EVALUATION OF EVACUATION AT

FACULTY ENGINEERING UPM BUILDING

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION The seven story building fitted with three lifts lies partially on a lake. It houses offices for the Dean, Deputy Deans and eight engineering departments as well as rooms for professors (JUSA A, B and C) and associate professors, senior lecturers and other academic staff. This is the biggest engineering faculty in Malaysia in terms of the number of programmes offered and the number of postgraduates. Each lecturer office has one wall almost covered with glass, standard government size fitted with individual air conditioner, PA system, sprinkler head and four foot fluorescent lights.

The objective of this work is to evaluate fire safety components using manual and commercial software.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature

Review

Fire Services act

1988 (act 341)

Regulation,

Rules and Order

Best assembly

area

Fire fighting

access lobbies

Means of egressStairs

Fire drilss

Computer

simulation

FIRE SERVICES ACT 1988 (ACT 341) REGULATION, RULES AND ORDERFire Services act 1988 (act 341) is an act that make provision for the effective and efficient functioning of the Fire Services Department for the protection of persons and property from the fire risk and for purposes connected with it. (Fire Services Act 1988, 2006)

BEST ASSEMBLY AREA

Assembly area is an area where located outside the building in an open space so everyone can gather and be identified but the area should be clearing indicate by all occupants before emergency arise. (Uniform Building By Law 1984, 2011)

FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS LOBBIES

Fire safety should conform to the following requirements:

Each lobby shall have a floor area of not less than 5.587 square meters (Uniform Building By Law 1984, 2011)

The open able area of windows or area of permanent ventilation shall be not less than 25% of the floor area of the lobby and if ventilation is by means of open able windows, Additional permanent ventilation having a free opening of 464 square centimeters shall be provided except that mechanical pressurization may be provided as an alternative. (Uniform Building By Law 1984, 2011)

HEAT LOAD

The heat load is the maximum heat that can be theoretically generated by the combustible items and contents of the structure. The heat load could be measured as the weight of the combustible material multiplied by the calorific value per unit weight. Heat load is conveniently expressed in terms of the floor space as MJ/m2or Mcal/m2.More often it would be expressed in terms of equivalent quantity of wood and expressed as Kg wood / m2 (1 Kg wood = 18MJ). The amount of heat load and the values may change from one environment to the other and also from country to country (Patterson, 1993)

MEANS OF EGRESS

A means of egress is an exit path that occupants may use to safely exit a building. It is designed to provide safe and easy travel during a fire or other emergency so that the risk of injury or death is minimized. (Uniform Building By Law 1984, 2011)

Components of means of egress

Doors

Stairs

Guards and handrails

Smoke proof enclosures

Stair pressurization

Horizontal exits

Exit passageways

STAIRS

Stairs for emergency during fire has their own dimension that need to follow by rules that stated in Uniform Building By Law 1984.the dimension that be suggested by the law is the rise of any staircase shall not be not more than 180 millimeters and tread shall be not less than 255 millimeters and dimension of the rise and the tread of the staircase so chosen shall be uniform and consistent throughout. Other than that, the width of staircase shall be in accordance by law 168 while the depth of landings shall be not less than the width of the staircase. (Uniform Building By Law 1984, 2011)

FIRE DRILLS

Fire drill is an exercise in the use of firefighting equipment or the evacuation of a building in case of a fire

There are 4 stages that will be analyze during the fire drills, which are

1-Time before fire been aware (Δtdet) 2- Be aware of fire (Δta)3 - Identify and respond to sound the alarm (Δtpre)4 - Start clear the building and move to a place of assembly secure (Δttrav)

PYRO SIM SOFTWARE

Pyro Sim is a graphical user interface for the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). FDS models can predict smoke, temperature, carbon monoxide, and other substances during fires. The results of these simulations have been used to ensure the safety of buildings before construction, evaluate safety options of existing buildings, reconstruct fires for post-accident investigation, and assist in firefighter training. (Engineering, 2010)

EXPERIMENTAL

EXPERIMENTAL

1) Determination of fire load from types of files and books

2) Determine air flow rate in the lift lobby

3) Checking conditions and staircases

4) Measure the lumen in the corridor and stair cases

5) Checking the condition of firefighting devices

6) Determining optimum location of new assembley points

7) Calculating distance and suitability of assembly points

8) Questionnaire on fire safety awareness

DETERMINATION OF FIRE LOAD FROM

TYPES OF FILES AND BOOKS

DETERMINATION OF FIRE LOAD FROM TYPES OF FILES AND BOOKS

DETERMINATION OF FIRE LOAD FROM TYPES OF FILES AND BOOKS No Classification Type Reference Quantity

