives is to grant, in a privileged way, the
public subsidies existing, in partner Nations, to enterprises ready to perform
any kind of cooperation with enterprises located in either side of the
Atlantic.
The three countries, USA, United Kingdom and the Netherlands, have already been
widely using, while the other 25 EU member countries have practically paid no attention.
4. Strengthening interventions to achieve (or take steps needed to present)
the candidacy of our Union for International Organizations
So, having obtained the position of Consultative member of the "Economic and Social
Committee of the United Nations" (ECOSOC), we must continue to find the same position
with other International Organizations, whose purpose is directly or indirectly linked to
our Union, namely:
- UNIDO
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Relations with the organization in Vienna (Austria) are already active.
We should transform these relations into a state of real Consultative Member
of the above agency.
Dr. Knoll von Dornhoff is in the best position to perform the steps in this direction.
- UNESCO
He himself conducted the
preliminary stages of the presentation of WUSME Union to obtain the Consultative
status to the above agency. It is now up to the higher authorities of Union to
make the official interventions necessary to transform the attemps into
reality with the Agency.
- OECD
From the positions with the agencies mentioned above, a request for Observer status3
could be made that would allow our Union to participate in the Organization in
deliberatious having SMEs concerns.
- The European Union
Finally, WUSME must have official status with the EU.
In this regard, it would be convenient, maybe through ESBA, to see if a link could be
established with "EUROPME", which I have contributed to create with the WUSME
German Delegation in 1980. It should be relatively easy, therefore, to approach its current
Secretary-General to include our Union.
5. Morocco, close to join WUSME and increase the cooperation between local
SMEs and European and global SMEs.
The Moroccan economy increasingly appears to open outward and the Government
strives to integrate local SMEs as much as possible.An organization, among others, named
“Convention France – North Africa” with its dynamic President Mr. Mohamed El
Ouadhoudi is responsible for dealing with it.Following his efforts since many
years, Mr. Robert Holz invited him to come to San Marino, to attend our
3 As the OECD organization in which only States are members, private organizations can rely on a formal co-operation with the latter only through “Observer status member”.
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meeting and present to the plenary assembly his organization and its
program.
Unfortunately, the preparation of his own annual conference in late September requires
his presence in Casablanca and prevented him from coming. So, he asked me to express,
in his place, his desire to become a Member Organization of WUSME and also
establish in its premises, if the Board of Directors of WUSME found it useful, a local
branch as in case in Gabon and Senegal, to pursue, locally, an active cooperation in all
areas of development of the local SMEs, for which initiatives could be suggested by our
Union.
Conclusion
These are the different issues which seemed useful to me to present today and which can
serve as a basis for a part of the Programme of Action of our Union in the months to come.
An important event which confirms this orientation is the appointment of Ms. Federica
Mogherini, the previously Italian national Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Italian
Government Matteo Renzi, as Minister of Foreign Affairs of the European Union, via the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs San Marino, it will be easier that WUSME be introduced to
her.
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17. Conclusions and Recommendations of the Workshop
WUSME International Workshop on “Waste to Energy” at San Marino attracted
eminent speakers from the continents of Africa, Asia, Europe and North America. The
workshop dwelt at length this topical, important & diversified topic. The Honorable State
Minister of Territory, Infrastructures and Relation to the AASP of San Marino,Dr.
Antonella Mularoni and WUSME President Dr. Gian Franco Terenzi set the tone of the
workshop by impressing upon the participants and the Nations at large to treat the waste
as a resource rather than a problem.
Introducing the subject of the conference of the workshop as Chairman, Dr. J S Juneja
elaborated on the menace of waste which is ever increasingly being generated both by the
developing and developed countries. He presented an integrated approach to waste
management and gave the example of India which converts a large number of waste
materials into economically useful products and most of the conversions are done by the
SMEs. Similarly, it is being processed by many developing countries. Conversion of
wastes to clean energy was also elaborated. Various speakers succinctly gave solutions to
this emerging and burning issue with examples of relevant technologies and applications
thereof. The recommendations emerging from the intense deliberations and forceful
presentations at the Workshop were as follows:
i. The Workshop recognized that the waste was increasing worldwide in geometric
progression and it should be treated as a resource rather than a menace.
