zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ilias jra1 / n2 annual meeting mikael hult 1 ilias in hades update on...

1Zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ILIAS JRA1 / N2 annual meeting Mikael Hult

ILIAS in HADESUpdate on IRMM’s Underground Activities

Mikael HultInstitute for Reference Materials and Measurements

Radionuclide Metrology Sector

Overburden:~ 175 m sand~ 50 m clay

Location ofIRMM’s ULGS

setupFirst shaftSecond shaftConstructed 1999

Test driftConnecting galleryConstructed 2003

PRACLAY gallery

22

3 m





PRACLAY gallery

22

3 m


IRMM in ILIAS

• In JRA 1 and JRA 2 (All ILIAS funds spent already!!!)

• Main support to GERDA• Harmonisation of measurements (intercomparison, metrological aspects, Monte Carlo simulations of strange geometries)• Underground storage / production• Radiopurity measurements• (NAA analysis)


Transport data

Number of transports* of detector to/from HADES: 55Detector days: 2219

Special contract with EURIDICE for access outside normal working hours (8-16) => (7:30 => 16:45)

* also by Herbert Strecker MPI-K-HD


Storage + transports

Detectors

GeO2 from Krasnoyarsk, enriched in Ge-76. For GERDA Phase II.

Crystals


Activation minimisation through optimised logistics instead of underground production

Report in progress:“On the underground production of high purity germanium

detectors”Mikael Hult, Stefan Schönert, Allan Caldwell, Josef Janicsko, Vasiliy

Kornoukhov, Julio Morales, Sergey Belogurov

1EC-JRC-IRMM, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium2Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany3Max Planck Institut für Physik, München, Germany4Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia5University of Zaragoza, Spain

JRA1 Deliverable


Table of contentsExecutive Summary (MH)1. Introduction1.1. Germanium (MH)1.2. Development of HPGe-detectors (MH)1.3. Cosmogenic radionuclides produced in germanium (SB)1.4. European users of HPGe produced underground (MH)1.5. World-wide users of HPGe produced underground (MH)2. Production and use of germanium2.1. Overview of germanium producers (MH) - also detector manufacturers??2.2. The technical steps in the production of high purity germanium2.2.1. Enrichment (VK)2.2.2. Reduction of the raw materials (JJ)2.2.3. Zone refinement (JJ)2.2.4. Czochralski Growth (crystal pulling) (JJ)2.2.5. Recycling of material (JJ)2.2.6. Manufacturing of non-segmented HPGe-detectors (SS)2.2.7. Manufacturing of non-segmented HPGe-detectors (AC)3. Optimisation of logistics for above ground production (MH+SS+AC)3.1. Benchmark test within GERDA (SS)4. Production of HPGe underground4.1. Selection of suitable sites (JM)4.2. Selection of suitable production steps (AC)5. Discussion (MH+SS+JM+AC)6. Conclusions (MH+SS+AC+JM)7. References (MH and all other contributors)


Measurement data

Number radiopurity measurements for GERDA: 28Detector weeks: 63

Number radiopurity measurements for CELLAR: 10Detector weeks: 20

April 2005- Nov 2007


Metrological aspects

• First GERDA intercomparison 2005 (Baksan, LNGS, IRMM, MPI-K-HD)

• Work on improving robustness and performance of Monte Carlo calculations for FEP efficiency calculationspapers on: - FEP eff. Depending on various geometrical

parameters- FEP eff. Depending on decay data- Effect of tilting, misalignment


Some measured samples


• GERDA Collaboration meeting with visits to SCK, HADES, Canberra Semiconductor and Umicore - 3.5 days 7th CELLAR meeting (also with visits) - 2 days.

Meetings at IRMM in 2007


• JRA1 or JRA2 (or both) (+N2?) (LN2?) Half day visit to SCK and HADES Half day visit to Canberra Semiconductor + Umicore

Meeting at IRMM in 2008??


The EU Institutions

Court of Auditors

JRC can apply for funding from DG RTD like any other institution. The only restriction is that JRC persons are not allowed to co-ordinate indirect actions

The Council of Ministers

Committee of the Regions

Court of Justice

The European Commission(the ‘College’ of Commissioners)

Economic and Social

Committee

SG RELEX ENTR ENV SANCO JRC…. ...

IHCP

... ... ... RTD

IRMMIPSC …..IPTS

…. ......

Directorates General: the “Commission services” JRC

Institutes:

European Parliament


Structure of the DG-JRC

IRMM – Geel, Belgium- Institute for Reference Materials and MeasurementsStaff: 250

IE – Petten, The Netherlands- Institute for EnergyStaff: 180

ITU – Karlsruhe, Germany - Institute for Transuranium elementsStaff: 250

IPSC - IHCP - IES – Ispra, Italy - Institute for the Protection and the Security of the Citizen - Institute for Health and Consumer Protection - Institute for Environment and Sustainability Staff: 350, 250, 370

IPTS – Seville, Spain- Institute for Prospective Technological StudiesStaff: 100

7 Institutes in 5 Member States

Total staff: ~ 2200 people


Personnel involved in ILIAS activities – 2006 and 2007

Uwe Wätjen (D), Sector Head Radionuclide Metrology, in EUROMET Technical Committee Ionising Radiation, CCRI Section II, Eurom art. 35 etc.

