DR. ALTHEA RODRIGUEZ ARENAJO

ALKALI METALS

LITHIUM

The name was taken from the Greek meaning “stone” because it was believed to be present only in stones

It was also thought that the salts of litium asssisted in dissolving stones in kidneys and gall bladder

Lithium is the lightest of all metals It is preserved by coating with

petrolatum

LITHIUM Lithium has silvery- white and though

harder than Na and K, it is softer than Pb, Ca, and Sr

Its toughness permits it to be drawn into a wire

All lithium salts are colored crimson red in the bunsen flame

It gives a characteristic red line together with a less brilliant orange line in the spectrum

LITHIUM

It ignites in air at 2000C and burns quietly with a very intense white light

Lithium soaps are not water- soluble and are water repellant

The soaps are used as lubricating greases

White ppt is formed with NaOH and Na2CO3

LITHIUM

Pharmacologic Action:1. Behaves systematically like K2. It is depressant to the nerve centers and

circulation3. The ion has diuretic action but has no

advantages over K 4. Li ion is said to be somewhat less toxic

to the heart tha K 5. Stimulates the vagus and a gastro

enteritis may be produced

LITHIUM

Therapeutic uses: Treatment of mania in mental

hospitals Dosages: wt citrate or carbonate 40-60 mg/day –initial dose reduced by ½ - maintenace dose Compared to barbiturates and

tranquilizers, Li has no “drugged” effect

LITHIUM

TOXICITY: LiCl as a subs for salt-free diets in

cardiac patient patients Also as seasoning agent in salt-free

breadSymptoms inludes: weakness,

drowsiness, loss of appetite, nausea, tremors and blurring of vision

LITHIUM

Lithium Bromide NF - occurs as a white or pinkish-white

granular powder or in colorless prismatic cystal

- the salt is very deliquescent, goes into sol’n in its absorbed moisture

Use: as sedative, it has central depressant properties

SODIUM

Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy thru electrolysis of NaOH

Found in combined form The sea water is more than 2/3 of

the dissolved NaCl Na is a soft metal, silvery-white when

freshly cut At ordinary temp it is like a wax and

can be cut with a knife

SODIUM

Sodium is a very active metal, stored under kerosene (inert)

In the air, rapidly covered with a dull gray coating which a mixture of hydroxide, oxide and carbonate

Produces intense yellow color to non-luminous flame

Produces golden-yellow ppt with cobalt uranyl acetate

SODIUM

Shipment of Na is in air tight containers or solid in tank cars

- the metal is allowed to solidify and remelted in the destination It is stored either liquid or solid in

huge tanks

SODIUM

Pharmacologic Action: Capable of produc osmotic effect Na ion is predominant in the

extracellular fluid K is found in the intracellular fluid Osmotic gradient results when the

conc of water mole on one side of the membrane exceeds the conc on the other

It is believed that it is the Na ion which is unable to pass thru the membrane rather then K

Osmotic gradient is set up in one direction or another thru the cell wall, depending on the conc of the extracellular fluid to the electrolyte conc of the cell

SODIUM

3 types of conc outside the cell:1. Isotonic sol’ns – those that are of the same conc with the cell2. Hypertonic sol’ns – those that are having a greater conc that of the body fluids or cell3. Hypotonic sol’n s – those that are lower in conc than the cell

SODIUM

If the extracellular sol’n is hypotonic, water molecules flow into the cell causing the cell to burst

If it is hypertonic, water flows out of the cell causing the cell to shrink

If the sodium ion conc is isotonic with the cell contents no osmotic gradient exist

SODIUM

Na ion is impt in the distribution of body fluids

Clinical symptoms caused by abnormal sodium content in the body fluids: excessive vomiting, diarrhea or perspiration

Why are cardiac patients with edematous should be in a low sodium diet:

SODIUM Edematous is a condition of excess fluid

in the tissue NaCl is a diuretic so it is given to get rid

of the excess fluid It is contraindicated since it would cause

a hypertonic condition of the extracellular fluid

It would attract water from the intracellular fluid aggravating the

edematous

SODIUM

OFFICIAL COMPOUNDS OF SODIUMI. Sodium Acetate A good catalyst for some of the

acetylation reactions of oragnic chemistry

A deep red color is formed with FeCl3 TS

SODIUM

Pharmacologic Action of the Acetate ion:

Introduction of the action into the body fluids

It causes a hypertonic condiiton of the extracellular fluid

This “salt effect” results in a diuretic action

It is used as diuretic in the

SODIUM

treatment of cystitis and disease of the urinary tract associated with highly acidic urine