1 Furniture Carpet

(16 m x 11 m)

Chair

Curtain

Table

Pic Frame

Sofa

Book Rack

Cupboard/Cabi

net

Dashboard

Whiteboard

2 Machine Refrigerator

Phone

Photostat

Computer

Printer

DETERMINATION OF FIRE LOAD FROM TYPES OF FILES AND BOOKS

Materials Calorie Value

KJ/Kg

Acrylic 26051.2

Asphalt 40472.4

Coal 30935.8

Cotton 16747.2

Dynamite 5349.8

Nylon 23260

Paper ( average) 16282

Peats (average) 22097

Pitch 34890

Polyester 23260

Polyurethane 37216

Polyvinylchloride 22097

Straw 13956

Waxes 39542

Woods (average hard and softwood) 18608

Materials Calorie Value

KJ/Kg

Acrylic 26051.2

Asphalt 40472.4

Coal 30935.8

Cotton 16747.2

Dynamite 5349.8

Nylon 23260

Paper ( average) 16282

Peats (average) 22097

Pitch 34890

Polyester 23260

Polyurethane 37216

Polyvinylchloride 22097

Straw 13956

Waxes 39542

Woods (average hard and softwood) 18608

DETERMINATION OF FIRE LOAD FROM TYPES OF FILES AND BOOKS

Heat load of material = Weight of material x calorie value of material

Average heat load (kJ) =

Heat load Furniture (kJ) + Heat load Machine (kJ) + Stationary equipment (kJ) + Papers (kJ) +

Miscellaneous (kJ)

EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION OF HEAT LOAD

1,825 910 kJ

DETERMINATION OF FIRE LOAD FROM TYPES OF FILES AND BOOKS

Room Heat load (KJ) Classification

1 3306292.7 Low

2 3434885.6 Low

3 4252509.5 Medium

4 5042651.7 High

5 5575073.1 Very High

6 6241704.7 Very High

DETERMINE AIR FLOW RATE IN THE LIFT

LOBBY

DETERMINE AIR FLOW RATE IN THE LIFT LOBBY

DETERMINE AIR FLOW RATE IN THE LIFT LOBBY

CHECKING CONDITIONS AND

STAIRCASES

CHECKING CONDITIONS ANDSTAIRCASES

The time taken in actual experiment is 122

seconds which consists of 25 participants

evacuate from lift lobby level 5 to assembly

point. But by using pyro sim, the calculated time

is 119 seconds.

MEASURE THE LUMEN IN THE CORRIDOR AND STAIR CASES

MEASURE THE LUMEN IN THE CORRIDOR AND STAIR CASES

Place Lux number

Office lighting 320 -400 Lux

Emergency Staircase 80 – 90 Lux

Office Pavement 80 – 90 Lux

Exit Sign 0 Lux

CHECKING THE CONDITION OF FIREFIGHTING

DEVICES

CHECKING THE CONDITION OF FIREFIGHTING DEVICESFirefighting devices Equip Condition

Good Need to enhance

Door Y Y

Stair pressurization Y Y

Smoke proof enclosure Y Y

Guard and handrails Y Y

Fire door Y Y

Fire staircase Y Y

“KELUAR” Mimic Diagram Y Y

DETERMINING OPTIMUM LOCATION OF NEW ASSEMBLY

POINTS

FACULTY ENGINEERING UPM

1

2 3

4

1

23

4

Safest to assemble

Safest to assemble

Medium Risk to

assemble

High risk to

assemble

Assembly Area Reasons

1 The assembly area are high risk because the area are on a

roadway, accident could occur in this area. The best way to

control during evacuation by traffic control.

2 This assembly area has been gazette as medium risk as

because it is situated in the middle of lab.

3 This assembly are the safest place to assembly as it is in

the parking lot.

4 This assembly area are the safest place to assemble as it is

in the parking lot.

