dr niko tiliopoulos room 448, brennan mccallum building email: [email protected]
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In search for the In search for the basicbasic dimensions of dimensions of personalitypersonality
(Psychometric) issues with Cattell’s 16PF(Psychometric) issues with Cattell’s 16PF
Inability to replicate the structureInability to replicate the structure
FiskeFiske (1949) – used 22 of Cattell’s trait-descriptors (1949) – used 22 of Cattell’s trait-descriptors
Tupes & ChristalTupes & Christal (1958) – reanalysed Cattell’s and Fiske’s matrices (1958) – reanalysed Cattell’s and Fiske’s matrices
Norman Norman (1963) – Followed Tupes & Christal’s methodology(1963) – Followed Tupes & Christal’s methodology
Possible reasons:Possible reasons: Rotation used (oblique vs. orthogonal)Rotation used (oblique vs. orthogonal) (absence of) simple structure (absence of) simple structure (problem with convergence and discriminant validity)(problem with convergence and discriminant validity)
Response invarianceResponse invariance ScalingScaling Low loadingsLow loadings
Hans Eysenck argued that the 16PF are not Hans Eysenck argued that the 16PF are not primaryprimary (basic) factors of personality (basic) factors of personality
The The magicmagic number 5! number 5!Donald Fiske (1949)
• Five recurrent factors:
• Social adaptability
• Emotional control
• Conformity
• Inquiring intellect
• Confident self-expression
The The magicmagic number 5! number 5!
Both Norman Both Norman (1963) and Tupes (1963) and Tupes & Christal (1958, & Christal (1958, 1961) identified 1961) identified five factorsfive factors
The The magicmagic number 5! number 5!
The evolution of the lexical The evolution of the lexical taxonomytaxonomy
Lewis Goldberg, PhDLewis Goldberg, PhDProfessor of PsychologyProfessor of Psychology
University of OregonUniversity of Oregon
““In the English language trait-descriptors are versions of five major In the English language trait-descriptors are versions of five major features of personality:”features of personality:”
LoveLove (Agreeableness) (Agreeableness) WorkWork (Conscientiousness) (Conscientiousness) AffectAffect (emotional stability) (emotional stability) PowerPower (Surgency) (Surgency) IntellectIntellect
Goldberg’s assessmentGoldberg’s assessment The Abridged Big Five-Dimensional The Abridged Big Five-Dimensional
CircumplexCircumplex ( (AB5CAB5C; Hofstee, de Raad, & ; Hofstee, de Raad, & Goldberg,1992) Goldberg,1992)
A A circular modelcircular model of the personality of the personality domain, in which each pair of the Big-5 domain, in which each pair of the Big-5 factors comprises its own circlefactors comprises its own circle
Many items in the personality domain, Many items in the personality domain, when they are factor analyzed, have two when they are factor analyzed, have two large loadings instead of just one!large loadings instead of just one!
Thus, when these items are mapped Thus, when these items are mapped onto a onto a two-dimensional planes two-dimensional planes using using their loadings as Cartesian coordinates, their loadings as Cartesian coordinates, they form a they form a polygonpolygon
The International Personality Item PoolThe International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) (IPIP)
Hans Eysenck (1991):
“… we have literally hundreds of inventories incorporating thousands of traits, largely overlapping but also containing specific variance, each empirical finding is strictly speaking only relevant to a specific trait [. . .] This is not the way to build a unified scientific discipline” (p. 786)
Enter the Enter the OCEANOCEAN (Five Factor Model – (Five Factor Model – FFM)FFM)
Paul Costa, JrPaul Costa, Jr., PhD., PhDProfessor of medical psychologyProfessor of medical psychology
Johns Hopkins UniversityJohns Hopkins University
Robert McCraeRobert McCrae, PhD, PhDSenior InvestigatorSenior Investigator
Laboratory of Personality & CognitionLaboratory of Personality & CognitionBaltimoreBaltimore
OCEANOCEAN Used the 16PF but instead of factor analysing they Used the 16PF but instead of factor analysing they
ClusterCluster analysed itanalysed it
Originally identified three personality super-traits:Originally identified three personality super-traits:
NNeuroticismeuroticism EExtraversionxtraversion OOpennesspenness
Developed the Developed the NEONEO personality inventory (mid 80s) personality inventory (mid 80s)
Later (in the 90s) added the dimensions of Later (in the 90s) added the dimensions of Agreeableness & ConscientiousnessAgreeableness & Conscientiousness
OCEANOCEAN The NEO has a hierarchical arrangementThe NEO has a hierarchical arrangement
240 items (PI-R version), 60 items (FFI version)240 items (PI-R version), 60 items (FFI version) 5-point Likert scales5-point Likert scales
Personality dimensions are orthogonalPersonality dimensions are orthogonal Principal Components analysisPrincipal Components analysis, , Varimax rotationVarimax rotation
Each consists of six Each consists of six facetsfacets (traits) (traits)
The NEO is probably the most validated personality The NEO is probably the most validated personality questionnaire (and typology) in academiaquestionnaire (and typology) in academia
Probably the most commonly used traits Probably the most commonly used traits assessment instrument in any personality researchassessment instrument in any personality research
Factor OneFactor One Extraversion Extraversion (Sociability)(Sociability)
Other labels:Other labels: Social adaptability, Assertiveness, Surgency Social adaptability, Assertiveness, Surgency Relates to (a degree of) having social impact Relates to (a degree of) having social impact Facets:Facets:
