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1Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
ILIAS in HADESUpdate on IRMM’s Underground Activities
Mikael HultInstitute for Reference Materials and Measurements
Radionuclide Metrology Sector
Overburden:~ 175 m sand~ 50 m clay
Location ofIRMM’s ULGS
setupFirst shaftSecond shaftConstructed 1999
Test driftConnecting galleryConstructed 2003
PRACLAY gallery
22
3 m
Overburden:~ 175 m sand~ 50 m clay
Location ofIRMM’s ULGS
setupFirst shaftSecond shaftConstructed 1999
Test driftConnecting galleryConstructed 2003
PRACLAY gallery
22
3 m
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2Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
IRMM in ILIAS
• In JRA 1 and JRA 2 (All ILIAS funds spent already!!!)
• Main support to GERDA• Harmonisation of measurements (intercomparison, metrological aspects, Monte Carlo simulations of strange geometries)• Underground storage / production• Radiopurity measurements• (NAA analysis)
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3Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Transport data
Number of transports* of detector to/from HADES: 55Detector days: 2219
Special contract with EURIDICE for access outside normal working hours (8-16) => (7:30 => 16:45)
* also by Herbert Strecker MPI-K-HD
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4Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Storage + transports
Detectors
GeO2 from Krasnoyarsk, enriched in Ge-76. For GERDA Phase II.
Crystals
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5Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Activation minimisation through optimised logistics instead of underground production
Report in progress:“On the underground production of high purity germanium
detectors”Mikael Hult, Stefan Schönert, Allan Caldwell, Josef Janicsko, Vasiliy
Kornoukhov, Julio Morales, Sergey Belogurov
1EC-JRC-IRMM, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium2Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany3Max Planck Institut für Physik, München, Germany4Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia5University of Zaragoza, Spain
JRA1 Deliverable
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6Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Table of contentsExecutive Summary (MH)1. Introduction1.1. Germanium (MH)1.2. Development of HPGe-detectors (MH)1.3. Cosmogenic radionuclides produced in germanium (SB)1.4. European users of HPGe produced underground (MH)1.5. World-wide users of HPGe produced underground (MH)2. Production and use of germanium2.1. Overview of germanium producers (MH) - also detector manufacturers??2.2. The technical steps in the production of high purity germanium2.2.1. Enrichment (VK)2.2.2. Reduction of the raw materials (JJ)2.2.3. Zone refinement (JJ)2.2.4. Czochralski Growth (crystal pulling) (JJ)2.2.5. Recycling of material (JJ)2.2.6. Manufacturing of non-segmented HPGe-detectors (SS)2.2.7. Manufacturing of non-segmented HPGe-detectors (AC)3. Optimisation of logistics for above ground production (MH+SS+AC)3.1. Benchmark test within GERDA (SS)4. Production of HPGe underground4.1. Selection of suitable sites (JM)4.2. Selection of suitable production steps (AC)5. Discussion (MH+SS+JM+AC)6. Conclusions (MH+SS+AC+JM)7. References (MH and all other contributors)
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7Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Measurement data
Number radiopurity measurements for GERDA: 28Detector weeks: 63
Number radiopurity measurements for CELLAR: 10Detector weeks: 20
April 2005- Nov 2007
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8Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Metrological aspects
• First GERDA intercomparison 2005 (Baksan, LNGS, IRMM, MPI-K-HD)
• Work on improving robustness and performance of Monte Carlo calculations for FEP efficiency calculationspapers on: - FEP eff. Depending on various geometrical
parameters- FEP eff. Depending on decay data- Effect of tilting, misalignment
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9Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Some measured samples
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10Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
• GERDA Collaboration meeting with visits to SCK, HADES, Canberra Semiconductor and Umicore - 3.5 days 7th CELLAR meeting (also with visits) - 2 days.
Meetings at IRMM in 2007
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11Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
• JRA1 or JRA2 (or both) (+N2?) (LN2?) Half day visit to SCK and HADES Half day visit to Canberra Semiconductor + Umicore
Meeting at IRMM in 2008??
