dr. eman azab microelectronics elct 703 (w19) lecture 1
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MICROELECTRONICS ELCT 703 (W19) LECTURE 1: ANALOG MULTIPLIERS
Dr. Eman Azab
Assistant Professor
Office: C3.315
E-mail:
[email protected]. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
1
COURSE OVERVIEWCourse Team
Lecturer
Dr. Eman AzabE-mail: [email protected]
Office: C3.315
Office hours: Via E-mail
Teaching
Assistant
Eng.: Radwa KhairyE-mail: [email protected]
Office: C3.307
Office hours: Via E-mail
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
2
Teaching Method Location
One Lecture per Week
(Thursday 2nd Slot)H6
One Tutorial per Week
(Tuesday 1st/3rd)
Check Your
Schedule
Evaluation Method Percentage %
Assignments 10
Quizzes 15
Project 10
Mid-Term 25
Final 40
COURSE GUIDELINES Please follow GUC regulations for attendance
Course Prerequisites:
Semiconductors
Electronic Circuits
Radio Frequency
Course Objectives: Analog Signal Processing Circuits Design
Analog Multipliers: Differential Amplifier
Op-amp Circuit design, non-idealities, Linear and Non-linear applications
Active RC Filters
Switched capacitor circuits and applications
Operational Trans-conductance Amplifiers Circuit design and Applications
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
3
TENTATIVE COURSE SCHEDULELecture # Lecture Description
1Revision: Differential Amplifiers & Analog
MultipliersAnalog Multipliers Transistor level design
2 &3 Feedback and Power Amplifiers Feedback Theory in Electronic Circuits and Power amplifiers
4 & 5 Op-amp Circuit design & non-idealities Op-amp Circuit design on the transistor level & Non-ideal
characteristics of Op-amp Circuit realization
6 Compensation TheoryCompensation theory: How to design Stable closed loop systems
using Op-amp?
7 & 8 Op-amp Circuit Applications Linear and Non-linear Closed-loop Applications using Op-amps
9 Active-RC Filters Op-amp based Filters
10 & 11 Switched Capacitors Circuits SC Circuits Design Concept and Applications
12Operational Trans-conductance Amplifiers
Circuit design & ApplicationsOTA CMOS Transistor Level Circuit Design
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
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TENTATIVE COURSE EVALUATION SCHEDULE
Assignment Quiz Project
Milestone 1: CMOS Op-
amp Modeling (Verilog A)
Quiz 1: Feedback and
Compensation Theory
Milestone 2: CMOS Op-
amp Circuit Design
(Simulation)
Milestone 3: Op-amp
Application (Simulation)
Assignment 1: Feedback and
Compensation Theory
Mid-Term
Milestone 4: PCB for Op-
amp Application
(Hardware)
Assignment 2: Research Paper
Part 1
Quiz 2: Op-amp
nonlinear Applications
Assignment 3: Research Paper
Part 2
Quiz 3: OTA-C/Switched
cap Filters
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
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COURSE GRADING RULES
Grading scheme is based on GUC Regulations
Copies will be graded as ZERO
This is applicable for Assignments, quizzes and Projects
Stick to the office hours for questions
Send an e-mail for urgent questions
Attend the lectures and take notes!