Sodium Acetate Uses: diuretic, urinary alkalizer,

systemic antacid or alkalizer Dose: 1.5 g

SODIUM

II. Sodium Bicarbonate When heated, the salt loses water

and CO2 and is converted to normal carbonate

Bicarbonate (also carbonate) salts liberates CO2 when treated with acids

The CO2 bubbles through the liquid which is termed as effervescense

SODIUM

Pharmacologic action of HCO3 :1. As a component of buffer Most impt buffer system: a. Sodium Biphosphate b. Sodium Bicarb-Carbonic Acid If an excess acid is liberated in the

body, it is neutralized by some of the sod bicarb; the excess carbonic acid decomposes to water and CO2

SODIUM

If an excess alkali arises in the body, it combines with carbonic acid to form bicarbonate, and more carbonic acid is formed from CO2 and water to restore the balance

2. In mediicne, as acid neutralizer a. To combat hyperacidity b. To combat systemic acidoses

SODIUM

Rebound acidity – is the production of too much acid after withdrawing sodium bicarbonate used to treat hyperacidity. The resulting illness is peptic ulcer.

Increase the alkali reserve of the blood and replace sodium ion in cases of clinical dehydration in cases such as methyl alcohol poisoning

SODIUM

Sodium Bicarbonate- Baking Soda Use: antacid Dose: 2 grams 4 X dayIII. Sodium Biphosphate – Sodium

Dihydrogen Phosphate, Sodium Acid Phosphate

Use: internal, to produce acid urine When absorbed, it tends to disrupt

the buffer system

SODIUM

Use to activate certain antiseptic drugs particularly methenamine

- folmaldehyde is antiseptic and it is liberated from methenamine in an acidic media

- formaldehyde is used to treat cystitis and other urinary tract infection

Dose: 0.6 g 4 X day

SODIUM

IV. Sodium Borate This salt is not used internally Use: a. eye wash at 1-2% a. wet dressing for wounds Borax – Sodium Tetraborate Use: softening water N.F. Mouth Wash – conains sodium

borate, glycerine and potassium bicarbonate

SODIUM

V. Sodium Bromide It is the salt of a strong acid and a strong

base, in solution it is not hydrolyzedPharmacologic action of Bromides:- Reduce depression in epilepsy- With potassium, depressant to the heart- Depressant to the central nervous

system

SODIUM

VI. Sodium Carbonate Anhydrous form is known as Soda

Ash Dekahydrate is known as Sal Soda,

Washing Soda or Soda Crystal The dekahydrate effloresces Efflorescence – the loss of water

from a compound at room temp

SODIUM

Pharmacologic Action of Carbonates: Active anatcids2 general groups of anatacids:1. Systemic Alkalizer - by absorption from the GIT, they

enter the blood and raise the level of alkaline reserve

2. Non-systemic alkalizers or anatacids

SODIUM

- are those which do not alter the blood chemistry when administered orally

a. Calcium and Magnesium carbonate b. Calcium and Magnesium Phosphate

SODIUM

VII.Sodium Chloride Solar salt- is the purest known

(99.63%) rae saltSodium Chloride – Rock salt, Table Salt Exerts the effect of sodium as well

as the chloride ions Deficiency of these ions in the body

result in “salt hunger”

SODIUM

20% NaCl is used as injection for varicose veins of the lower extremeties

Dilute sol’n of NaCl is effective as blood plasma used in emergency treatment of shock from injuries

Formulation: 1 tsp NaCl ½ tsp Na2 CO3

SODIUM

VIII. Sodium Fluoride Aqueous sol’ns of the salt tend to

corrode glass bottles and in should be stored in Pyrex ware

Acidification of its solution produces hydrofluoric acid which is poisonous

Used to etched glasses

SODIUM

Pharmacology of Fluorides: Fluoride ion is toxic with a lethal

dose of 4 grams - It forms insoluble calcium fluoride

with the blood and is toxic on the enzymatic activity

NaF is a protoplasmic poison - it is also an excellent antiseptic,

preservative and prevents fermentation

SODIUM

Study showed that fluoride may be a key nutritional factor in the etiology of osteoporosis

Another study showed that admin of NaF to patients with idophatic osteoporosis or Paget’s diseases would cause the retention of calcium together with reduction

of fecal and renal calcium output

SODIUM

NaF and SnF2 is impt in dentistry in retarding or preventing dental caries

Higher tha 1ppm fluoride content in drinking water may cause mottling of the teeth

Sodium fluoroacetate (1080) is effective rodenticide

Sodium silicofluoride (1%) as spray to mothproof clothing

SODIUM

IX. Sodium Hydroxide Very deliquescent that rapidly absorb

moisture and CO2 from air Rapidly destroy organic tissue, hence

great care is needed It is insoluble in alcohol, ether, and

glycerine NaOH is one of the strongest bases and

should be stored in hard glass bottles

SODIUM

Sodium Hydroxide ( Caustic Soda) - it is so caustic, no use in therapy - used in soap industry Soda Lime (Calx Sodica) - mixture of calcium, sodium or

potassium - used in metabolism tests,

anesthesia, and oxygen therapy

POTASSIUM

Sir H Davy – isolated the element from potash (K2 CO3)