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12Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
The EU Institutions
Court of Auditors
JRC can apply for funding from DG RTD like any other institution. The only restriction is that JRC persons are not allowed to co-ordinate indirect actions
The Council of Ministers
Committee of the Regions
Court of Justice
The European Commission(the ‘College’ of Commissioners)
Economic and Social
Committee
SG RELEX ENTR ENV SANCO JRC…. ...
IHCP
... ... ... RTD
IRMMIPSC …..IPTS
…. ......
Directorates General: the “Commission services” JRC
Institutes:
European Parliament
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13Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Structure of the DG-JRC
IRMM – Geel, Belgium- Institute for Reference Materials and MeasurementsStaff: 250
IE – Petten, The Netherlands- Institute for EnergyStaff: 180
ITU – Karlsruhe, Germany - Institute for Transuranium elementsStaff: 250
IPSC - IHCP - IES – Ispra, Italy - Institute for the Protection and the Security of the Citizen - Institute for Health and Consumer Protection - Institute for Environment and Sustainability Staff: 350, 250, 370
IPTS – Seville, Spain- Institute for Prospective Technological StudiesStaff: 100
7 Institutes in 5 Member States
Total staff: ~ 2200 people
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14Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Personnel involved in ILIAS activities – 2006 and 2007
Uwe Wätjen (D), Sector Head Radionuclide Metrology, in EUROMET Technical Committee Ionising Radiation, CCRI Section II, Eurom art. 35 etc.
Mikael Hult (S), Group leader low-level measurements, Coordinator of CELLAR 2000-2006,
Gerd Marissens (B), Chief technician
Joël Gasparro (F), Postdoc
Patric Lindahl (S), Postdoc
Elisabeth Wieslander (S) PhD student
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15Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Olen – Geel – Mol - Dessel
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16Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Canberra Semiconductor
Umicore
SCK•CEN + VITO (+ HADES)
5 km
IRMM
BR1 (700 kW) + BR2 (10 MW)
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17Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Nearby facilities
Canberra Semiconductor – for HPGe detector assemblies
Umicore – for Ge crystal growth
IRMM – for radioactivity measurements (low-level or high accuracy)
IRMM – other facilities: LINAC, Van de Graaff, reference facilities in analytical chemistry etc.
SCK – HADES, 2 research reactors and analytical facilities
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18Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Transport times
Canberra – IRMM (20 minutes)Umicore – IRMM (20 minutes)IRMM – HADES (15 minutes)Canberra/Umicore – HADES (~30 minutes)
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19Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Radionuclide metrology - Facilities• IRMM operates 7 HPGe-detectors for ultra-low level -spectrometry in the HADES underground laboratory (-225 m) at SCK•CEN• Laboratories with a large number of different primary and secondary standardisation instruments• Source preparation laboratories, including chemical facilities • Mass determinations traceable to the IRMM standard of 1 kg which is directly traceable to the BIPM 1 kg standard, the SI unit
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20Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
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21Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
HADES = High Activity Disposal Experimental SiteHADES = High Activity Disposal Experimental Site
Overburden:~ 175 m sand~ 50 m clay
Location ofIRMM’s ULGS
setupFirst shaftSecond shaftConstructed 1999
Test driftConnecting galleryConstructed 2003
PRACLAY gallery
223
m
Overburden:~ 175 m sand~ 50 m clay
Location ofIRMM’s ULGS
setupFirst shaftSecond shaftConstructed 1999
Test driftConnecting galleryConstructed 2003
PRACLAY gallery
223
mHADES = High Activity Disposal Experimental SiteHADES = High Activity Disposal Experimental Site
Located at SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium, operated by EURIDICE
Oct. 2007
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22Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Ge-production (i)
1) Raw material: residue from e.g. Zn-ore with 3-5% Ge
2) Reduction of Ge-oxide
3) Zone-refinement
repeat
4) Czochralski growth
Measurements
Resistivity
Hall
DLTS
Resistivity measurement
Zn-plant Balen
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23Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Ge-production (ii)
Reduction of Ge-oxide
Needs a powerful furnace. A bit difficult to put underground but possible
Zone-refinement
12-13 days work (24/24)=> > 1 months without shift work
Relatively easy to put underground (“low power”, some gas)
Czochralski growth
2-3 days
Relatively easy to place underground
(small “low power”, some gas)
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24Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Underground production
• Main problem related to cost and safety• The “pulling” achieves a high degree of purification.
