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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
X-ray imagingX-ray imaging
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Absorption of x-ray is influenced byAbsorption of x-ray is influenced by::
• wave-length of radiationwave-length of radiation33
• atomic numberatomic number44 • densitydensity• thicknessthickness
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
X-ray tubeX-ray tube
patientpatient
detectordetector (film, dd)(film, dd)
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
image intensifierimage intensifier
TV monitorTV monitor
detectordetector (fluoro screen)(fluoro screen)
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
negative imagenegative image
positive imagepositive image
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
X-ray tubeX-ray tubeX-rayX-ray
bodybodydetectordetector
lesionlesion
shadowshadow
collimationcollimation
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
X-ray tubeX-ray tube X-rayX-rayobjectobject
shadowshadow
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
X-ray tubeX-ray tube X-rayX-ray objectobject
shadowshadow
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
X-ray tubeX-ray tube X-rayX-rayobject II.object II.
shadowshadow
object I.object I.
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
X-ray tubeX-ray tubeX-rayX-ray
objectobject
focusfocus
(shadow)(shadow)
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
X-ray tubeX-ray tubeX-rayX-ray
objectobject
focusfocus
(shadow)(shadow)
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
X-ray imaging: X-ray imaging:
• magnifiesmagnifies• distortsdistorts• summarizessummarizes• forgetsforgets
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
X-ray imaging: X-ray imaging:
• magnifiesmagnifies• distortsdistorts• summarizessummarizes• forgetsforgets
The solution: The solution:
• more than one directionmore than one direction• tomographytomography
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Solution:Solution:
low voltagelow voltage
contrast materialcontrast material
other modalitiesother modalities
Poor contrast resolutionPoor contrast resolution
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Risks and hazards of ionizing radiationRisks and hazards of ionizing radiation
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
ionization in the chromosomes – direct ionization in the chromosomes – direct damage in DNAdamage in DNA
ionization in the cytoplasm – free radicals ionization in the cytoplasm – free radicals causing indirect damage of proteins, RNA causing indirect damage of proteins, RNA and DNAand DNA
Ways of cellular damageWays of cellular damage
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Diagnostic rangeDiagnostic range– threshold dosethreshold dose– summation summation – risk of risk of malignanciesmalignancies – ocular lens, thyroid glandocular lens, thyroid gland
Therapeutic rangeTherapeutic range– side effects, complicationsside effects, complications
Nuclear accidentNuclear accident– Acute/chronic radiation diseaseAcute/chronic radiation disease
Somatic radiation injurySomatic radiation injury
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
Manifests in descendants onlyManifests in descendants only No threshold doseNo threshold dose Possible outcomes:Possible outcomes:– ovum or sperm cell perishesovum or sperm cell perishes– ovum or sperm cell is not able to (be) fertilize(d)ovum or sperm cell is not able to (be) fertilize(d)– embedment is preventedembedment is prevented– abortionabortion– congenital malformation (dominant)congenital malformation (dominant)– malformation manifesting in later generations (recessive)malformation manifesting in later generations (recessive)
Genetic radiation injuryGenetic radiation injury
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
indication !!!indication !!! pregnancy, first trimester – cave!pregnancy, first trimester – cave! young women in weeks after ovulation – cave!?young women in weeks after ovulation – cave!? technical protectiontechnical protection– dose reduction dose reduction – lead coverslead covers– scattered radiation filteringscattered radiation filtering– proper collimationproper collimation– etc.etc.
Radiation protectionRadiation protection
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged
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Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged