Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

X-ray imagingX-ray imaging

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

Absorption of x-ray is influenced byAbsorption of x-ray is influenced by::

• wave-length of radiationwave-length of radiation33

• atomic numberatomic number44 • densitydensity• thicknessthickness

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

X-ray tubeX-ray tube

patientpatient

detectordetector (film, dd)(film, dd)

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

image intensifierimage intensifier

TV monitorTV monitor

detectordetector (fluoro screen)(fluoro screen)

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

negative imagenegative image

positive imagepositive image

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

X-ray tubeX-ray tubeX-rayX-ray

bodybodydetectordetector

lesionlesion

shadowshadow

collimationcollimation

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

X-ray tubeX-ray tube X-rayX-rayobjectobject

shadowshadow

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

X-ray tubeX-ray tube X-rayX-ray objectobject

shadowshadow

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

X-ray tubeX-ray tube X-rayX-rayobject II.object II.

shadowshadow

object I.object I.

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

X-ray tubeX-ray tubeX-rayX-ray

objectobject

focusfocus

(shadow)(shadow)

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

X-ray tubeX-ray tubeX-rayX-ray

objectobject

focusfocus

(shadow)(shadow)

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

X-ray imaging: X-ray imaging:

• magnifiesmagnifies• distortsdistorts• summarizessummarizes• forgetsforgets

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

X-ray imaging: X-ray imaging:

• magnifiesmagnifies• distortsdistorts• summarizessummarizes• forgetsforgets

The solution: The solution:

• more than one directionmore than one direction• tomographytomography

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

Solution:Solution:

low voltagelow voltage

contrast materialcontrast material

other modalitiesother modalities

Poor contrast resolutionPoor contrast resolution

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

Risks and hazards of ionizing radiationRisks and hazards of ionizing radiation

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

ionization in the chromosomes – direct ionization in the chromosomes – direct damage in DNAdamage in DNA

ionization in the cytoplasm – free radicals ionization in the cytoplasm – free radicals causing indirect damage of proteins, RNA causing indirect damage of proteins, RNA and DNAand DNA

Ways of cellular damageWays of cellular damage

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

Diagnostic rangeDiagnostic range– threshold dosethreshold dose– summation summation – risk of risk of malignanciesmalignancies – ocular lens, thyroid glandocular lens, thyroid gland

Therapeutic rangeTherapeutic range– side effects, complicationsside effects, complications

Nuclear accidentNuclear accident– Acute/chronic radiation diseaseAcute/chronic radiation disease

Somatic radiation injurySomatic radiation injury

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

Manifests in descendants onlyManifests in descendants only No threshold doseNo threshold dose Possible outcomes:Possible outcomes:– ovum or sperm cell perishesovum or sperm cell perishes– ovum or sperm cell is not able to (be) fertilize(d)ovum or sperm cell is not able to (be) fertilize(d)– embedment is preventedembedment is prevented– abortionabortion– congenital malformation (dominant)congenital malformation (dominant)– malformation manifesting in later generations (recessive)malformation manifesting in later generations (recessive)

Genetic radiation injuryGenetic radiation injury

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

indication !!!indication !!! pregnancy, first trimester – cave!pregnancy, first trimester – cave! young women in weeks after ovulation – cave!?young women in weeks after ovulation – cave!? technical protectiontechnical protection– dose reduction dose reduction – lead coverslead covers– scattered radiation filteringscattered radiation filtering– proper collimationproper collimation– etc.etc.

Radiation protectionRadiation protection

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged

Department of Radiology, University Medical School, SzegedDepartment of Radiology, University Medical School, Szeged