Possible to place only pulling step underground.• Pulling needs clean room => expensive• Conclusion (for the moment) optimise (=minimise)
transport time.• Technical report (Schönert)
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25Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
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26Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Detectors in HADES
Ge-9 ? Well-type 2008 ?
Detector name Manufacturer Crystal type
Relative efficiency (%)
Year installed
Ge-2 Eurisys n-type semiplanar 8 1995Ge-3 Eurisys p-type coaxial 60 1997Ge-4 Canberra p-type coaxial (XTRa) 106 2000Ge-5 Canberra p-type planar (BEGe) 50 2001
Ge-6Canberra /
Ortec p-type coaxial 80 2004
Ge-7 Canberrap-type coaxial (XTRa)
with inverted head 80 2005Ge-8 Canberra p-type planar (BEGe) 38 2006
Ge-6 + Ge-7 =>sandwich
/sandwich-2
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27Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Muon Background in HADES (at 500 m w.e.)
0
1
10
100
1000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
with coincidence
no coincidence
E (Channel Number)
Co
un
trat
e (d
ay-1)
-background
Muon Background
Muon fluence rate: ~ 0.13 m-2 s-1
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28Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Background reduction
1,0E-03
1,0E-02
1,0E-01
1,0E+00
1,0E+01
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
E / [keV]
R /
[cp
d/k
eV
/kg
]
≈ 30% ≈ 40% > 60%
Background integrated count rate for the Sandwich HPGe detectors (40-2700 keV):Ge-6 & Ge-7 : 400 counts / (d kg)
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29Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
JETJET
Low-level measurements – a growing field!
HADES 1999-2002
(FP5)
210Pb in lung cells3%
Various7%
Maintenance and new installations
7%
60Co in German steel1%
60Co in steel from Hiroshima
3%
Nuclear safeguards3%
BOREXINO5%
Zn in GaAs2%
Reference materials4%
26Al intercomparison3%
Neutron data3%
210Pb and Th in human bones15%
Radioprotection 14%
JCO accident11%
Bkg+calibration19%
HiroshimaHiroshimaRadiation Radiation ProtectionProtection
SafeguardsSafeguards
Ref.measurementsRef.measurements
Neutrinos / Neutrinos /
Isotopic fingerprintsIsotopic fingerprintsTokai-muraTokai-mura
Decay dataDecay data
Small samplesSmall samples
High temporal High temporal resolutionresolution
BenchmarkingBenchmarkingFast Fast
measurementsmeasurements
Radiopurity for Radiopurity for detector constructiondetector construction
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30Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
Nu
mb
er o
f g
erm
aniu
m-d
etec
tors
Low-level measurements – a growing field!
The number of low-background HPGe-detectors in operation underground within the present set of partner laboratories of the network CELLAR.
Increase: 2.3 detectors / year
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31Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Collaboration of European Low-level Collaboration of European Low-level underground LAboRatories underground LAboRatories
Mission: Mission: To promote higher quality and sensitivity in ultra low-level radioactivity measurements for the improvement of crisis management, environment, health and consumer protection standards of Europe.