All the Course material will be available on the website
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
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REFERENCES1. βAnalysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuitsβ, Gray,
Hurst, Lewis & Meyer
2. β Fundamentals of Microelectronicsβ, Razavi
3. β Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuitsβ, Razavi
4. βAnalog Integrated Circuit Designβ, Johns & Martin
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
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ANALOG MULTIPLIERS Transistor level Circuit
Design
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
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ANALOG MULTIPLIERS: INTRODUCTIONAnalog Multiplier is a circuit that takes two analog inputs (I/V) andgenerate an output proportional to their Product
K is the multiplication gain factor
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
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πππ’π‘ = πΎ ππ1 Γ ππ2
Multiplier
(K)
Xi1
Xi2
Xout
ANALOG MULTIPLIER
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
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Amplitude Modulation Illustration
The circuit is used in communication systems for modulation/demodulation
ANALOG MULTIPLIER
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
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Analog Multipliers can be one, two or four quadrant multipliers
This classification depends on the polarity of the input signals
Multiplier
(K)
Xi1
Xi2
Xout
Multiplier Xi1 Xi2
Single (one) Quadrant Unipolar Unipolar
Two Quadrant Unipolar Bipolar
Four Quadrant Bipolar Bipolar
ANALOG MULTIPLIER: EMITTER COUPLED CIRCUIT
Emitter Coupled Circuit can beused as a two Quadrant analogmultiplier
It is formed with two matchedBJT with their emitters connectedtogether
Assume Q1 and Q2 are Active and Ξ²F
is large
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
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πΌπΈ1 + πΌπΈ2 = πΌ
πΌπΆ1 = πΌπ πππ΅πΈ1ππ πΌπΆ2 = πΌπ π
ππ΅πΈ2ππ
πΌπΆ1 β πΌπΈ1 & πΌπΆ2 β πΌπΈ2
Where Is is the reverse saturation current and VT is the thermal voltage
(25mV @ room temperature)
ANALOG MULTIPLIER: EMITTER COUPLED CIRCUIT
The input voltage Vi1 changesthe collector currents
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
13
ππ1 = ππ΅πΈ1 β ππ΅πΈ2πΌπΆ2πΌπΆ1
= πβππ1ππ
πΌπΆ1 + πΌπΆ2 = πΌπΆ1 + πΌπΆ1πβππ1ππ β πΌ
πΌπΆ1 =πΌ
1 + πβππ1ππ
πΌπΆ2 =πΌ
1 + πππ1ππ
ANALOG MULTIPLIER: EMITTER COUPLED CIRCUIT
The ECC differential output current orvoltage is related to the input voltageβVi1β and biasing current βIβ as follows:(Prove that:)
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
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βπΌπΆ = πΌπΆ1 β πΌπΆ2
βπΌπΆ = πΌ tanhππ12ππ
βππΆ = βπΌπ πΆ tanhππ12ππ
βππΆ = ππΆ1 β ππΆ2
Note: tanh(x) β x for x<<1
ANALOG MULTIPLIER: EMITTER COUPLED CIRCUIT
To use ECC as a multiplier, the followingcondition must be satisfied:
The input voltage Vi1 value must be lessthan 50mV (2VT)
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
15
Note: tanh(x) β x for x<<1
for Vi1<<2VT
βππΆ β βπ πΆ2ππ
πΌ ππ1
βπΌπΆ β 1
2πππΌ ππ1βπΌπΆ = πΌ tanh
ππ12ππ
βππΆ = βπΌπ πΆ tanhππ12ππ
ANALOG MULTIPLIER: EMITTER COUPLED CIRCUIT
The ECC output is proportional to themultiplication of the differential inputvoltage βVi1β and the biasing current βIβ
ECC is a two quadrant multiplier as thecurrent βIβ is unipolar
If the current βIβ becomes negative, Q1 and Q2will not operate in the active mode, then theexponential equation is not valid anymore
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
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for Vi1<<2VT
βππΆ β βπ πΆ2ππ
πΌ ππ1βπΌπΆ β 1
2πππΌ ππ1
πΎπ = βπ πΆ2ππ
πΎπΌ =1
2ππ Note: tanh(x) β x for x<<1
ANALOG MULTIPLIER: EMITTER COUPLED CIRCUIT
The ECC can be modified to be a twoquadrant voltage multiplier by replacingthe biasing current source βIβ with thecircuit shown
The circuit has another condition on βVi2βto work as a multiplier
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
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for Vi1<<2VT
πΌ =ππ2 β ππ΅πΈ,ππ
π
βππΆ β βπ πΆ2ππ
ππ2 β ππ΅πΈ,πππ
ππ1
for Vi1<<2VT & Vi2>>VBE,on
βππΆ β βπ πΆ2πππ
ππ2ππ1 πΎπ = βπ πΆ2π ππ
Figure from Gray & Mayer, βAnalysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuitsβ
John Wiley & Sons, inc.
ANALOG MULTIPLIER: GILBERT CELL
The ECC is used as a basicbuilding unit for a four quadrantmultiplier: Gilbert Cell
The circuit is formed with threecross coupled ECCs as shown inFigure
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
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βπΌπΆ = πΌπΆ3β5 β πΌπΆ4β6
βπΌπΆ = πΌπΆ3 + πΌπΆ5 β πΌπΆ4 + πΌπΆ6
βπΌπΆ = πΌπΆ3 β πΌπΆ4 + πΌπΆ5 β πΌπΆ6
πΌπΆ3 β πΌπΆ4 = πΌπΆ1 tanhππ12ππ
πΌπΆ5 β πΌπΆ6 = πΌπΆ2 tanh βππ12ππ
= βπΌπΆ2 tanhππ12ππ
Figure from Gray & Mayer, βAnalysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuitsβ
John Wiley & Sons, inc.
