dr. j kishore, mamc questionnaire design dr. j kishore, mbbs, md, msc, pgdee, pgchfwm, fipha maulana...
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Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Questionnaire DesignDr. J Kishore,
MBBS, MD, MSc, PGDEE, PGCHFWM, FIPHA
Maulana Azad Medical College,
New Delhi 110002
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Aim of Questionnaire
• It is to extract useful and accurate information.
• Any defect in the questionnaire could have impact in data collection.
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Use of Questionnaire
• Scientific Research
• Screening
• Diagnostic Tool
• Audit
• Administration
• Demography
• Public relations
J Kishore. Ind J O & EM 2000
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Basic Requirements for a questionnaire design
• Clear Objectives
• Sampling methods
• Sample Size
• Respondent: Literacy, physical and mental capabilities
J Kishore. Ind J O & EM 2000
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Qualities of Questionnaire• Without ambiguity
• Unbiased
• Appropriateness: studying heat exposure in Cold unit workers
• Intellegibility: it should be understood
• Validity, Reliability
• Logical order
• Capable to cope with all possible responses
• Coded
• Pretested, open to close/structured
• No double barreled questions
• Ethical
• Language
J Kishore. Ind J O & EM 2000
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Approaches
• Structured: you set a line of questionnaire in your survey and all respondents are led through it. This approach guarantee that all respondents consider the same issues or topics so their results can be compared with each other and easily summerized.
• Unstructured: Allow the person being interview to take the lead and talk about whatever aspects of the survey topic he or she chooses. It is best suited for qualitative data in which once opinion or attitude needs to be assessed.
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Mode of Inquiry
• Based on qualitative or quantitative or both type of data collection
• a) Face to Face Interview
• b) Telephone Interview
• c) Self-reported/completed questionnaire
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Comparison of three modes of data collection
Parameter Interview Telephone Mail/Self
Cost Mostexpensive
Mediumexpensive
Cheapest
Standardization Depend oninterviewer
Depend oninterviewer
Good &reduces bias
Coverage Depend onpersonalcontact
Reach widely& scatteredarea
Reach widely& scatteredarea
Observation Listen &watch, controlquestion,assess attitude
Listen &watch, controlquestion,assess attitude
Noobservation
Probing Allow, reducemisunderstanding & missinganswers
Allow, reducemisunderstanding & missinganswers
Not permitted
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Comparison of three modes of data collection
Parameter Interview Telephone Mail/Self
Literacy Not require Not require Require
Respondentskills
Language &skills needed
Language &skills needed
Not needed
ResponseRate
Highest Medium Lowest
Privacy Difficult Someanonymity forgiving replies
Good; noembarrassment
Consent Easy toconvince &get consent
Convincing ispossible
Convincing isdifficult soconsent
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Designing of questionnaire: Stages -1
• A. Basic components (Parts) I. Guidelines on the introduction to, and the ending of
interview/questionnaire II. A section on identification of the study unit and its
location III. Consent IV. The main body of the questionnaire: subdivision is
allowed V. Interviewer guidelines dispersed throughout the
questionnaire VI. Filters (Jump) instructions
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Questionnaire Design-2
For example
• Ques. 1. Do you smoke cigarette? 1. Yes, 2. No.
If No, please go to the Ques. No. 4.
• Ques. 2. What brand of Cigarette? _____________.
• Ques. 3. How many per day?
A. 1-5, B.6-10, C. 11-15, D. 16-20, E. More than 20
• Ques. 4. Do you take alcohol? 1. Yes, 2. No.
If No. Please go to the Ques. No. 8.
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Designing of questionnaire: Stages-3
• B. Practical Steps 1. Write out, as breifly as you can. 2. Make a list of the information 3. Decide the main section (Components) a) A section on identification/address b) Separate section for each aspect of study 4. Within each section and for each item of
information required, write out the questions 5. Check each of the questions against the aims 6. Check whether the list of questions will obtain
and record all the information necessary.