Mikael Hult (S), Group leader low-level measurements, Coordinator of CELLAR 2000-2006,

Gerd Marissens (B), Chief technician

Joël Gasparro (F), Postdoc

Patric Lindahl (S), Postdoc

Elisabeth Wieslander (S) PhD student


Olen – Geel – Mol - Dessel


Canberra Semiconductor

Umicore

SCK•CEN + VITO (+ HADES)

5 km

IRMM

BR1 (700 kW) + BR2 (10 MW)


Nearby facilities

Canberra Semiconductor – for HPGe detector assemblies

Umicore – for Ge crystal growth

IRMM – for radioactivity measurements (low-level or high accuracy)

IRMM – other facilities: LINAC, Van de Graaff, reference facilities in analytical chemistry etc.

SCK – HADES, 2 research reactors and analytical facilities


Transport times

Canberra – IRMM (20 minutes)Umicore – IRMM (20 minutes)IRMM – HADES (15 minutes)Canberra/Umicore – HADES (~30 minutes)


Radionuclide metrology - Facilities• IRMM operates 7 HPGe-detectors for ultra-low level -spectrometry in the HADES underground laboratory (-225 m) at SCK•CEN• Laboratories with a large number of different primary and secondary standardisation instruments• Source preparation laboratories, including chemical facilities • Mass determinations traceable to the IRMM standard of 1 kg which is directly traceable to the BIPM 1 kg standard, the SI unit


HADES = High Activity Disposal Experimental SiteHADES = High Activity Disposal Experimental Site





PRACLAY gallery

223

m





PRACLAY gallery

223

mHADES = High Activity Disposal Experimental SiteHADES = High Activity Disposal Experimental Site

Located at SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium, operated by EURIDICE

Oct. 2007


Ge-production (i)

1) Raw material: residue from e.g. Zn-ore with 3-5% Ge

2) Reduction of Ge-oxide

3) Zone-refinement

repeat

4) Czochralski growth

Measurements

Resistivity

Hall

DLTS

Resistivity measurement

Zn-plant Balen


Ge-production (ii)

Reduction of Ge-oxide

Needs a powerful furnace. A bit difficult to put underground but possible

Zone-refinement

12-13 days work (24/24)=> > 1 months without shift work

Relatively easy to put underground (“low power”, some gas)

Czochralski growth

2-3 days

Relatively easy to place underground

(small “low power”, some gas)


Underground production

• Main problem related to cost and safety• The “pulling” achieves a high degree of purification.

Possible to place only pulling step underground.• Pulling needs clean room => expensive• Conclusion (for the moment) optimise (=minimise)

transport time.• Technical report (Schönert)


Detectors in HADES

Ge-9 ? Well-type 2008 ?

Detector name Manufacturer Crystal type

Relative efficiency (%)

Year installed

Ge-2 Eurisys n-type semiplanar 8 1995Ge-3 Eurisys p-type coaxial 60 1997Ge-4 Canberra p-type coaxial (XTRa) 106 2000Ge-5 Canberra p-type planar (BEGe) 50 2001

Ge-6Canberra /

Ortec p-type coaxial 80 2004

Ge-7 Canberrap-type coaxial (XTRa)

with inverted head 80 2005Ge-8 Canberra p-type planar (BEGe) 38 2006

Ge-6 + Ge-7 =>sandwich

/sandwich-2


Muon Background in HADES (at 500 m w.e.)

0

1

10

100

1000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

with coincidence

no coincidence

E (Channel Number)

Co

un

trat

e (d

ay-1)

-background

Muon Background

Muon fluence rate: ~ 0.13 m-2 s-1


Background reduction

1,0E-03

1,0E-02

1,0E-01

1,0E+00

1,0E+01

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

E / [keV]

R /

[cp

d/k

eV

/kg

]

≈ 30% ≈ 40% > 60%

Background integrated count rate for the Sandwich HPGe detectors (40-2700 keV):Ge-6 & Ge-7 : 400 counts / (d kg)


JETJET

Low-level measurements – a growing field!

HADES 1999-2002

(FP5)

210Pb in lung cells3%

Various7%

Maintenance and new installations

7%

60Co in German steel1%

60Co in steel from Hiroshima

3%

Nuclear safeguards3%

BOREXINO5%

Zn in GaAs2%

Reference materials4%

26Al intercomparison3%

Neutron data3%

210Pb and Th in human bones15%

Radioprotection 14%

JCO accident11%

Bkg+calibration19%

HiroshimaHiroshimaRadiation Radiation ProtectionProtection

SafeguardsSafeguards

Ref.measurementsRef.measurements

Neutrinos / Neutrinos /

Isotopic fingerprintsIsotopic fingerprintsTokai-muraTokai-mura

Decay dataDecay data

Small samplesSmall samples

High temporal High temporal resolutionresolution

BenchmarkingBenchmarkingFast Fast

measurementsmeasurements

Radiopurity for Radiopurity for detector constructiondetector construction


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

Nu

mb

er o

f g

erm

aniu

m-d

etec

tors

Low-level measurements – a growing field!