Thenard & Gay-Lussac- establish the identity of K as a metal

A newly cut K is a silvery-white metal, the color changes rapidly to a bluish tinge

At ordinary temp, has a waxy consistency, kneaded with fingers and cut with a dull knife

POTASSIUM

K ignites at high temp and vaporizes giving a violet flame

The metal is kept under kerosene, benzene, liquid petrolatum or those that dissolved in water and are free of O2

K has shown to be slightly radioactive and is photosensitive

K imparts a violet color in the flame

POTASSIUM

Pharmacologic Action of K ion: Ion in the intra cellular fluid K deficiency (less than 14mg/100mL)

may occur by: diarrhea, IV infusion lacking in K,

burns, hemorrhage, diabetic coma, vomiting

Hypopotassemia – arisen as a consequence of using thiazide diurectics

POTASSIUM

Symptoms: gen weakness, depression of the heart, flaccid and feeble muscles, low blood pressure, pounding pulse, loud systolic precordial murmurs in th heart beat

Treated with pot chloride or acetate given orally that is, Darrow’s sol’n (chlorides of K and Na with sodium acetate)

POTASSIUM Potassium salts was introduced by

Thomas Wllis in 1079 and among the best and effective of the osmotic diuretics

The larger the dose, the greater the response

The order of diuretic efficiency of pot salts: nitrate chloride bicarbonate = acetate = citrate

POTASSIUM

Impt Compds of K:I. Potassium Acetate N.F. Used mainly as diuretic and urinary

alkalizer The acetate ion functions as an

antacid in the stomach Acetates, same as carbonates and

bicarbonates are systemic alkalizer

POTASSIUM

II. Potassium Bicarbonate USP Uses: a. Antacid for gastric hyperacidity b. Diuretic c. Electrolyte replenisherIII. Potassium Bitartrate It chars when heated and gives off

inflammable vapors having the odor of burning sugar

POTASSIUM

A silver mirror is formed with silver nitrate and ammonia

Obtained from the juice of grapes Argol or crude tartar is collected

when grape juice is allowed to ferment

- This is composed of pot bitartrate and calcium tartrate

POTASSIUM

III. Potassium Bitartrate Common Names: Cream of Tartar,Acid Potassium TartrateUse: catharticDose: 2 Gm Replace talc as a dusting powder in surgery It is more bacteriostatic and is more

absorbed than talc

POTASSIUM

Pharmac Action of Tartrate ion: The ion when retained in the

intestines create a hypertonic sol’n Osmosis increases the water content

of the bowel and laxative action results

Tartar ion-containing salts are members of the group of saline cathartics

POTASSIUM

IV. Potassium Bromide NF Employed central depressant

because of the bromide ion content In cases of mental excitement and all

conditions arising: insomia, nervousness, etc

A good sedative but no anodyne effect

POTASSIUM

V. Potassium Chloride USP Known for a long time as effective

diuretic It has been used successfully in the

treatment of Meniere’s disease, myasthenia gravis and familial periodic paralysis

As electrolyte replenisher (Ringers Injection and Sol’n)

Dose: 1-3 Gm/ 1-6 Gm

POTASSIUM

VI. Potassium Citrate NFUses:1. The diuretic, expectorant and

diaphorteic actions are greater than those of other alkalis

2. Has a slight laxative action 3. As systemic alkalizerDose: 1 Gm

POTASSIUM

VII. Potassium Hydroxide USPCommon Name: Caustic PotashUse: as saponifying agent, cauterizing

agent It is used in Aromatic Eriodictyon

Syrup to solubilize the bitter tasteCaution: Exercise great care in

handling KOH as it rapidly destroys tissue.

POTASSIUM

VIII.Potassium Iodide USP This salt is added to NaCl and

community water supply to supplement the dietIX. Potassium Permanganate USPUses: Treatment of uritis, gonorrhea,

Vincent’s infection, snake bite epidermophytosis, athlete’s foot, snake bite, poison ivy, chemical antidote

POTASSIUM

X. Potassium Sodium TartrateCommon Names: Rochelle Salt; Seidlitz

powderUses: mild laxative to an active

hydragogue; saline laxativeDose: 10 GmsXI. Potassium CarbonateCommon Names: Potash, Pearl Ash, Salt

of Tartar, Salt of Wormwood

POTASSIUM

This salt has been used in the past as systemic antacid, its excessive alkalinity has caused it to fall into disfavor

XII. Sulfurated Potash ( mix of polysulfides and pot thiosulfate)

Common Names: Potassa sulfurata, Liver of sulfur, Hepasulfuris

Uses: parasitic disease of the skin