ANALOG MULTIPLIER: GILBERT CELL
Gilbert Cell analysis (Cont.)
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
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βπΌπΆ = πΌπΆ3 β πΌπΆ4 + πΌπΆ5 β πΌπΆ6
πΌπΆ1 β πΌπΆ2 = πΌ tanhππ22ππ
βπΌπΆ = πΌπΆ1 β πΌπΆ2 tanhππ12ππ
βπΌπΆ = πΌ tanhππ12ππ
tanhππ22ππ
for Vi1 & Vi2 <<2VT
βπΌπΆ β πΌ
2ππ2ππ1ππ2 πΎπΌ =
πΌ
2ππ2
ANALOG MULTIPLIER: GILBERT CELL
Gilbert Cell is a four quadrantmultiplier
The differential output current isproportional to the multiplication ofthe voltages βVi1β and βVi2β
the voltages βVi1β and βVi2β mustbe less than 50mV (2VT)
The output current can beconverted to a voltage signal
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
20
βππΆ β βπΌπ πΆ2ππ
2ππ1ππ2 πΎπ = β
πΌπ πΆ2ππ
2
ANALOG MULTIPLIER: GILBERT CELL
To remove the constraint of the input voltage to be less than 50mV, thefollowing Circuit can be used
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
21
ππ1β² β tanhβ1 ππ1
ππ2β² β tanhβ1 ππ2
βπΌπΆ = πΌ tanhππ1β²
2ππtanh
ππ2β²
2ππ
ANALOG MULTIPLIER: GILBERT CELL
To remove the constraint of the inputvoltage to be less than 50mV, thefollowing Circuit can be used
Assume Q7 and Q8 Active and matched withlarge Ξ²
The Differential voltage-to-current Converterhas the output current given as:
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
22Figure from Gray & Mayer, βAnalysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuitsβ
John Wiley & Sons, inc.
ππ1β² = ππ΅πΈ8 β ππ΅πΈ7
ππ1β² = πππ π
πΌπ8πΌπ7
= πππππΌ2πΌ1
πΌ2 = πΌπ1 +1
π 1ππ1 πΌ1 = πΌπ1 β
1
π 1ππ1
ANALOG MULTIPLIER: GILBERT CELL
The Differential voltage-to-current Converterhas the output current given as:
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
23
ππ1β² = πππ π
πΌπ8πΌπ7
= πππππΌ2πΌ1
πΌ2 = πΌπ1 +1
π 1ππ1 πΌ1 = πΌπ1 β
1
π 1ππ1
ππ1β² = πππ π
πΌπ1 +1π 1
ππ1
πΌπ1 β1π 1
ππ1
= ππππ1 +
ππ1π 1πΌπ1
1 βππ1π 1πΌπ1
π π1 + π₯
1 β π₯= 2 tanhβ1 π₯
ππ1β² = πππ π
1 +ππ1π 1πΌπ1
1 βππ1π 1πΌπ1
= 2ππ tanhβ1
ππ1π 1πΌπ1
Note that:
ANALOG MULTIPLIER: GILBERT CELL
Now the Output differential Current of Gilbert Cell is:
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
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βπΌπΆ = πΌ tanhππ1β²
2ππtanh
ππ2β²
2ππ
ππ1β² = 2ππ tanh
β1ππ1π 1πΌπ1
ππ2β² = 2ππ tanh
β1ππ2π 2πΌπ2
βπΌπΆ = πΌ tanh2ππ tanh
β1 ππ1π 1πΌπ1
2ππtanh
2ππ tanhβ1 ππ2
π 2πΌπ22ππ
βπΌπΆ =πΌ
π 1π 2πΌπ1πΌπ2ππ1ππ2 πΎπΌ =
πΌ
π 1π 2πΌπ1πΌπ2
ANALOG MULTIPLIER: GILBERT CELL
Circuit Implementation of Differential voltage to differential CurrentConverter:
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
25
πΌπ1 =ππΆπΆ β ππ΅πΈ13,ππ
π
πΌ1 = πΌπ1 +ππ1π 1
πΌ1 = πΌπ1 βππ1π 1
ANALOG MULTIPLIER: GILBERT CELL
Assignment: Draw the complete Gilbert CellMultiplier (Transistor Level)
DR. EMAN AZAB
ELECTRONICS DEPT., FACULTY OF IET
THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO
26