DESCRIPTION

CALCULATING DISTANCE AND

SUITABILITY OF ASSEMBLY POINTS

PATHFINDER ANALYSIS

PROFILES OF OCCUPANTS

PROFILES OF OCCUPANTS

Default

Characteristic Description

Speed occupants 1.19 m/s

Standard movement Standard normal

Shoulder Width 45.48 cm in average

Movement Use stairs and find any nearest

exit

Average height 1.8 m

Acceleration time 1.1 s

Slow factor 0.1

Slow pace

Characteristic Description

Speed occupants Log speed 0.5 – 1.19 m/s

Standard movement Standard normal

Shoulder Width 44 – 48 cm in average

Movement Use stairs and find any nearest

exit

Average height 1.8 m

Acceleration time 0.8 s

Slow factor 0.1

Reduction factor U = 0.7 S = 0.1

RESULTS OF ANALYSIS

- Analysis done with 450 occupants.

- Design of the building are approximately same with the actual design with standard deviation of 1.8%.

- Results are 6.23 Minutes = 373.8 Seconds

SIMULATION VIDEO

ANALYSIS FLOW OF OCCUPANTS

1st phase : 0 – 50 seconds- Room compact as

occupants increase2nd Phase : 50 – 100 seconds- Time critical - Accident could happen3rd phase : 100 – 200 Seconds- Rehabilitation time- Major occupants able to

evacuate 4th phase : 200 – end Seconds- All Occupants manage to

escape

Accident can happen in this critical time

ANALYSIS IN MEANS OF EGRESS

1st phase : 0 – 50 seconds- Exit staircase compact

as occupants increase2nd Phase : 50 – 100 seconds- Time critical - Accident could happen3rd phase : 100 – 200 Seconds- Rehabilitation time- Major occupants able to

evacuate 4th phase : 200 – 350 Seconds- All Occupants manage to

Accident can happen in this critical time

WAY FORWARD FROM ANALYSIS

By theory, the design of the building are safe for evacuation. Unfortunately, by practical the occupants of the building are in high risk. Therefore, Risk Assessment should be done in this building.

FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT-LIKELIHOOD SCALE

Scale 1 2 3 4 5

Description Rare Unlikely Possible LikelyAlmost

Certain

Fall from stair

during evacuation of

building

>5 people 4 people 3 people 2 people 1 people

Time evacuation 3 minutes 4 minutes 4.5 minutes 5 minutes 5.5 minutes

Firefighting

equipment working

Predictable will

not happenUnlikely happen Possible happen Likely happen Not working

Knowledge of

occupant using

firefighting

equipment

Fully skills Less skill Average skills Know little bit Do not know

FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT-CONSEQUENCE SCALE

Scale 1 2 3 4 5

Description Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catasthropic

Fall from stair

during evacuation of

building

Smooth evacuation Panic Slow down evacuation time

Injury + Slow down

evacuation time

Injury + death + Slow

down evacuation time

Time evacuation People safe Fainting Shortness of breath

Injury + Shortness of

breath

Death

Firefighting

equipment working

Smooth evacuation Properties damage

Properties damage + extend

time for evacuation

Properties damage +

injury

Properties damage +

death

Knowledge of

occupant using

firefighting

equipment

Smooth evacuation Properties damage

Properties damage + extend

time for evacuation

Properties damage +

injury

Properties damage +

death

FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT-RISK MATRIX

Scale

Insignificant Minor Moderate Major

Catasthrop

ic

1 2 3 4 5

Almost

Certain

5 5 10 15 20 25

Likely 4 4 8 12 16 20

Possible 3 3 6 9 12 15

Unlikely 2 2 4 6 8 10

Rare 1 1 2 3 4 5

For grading risk, the scores obtained from the Table 3 Risk Matrix are assign

grades as follows:

1 - 2 : Low Risk – Standard Operating Procedures

to handle the risk;

3 - 4 : Moderate Risk – Monitor and review;

5 - 12 : High Risk –Attention Required; and

15 - 25 : Extreme Risk –Attention, time and

resources required.

Acceptability:

Score 1 - 4 : Acceptable Risk; and

Score 5 - 25 : Unacceptable Risk.

QUESTIONNAIRE ON FIRE SAFETY AWARENESS

QUESTIONNAIRE BACKGROUND

Questionnaire based from “Sikap Dan Tindakbalas PenghuniBangunan Dalam Menghadapi Situasi Kebakaran Kajian Kes : MenaraAnsar, Johor Bahru” by Nawal Bt. Hj Mohd Khudzairi

3 parts in the questionnaire :a) Background of the respondent

b) Awareness & understanding on fire prevention system in the building

c) Criteria of fire prevention system in the building

TARGET OF QUESTIONNAIRE

Respondent

population

Number of

questionnaire

distributed

Number of

questionnaire that

been returnedPercentage (%)