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32Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
CELLAR-PartnersCELLAR-Partners
• LSCE+LMRE - France LSCE+LMRE - France ((-2200 m-2200 m)) • LNGS - Italy LNGS - Italy ((-1700 m-1700 m)) • PTB - Germany PTB - Germany ((-490 m-490 m)) • IRMM - EU IRMM - EU ((-225 m-225 m) ) • IFIN-HH Bucharest IFIN-HH Bucharest – from 2006
• University of Iceland University of Iceland ((-165 m-165 m)) • Universita` dell'Insubria Universita` dell'Insubria – from 2006
• VKTA - Germany VKTA - Germany ((-50 m-50 m))• IAEA-MEL – Monaco IAEA-MEL – Monaco (-15 m)(-15 m)• MPI-Heidelberg - Germany MPI-Heidelberg - Germany ((-10 m-10 m))• ARC-Seibersdorf – Austria ARC-Seibersdorf – Austria – from 2003
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33Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
University of Iceland - 350
Some European underground radioactivity laboratories
All depths in m w.e.
HADES - 500
Felsenkeller - 125MPI Heidelberg - 15
ASSE - 1100
Modane - 4800
IAEA-MEL Monaco - 30
Confranc tunnel - 2450
Gran Sasso - 3800 Mont Blanc tunnel - 5000
Gotthard tunnel - 3700
Pyhäsalmi
Baradello Hill
Unirea
Tübingen - 10
Boulby
Wraclaw
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34Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
A suitable CELLAR measurement
Use of activation technique to be able to determine the loss of charged particles from the plasma
ULGS measurements : need low background due to very low activity & small samples.
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35Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
JET : Sample holder
W
B4C
LiF
B4C
Ti
Ti
≈ 10 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
Bt
Rin
0
60
120180
240
300
1
2
3
4
5
6
Bt
Rin
0
60
120180
240
300
LiF
B4C
Ti
W
Ti
B4C
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36Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
ULGS measurements : JET
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105BC1-6BC7-12LiF1-6
7Be
0 12060 240 300180
Sample orientation angle (degrees)
Mas
sic
activ
ity (
mB
q/
g)
0,10
0,40
0,70
1,00
1,30
1,60Hf-181 : W1-6Ta-182 : W1-6
120,0
135,0
150,0
165,0
180,0 TiTop1-6Ti1-6
46Sc
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105BC1-6BC7-12LiF1-6
7Be
0 12060 240 3001800 12060 240 300180
Sample orientation angle (degrees)
Mas
sic
activ
ity (
mB
q/
g)
0,10
0,40
0,70
1,00
1,30
1,60Hf-181 : W1-6Ta-182 : W1-6
120,0
135,0
150,0
165,0
180,0 TiTop1-6Ti1-6
46Sc
10B(p,)7Be
7Li(p,n)7Be
184W(d,)182Ta
182W(n,p)182Ta
184W(n,)181Hf
48Ti(d,)46Sc
46Ti(n,p)46Sc
Neutrons approx. the same
activity throughout the sample.
Charged particles big variation in
activity
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37Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Next experiment at JET
• Analyse also short lived radionuclides like V-48 (16 d) and Sc-47 (3.4 d) and Cr-51 (28 d)
• Use 18 detectors (2 samples for one week on each detector)
• => Networking (maybe via TA2?? or too early)
Other CELLAR projects (TA2?)• Hiroshima
• JCO accident
• Intercomparisons
• Reference materials (MPI, IAEA, IRMM)
Joint purchases, detector test, shared experiences,
• Environm. radioact. (IOPS)
• water columns (IAEA)
• Geology
• decay data
• Neutron physics
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38Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
I the trend continues……….
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39Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
University of Iceland - 350
A few of the European underground radioactivity laboratories
HADES - 500
Felsenkeller - 125MPI Heidelberg - 15
ASSE - 1100
Modane - 4800
IAEA-MEL Monaco - 30
Confranc tunnel - 2450
Gran Sasso - 3800 Mont Blanc tunnel - 5000
Gotthard tunnel - 3700
Pyhäsalmi
Baradello Hill - XXX
Unirea - XXX
Tübingen - 10
Boulby
Ykkeskannava
Falu gruvaSala gruva
Magaluf
Santa’s cave
Murphy’s mine
Trappist keller
Alonso’s
The Viking hole
Viking cave
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40Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult
Why not? - as long as it makes the world a better place or gives us the mass of the neutrino