ii. The waste management offered tremendous opportunity to small medium and micro
enterprises for conversion of waste products into economically useful materials and
products by recycling the waste products. Hence, a compendium of available
technologies may be prepared for the benefit of the entrepreneurs to develop their
industries and business and enhance employment opportunity. No doubt, some of
these technologies were being used.However a compendium would be of significant
value as a source of information on tecnological solutions to the SMEs and
entrepreneurs in the developing world.
iii. From the presentation of select countries, it was evident that the world was conscious
to manage the waste in a scientific manner and also to the need of making efforts to
minimize the same by improving upon the technologies particularly a lesson for SMEs.
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iv. Various relevant technologies such as Plasma Gasification plant, AVIS Energy plant,
Eco area for better living etc. were elaborated for converting waste to energy and its
efficient use.
v. The Workshop deeply appreciated the financial support measures adopted by the
European Union for waste management. The Workshop recommended that WUSME
should request European Union to provide financial support to developing countries
for total waste management.
vi. Some countries such as Hungary have evolved National Waste Management Plan
along with plan of actions for total waste management, somthing similar to which
could be replicated by other countries.
vii. WUSME should create awareness about management of waste as an integrated
approach particularly in the developing world and may seek help from European
Union and donors by projectizing the same.
WUSME appreciated contributions of all the speakers and particularly thanked
WUSME President Dr. Terenzi profusely for hosting the Workshop. Dr. Terenzi
inturn thanked all the speakers and participants for coming to San Marino and
for their valuable contributions.
The Workshop acknowledged the support of Dr. Maria Valeria Pasquini and her
team for facilitating the workshop and the events very meticulously and thanked
them.
All participants to the Workshop unanimously agreed that the Workshop has
been very successful and an important event by all measures.
18. Glimpses of the Workshop
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19. ANNEXURES
Annexure I
Profiles of Speakers
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Annexure II
Agenda for the Workshop
WUSME INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP
6 Sept 2014
BEST WESTERN PALACE HOTEL SERRAVALLE,
REPUBLIC OF SAN MARINO
WASTE TO ENERGY
NEW TECHNOLOGIES OF SMES AND CRAFTS FOR TURNING POLLUTING
WASTE INTO CLEAN ENERGY
WUSME PRESIDENT: DR. G.F. Terenzi
Opening Speech
Workshop Special Guest: H.E. Dr.Antonella Mularoni, State Minister for
Territory, Infrastructures and Relation to the AASP
Welcome message and opening speech
Workshop President: J. S. Juneja, WUSME Vice President
Opening Speech
Moderator: Prof. Dr. Norbert Knoll von Dornhoff, WUSME Secretary-General
Opening Speech
Speakers:
Speakers, taking part in the Workshop and listed here below in alphabetical order, will
intervene according to an AGENDA established by the President in compliance with the
organizational and personal needs of participants:
Participant Speakers:
Mr. ARUN AGRAWAL
WUSME Member of the Commission on Financial Issue s, INDIA
WASTE TO ENERGY: AN OVERVIEW OF THE SITUATION IN INDIA
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Mr. IMRE BICZO
Director General of the National Institute for Environment Hungary
Mr. ROBERT HOLZ
WUSME Vice President and Representative to UNESCO in Paris for
SMEs (France - Europe)
Mr. JIAN DAI
Secretary-General of Zhongguancun Federations of Social Organizations, CHINA
Mr. HELMUT KÖNIG
Director of AVIS GLOBAL ENERGY, CANADA
World leading waste to energy solutions
Mrs. MARTA LACZKO
Representative of Intech EnergyLtd, UK
Gas Plasma Plants for the production of electricity from waste
Mrs. RONGYONG YANG
WUSME member of the Board and President of Shanghai High Victory Fine
Chemical Co., Ltd., China
Mrs. CLAUDIA MULARONI
Chief Executive Officer of Pragmata Institute:
“How the European Union supports Green Energy projects through funding”
Mr. ROMANO UGOLINI
CEO of Ecoarea Better Living srl ITALY
Mr. PAL GORMORY Representative of EKS-GRANIT KFT, HUNGARY, Humic acids, humus, humic substances