The number of low-background HPGe-detectors in operation underground within the present set of partner laboratories of the network CELLAR.

Increase: 2.3 detectors / year


Collaboration of European Low-level Collaboration of European Low-level underground LAboRatories underground LAboRatories

Mission: Mission: To promote higher quality and sensitivity in ultra low-level radioactivity measurements for the improvement of crisis management, environment, health and consumer protection standards of Europe.


CELLAR-PartnersCELLAR-Partners

• LSCE+LMRE - France LSCE+LMRE - France ((-2200 m-2200 m)) • LNGS - Italy LNGS - Italy ((-1700 m-1700 m)) • PTB - Germany PTB - Germany ((-490 m-490 m)) • IRMM - EU IRMM - EU ((-225 m-225 m) ) • IFIN-HH Bucharest IFIN-HH Bucharest – from 2006

• University of Iceland University of Iceland ((-165 m-165 m)) • Universita` dell'Insubria Universita` dell'Insubria – from 2006

• VKTA - Germany VKTA - Germany ((-50 m-50 m))• IAEA-MEL – Monaco IAEA-MEL – Monaco (-15 m)(-15 m)• MPI-Heidelberg - Germany MPI-Heidelberg - Germany ((-10 m-10 m))• ARC-Seibersdorf – Austria ARC-Seibersdorf – Austria – from 2003


University of Iceland - 350

Some European underground radioactivity laboratories

All depths in m w.e.

HADES - 500

Felsenkeller - 125MPI Heidelberg - 15

ASSE - 1100

Modane - 4800

IAEA-MEL Monaco - 30

Confranc tunnel - 2450

Gran Sasso - 3800 Mont Blanc tunnel - 5000

Gotthard tunnel - 3700

Pyhäsalmi

Baradello Hill

Unirea

Tübingen - 10

Boulby

Wraclaw


A suitable CELLAR measurement

Use of activation technique to be able to determine the loss of charged particles from the plasma

ULGS measurements : need low background due to very low activity & small samples.


JET : Sample holder

W

B4C

LiF

B4C

Ti

Ti

≈ 10 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

Bt

Rin

0

60

120180

240

300

1

2

3

4

5

6

Bt

Rin

0

60

120180

240

300

LiF

B4C

Ti

W

Ti

B4C


ULGS measurements : JET

0

15

30

45

60

75

90

105BC1-6BC7-12LiF1-6

7Be

0 12060 240 300180

Sample orientation angle (degrees)

Mas

sic

activ

ity (

mB

q/

g)

0,10

0,40

0,70

1,00

1,30

1,60Hf-181 : W1-6Ta-182 : W1-6

120,0

135,0

150,0

165,0

180,0 TiTop1-6Ti1-6

46Sc

0

15

30

45

60

75

90

105BC1-6BC7-12LiF1-6

7Be

0 12060 240 3001800 12060 240 300180

Sample orientation angle (degrees)

Mas

sic

activ

ity (

mB

q/

g)

0,10

0,40

0,70

1,00

1,30

1,60Hf-181 : W1-6Ta-182 : W1-6

120,0

135,0

150,0

165,0

180,0 TiTop1-6Ti1-6

46Sc

10B(p,)7Be

7Li(p,n)7Be

184W(d,)182Ta

182W(n,p)182Ta

184W(n,)181Hf

48Ti(d,)46Sc

46Ti(n,p)46Sc

Neutrons approx. the same

activity throughout the sample.

Charged particles big variation in

activity


Next experiment at JET

• Analyse also short lived radionuclides like V-48 (16 d) and Sc-47 (3.4 d) and Cr-51 (28 d)

• Use 18 detectors (2 samples for one week on each detector)

• => Networking (maybe via TA2?? or too early)

Other CELLAR projects (TA2?)• Hiroshima

• JCO accident

• Intercomparisons

• Reference materials (MPI, IAEA, IRMM)

Joint purchases, detector test, shared experiences,

• Environm. radioact. (IOPS)

• water columns (IAEA)

• Geology

• decay data

• Neutron physics


I the trend continues……….


University of Iceland - 350

A few of the European underground radioactivity laboratories

HADES - 500

Felsenkeller - 125MPI Heidelberg - 15

ASSE - 1100

Modane - 4800

IAEA-MEL Monaco - 30

Confranc tunnel - 2450

Gran Sasso - 3800 Mont Blanc tunnel - 5000

Gotthard tunnel - 3700

Pyhäsalmi

Baradello Hill - XXX

Unirea - XXX

Tübingen - 10

Boulby

Ykkeskannava

Falu gruvaSala gruva

Magaluf

Santa’s cave

Murphy’s mine

Trappist keller

Alonso’s

The Viking hole

Viking cave


Why not? - as long as it makes the world a better place or gives us the mass of the neutrino

zaragoza 23.11.2007 – ilias jra1 / n2 annual meeting mikael hult 1 ilias in hades update on...

Documents

underground mh

germanium mh

detectors mh

production of hpge

ilias funds

ground production mh

references mh

underground production