350 110 100 25

PART A : ANALYSIS OF RESPONDENT BACKGROUND

20%

73%

7%

0%0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

< 1 year 1- 5 years 5-10 years >10 years

Experience been in the building

Majority are 1-5 years

Majority are from student and

staff

Aim : To get well blended

information on fire safety

PART B: AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING ABOUT THE FIRE SAFETY IN FACULTY ENGINEERING

Part B

The

effectiveness

of fire alarm in

the building

The training of

"fire drill"

organized by

the building

management

Briefing of fire

safety to the

respondent

PART B.1 : ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FIRE ALARM IN THE BUILDING

Hear a fire alarm

2 times of

hearing the fire

alarm for past 2

years

Did not know

cause of fire

alarm

1 time hearing

false alarm in 2

years

Fire alarm in the

building is not

working well

Series1 61 39.3 36.1 81 37

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

The effectiveness of fire alarm in the building

Findings :1. Respondent didn’t alert fire

alarm2. Respondent lack of

awareness on fire alarm3. Fire alarm are not tested

regularly.

PART B.2 : ANALYSIS OF THE TRAINING OF “FIRE DRILL" ORGANIZED BY THE BUILDING MANAGEMENT.

56

45.4

31.8

65.9 66.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

never

experience fire

drill training

Only 1 time

involved in fire

drill

Not sure who

organize fire

drill

directly

evacuate from

the building

when hearing

fire alarm

do not know

what happpen

The training of "fire drill" organized by the

building management.

Series1

Findings :1. Majority of respondent

never experience fire drill training

2. Lack of awareness among respondent who are really in charge on fire drill

PART B.3 : ANALYSIS OF BRIEFING OF FIRE SAFETY TO THE RESPONDENT

38

57.9

65.8

51

35.2 35.2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Receive

briefing of

fire safety

Receive fire

safety

brochure

External

consultant

give the fire

safety

briefing

seldom

recive

briefing

receive fire

safety

briefing

elsewhere

knowing the

fire safety

from

television

Briefing of fire safety to the respondent

Series1

Findings :1. Majority of respondent did

not aware on fire safety briefing in Faculty Engineering

2. Majority of respondent does not receive the importance of fire safety in faculty.

ANALYSIS OF AWARENESS ON FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Awarness on fire fighting equipment

No

Yes

Findings :1. Majority does not know

how to use fire extinguisher

PART C : THE CRITERIA OF FIREFIGHTING SYSTEM IN OFFICE BUILDINGThere are several point need to focus in enhancing the fire fighting system in the building which are:1. Requirements of fire safety plan2. Effectiveness of fire alarm system3. Awareness of the importance of fire safety plan and devices.

From those criteria, there are 3 aspect been observe in this part:1- Spreading information aspect2- Effective communication devices aspect3- Maintenance aspect

PART C.1 : SPREADING INFORMATION ASPECT

Create more systematic fire

emergency plan

Spreading the information of using

fire fighting device by brochures

1% 1%3%

1%

13% 12%

25%

35%

58%

51%

Spreading Information

strongly disagree Disagree No opinion Agree Strongly agree

Spreading information of fire safety devices by brochures

Demand for

systematic fire

emergency plan

Information of

fire safety should

be spread well

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION DEVICES

0.0%20.0%40.0%60.0%80.0%100.0%120.0%

Fire drill

should be

done more

frequently

as training

and

experience.

Briefing on

fire safety

from

external

consultants

Teacing

manual of

fire

fighting

equipment

Strongly Agree 23.9% 26.1% 29.3%

Agree 47.8% 45.7% 53.3%

No opinion 21.7% 19.6% 10.9%

Disagree 2.2% 4.3% 0.0%

Strongly disagree 4.3% 4.3% 6.5%

Axis

Tit

le

Effective communication devices

Training

frequent

Briefing on

fire safety

Teaching

manual

MAINTENANCE OF FIREFIGHTING DEVICE

4.3% 1.1%

6.5%7.6%

37.0%34.8%

52.2% 56.5%

0.0%

20.0%

40.0%

60.0%

80.0%

100.0%

120.0%

Maintenance of fire fighting device

should be done regularly

Routine inspection should be

conducted by management

Maintenance

Strongly agree

Agree

No opinion

Disagree

Strongly disagree

CONCLUSION

Lack of awareness

of fire safety

among occupants

Management

should ensure

every Fire safety

devices works well

Fire Drill should

be done annually

to ensure

occupants know

on how to

evacuate.

CONCLUSION

THANK YOU FOR EVERYTHING!!!