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Designing of questionnaire: Stages-4 7. Examine each and every questions following: I) Is it Necessary? II) It is Clear and Unambiguous? III) Is it Simple and Short? IV) Is it A reasonable question to ask? V) Is it Non-offensive? VI) Should it be an “open” or “close” question?• Closed Question offers a list of possible options (Answers)
from which the respondent must select one or two answer• Open Question offers the respondent to answer in her/his
own words.
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
For ExampleQues. What are the controlling methods of air pollution? Rank according to your priority.A. Advancement of technologyB. Ban on polluting industriesC. PlantationD. Widening of roadsE. Any other, please specify (Dumping Category)
List of answer could be exhaustive, for exampleQues. What was the cause of death of your child?A. An accident or serious injury.B. Pneumonia.C. Diarrhea.D. Some other reason, please specify (Dumping category)
Designing of questionnaire: Stages-5
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Designing of questionnaire: Stages-6 8. Check that the interview does not take too
long
9. Think of Layout and presentation
10. Write a draft
11. Pilot and evalution
* Validity
* Test-Retest Reliability
* Acceptability
12. Enhancing the reliability of interviewers by conducting training
13. Conducting survey
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Validity indices of DSM-IIIR CIDI Against DSM III R Clinical Diagnosis
Clinical Diagnosis+ -
Total
CIDI DSM III + 28 1 29a b a+b
- 20 21 41c d c+d
Total 48 22 70a+c b+d a+b+c+d
Sensitivity=a/a+c 59.1%Specificity=d/b+d 95.4%Positive Predictive Value=a/a+b 96.6%Negative Predictive Value=d/c+d 51.2% Kishore J 1999
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
• Check Respondent’s Consistency• For example
Ques. How many children would you like to have?
Ques. What do you consider the ideal (best) number of children for you?
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Codes• Numeric and alphabetic codes transfor answers
into variables that can be tabulated and analyzed statically.
• For nominal variable, the code can be labels without meaning, For example: “1” for Hindu, “2” for Muslim, “3” Christian, etc.
• For ordinal variable the numeric value has inherent meaning that reflects the rank order, for example, “0” for non-smoker, “1” smoking less than 1 pack per day, “2” 1-2 packs per day, etc.
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Scores
• Answer to the questions are given in a score as a way of measuring an abstract characteristics: Measuring attitude,
• e.g., “1” Not important, “4” very important
Importance
A. Annual health check 1 2 3 4B. Health & Safety training 1 2 3 4C. Nutrition 1 2 3 4
How important of these items for maintaining the health of workers?
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Scales• Summative Scales: Likert scales is used to quantify
attitude and behavior• e.g., Please read the statement below and answer
these questions using one of the five options (Tick)
Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree StronglyAgree Disagree
1. Smoking should be banned - - - - -2. Compulsory testing for HIV - - - - -3. Compulsory Sex education in - - - - - Secondary schools
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Scales• Cummulative (Guttman) Scales: A series of
statements that express increasing intensity of a characteristics.
Ques. Circle the letter of every statement that you agree with: A. Asbestos can cause lung cancer
B. Asbestos is an important cause of cancer
C. Asbestos is a very important cause of lung cancer and death.
D. Asbestos is the most important cause of lung cancer and death in India
Ques. What is the highest level of education you have completed? A. Primary School certificate
B. High School Certificate
C. Undergraduate Degree
D. Postgraduate Degree
E. Doctoral or higher Degree
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Scales• Multiple Choice Questions: where respondent
must choose just one answer from many choices; use in competitive exam or screening the disease
e.g., Ques. Which one of the following is the most common methods of transmission of HIV?
A. Sharing meals
B. Sharing needles
C. Sharing towel
e.g., For TB Screening
Ques Which symptoms do you experienced for last one month?
A. Cough
B. Fever
C. Weight loss
D. Loss of appetite
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Scales
• Visual /leaner Analogue Scale: The characteristics such as preference, attitude, pain, hunger can be measured
0 50 100
No stress Intolerable Stress
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Scale
• Sentence Completion Test• This is very useful scale to measure internal
conflict, stress, personality, etc.
• Commonly used in psychiatric assessment
Dr. J Kishore, MAMC
Thanks