GregariousGregarious WarmthWarmth AssertivenessAssertiveness ActivityActivity Excitement seekingExcitement seeking Positive emotionPositive emotion (enthusiasm) (enthusiasm)
Observed behavioural correlates:Observed behavioural correlates: Prominence in social organizationsProminence in social organizations
(avg) Heritability index: 0.36(avg) Heritability index: 0.36
Factor TwoFactor Two NeuroticismNeuroticism (emotionality) (emotionality)
Other labels:Other labels: Emotional control, emotional stability Emotional control, emotional stability Relates to anxiety and distress Relates to anxiety and distress Facets:Facets:
AnxietyAnxiety Anger-hostilityAnger-hostility DepressionDepression Self-consciousnessSelf-consciousness ImpulsivenessImpulsiveness VulnerabilityVulnerability
Observed behavioural correlates:Observed behavioural correlates: Poor marital functioning, impaired Poor marital functioning, impaired academic performanceacademic performance
(avg) Heritability index: 0.31(avg) Heritability index: 0.31
Factor ThreeFactor Three AgreeablenessAgreeableness
Other labels:Other labels: Conformity, friendly compliance, likeability Conformity, friendly compliance, likeability Relates to maintaining positive relations with others Relates to maintaining positive relations with others (quality of (quality of
relationships)relationships)
Facets:Facets: TrustTrust StraightforwardnessStraightforwardness AltruismAltruism ComplianceCompliance ModestyModesty Tender-mindednessTender-mindedness
Observed behavioural correlates:Observed behavioural correlates: Conflict resolution tactics, greater Conflict resolution tactics, greater social support from otherssocial support from others
(avg) Heritability index: 0.28(avg) Heritability index: 0.28
Factor FourFactor Four ConscientiousnessConscientiousness
Other labels:Other labels: Responsibility Responsibility Relates to will to achieveRelates to will to achieve Facets:Facets:
CompetenceCompetence OrderOrder DutifulnessDutifulness Achievement strivingAchievement striving Self-disciplineSelf-discipline DeliberationDeliberation
Observed behavioural correlates:Observed behavioural correlates: avoidance of risky behaviours, avoidance of risky behaviours, higher academic achievementhigher academic achievement
(avg) Heritability index: 0.28(avg) Heritability index: 0.28
Factor FiveFactor Five OpennessOpenness (to experience) (to experience)
Other labels:Other labels: Culture, inquiring intellect, intelligence Culture, inquiring intellect, intelligence Relates to intelligence, (acquisition or will to acquire) social or Relates to intelligence, (acquisition or will to acquire) social or
existential experienceexistential experience Factor with least consensus about meaningFactor with least consensus about meaning Facets:Facets:
FantasyFantasy AestheticsAesthetics (appreciation of or attendance to) (appreciation of or attendance to) FeelingsFeelings ActionsActions Ideas Ideas (curiosity)(curiosity) ValuesValues
Observed behavioural correlates:Observed behavioural correlates: Greater engagement with Greater engagement with existential challenges, artistic expressionexistential challenges, artistic expression
(avg) Heritability index: 0.46(avg) Heritability index: 0.46
Profiling with the NEOProfiling with the NEO
Psychometric value of the Psychometric value of the NEONEO
Normative internal consistencies (alphas): 0.70 to 0.85Normative internal consistencies (alphas): 0.70 to 0.85
Cross-cultural replicabilityCross-cultural replicability
Emic approachEmic approach
(imposed) (imposed) Etic approachEtic approach
Psychometric value of the Psychometric value of the NEONEO
Good temporal stabilityGood temporal stability
The NEO & The NEO & psychopathologypsychopathology
Evaluating the Big-5Evaluating the Big-5The negativesThe negatives
Disagreement about the exact nature Disagreement about the exact nature of the five factorsof the five factors
Are the dimensions really Are the dimensions really orthogonal? (N & Corthogonal? (N & C rr ≈≈ -0.45 -0.45))
Doesn’t really possess a solid Doesn’t really possess a solid theoretical basistheoretical basis
Is Openness a dimension of Is Openness a dimension of personality?personality?
How about How about Honesty-HumilityHonesty-Humility??
Still a Still a descriptivedescriptive taxonomy taxonomy
The positivesThe positives
Probably the most commonly used Probably the most commonly used typology in personality researchtypology in personality research
Immediate applications in occupation Immediate applications in occupation and healthand health
Good cross-cultural validity and other Good cross-cultural validity and other psychometric propertiespsychometric properties
““It is unlikely that the five factors It is unlikely that the five factors identified are the only fundamental identified are the only fundamental personality factors. There are quite personality factors. There are quite likely other fundamental concepts likely other fundamental concepts involved among the Allport-Odbert involved among the Allport-Odbert adjectives”adjectives” (Tupes & Christal, 1961, p.12)(Tupes & Christal, 1961, p.12)
Beyond the lexical Beyond the lexical approachapproach
(discussed in(discussed in PSYC3015: Personality & Intelligence IIPSYC3015: Personality & Intelligence II)) Psychobiological perspectives Psychobiological perspectives (the birth of(the birth of Clinical PsychologyClinical Psychology))
The rise of The rise of causal (predictive) theoriescausal (predictive) theories of personality of personality Hans Eysenck and Hans Eysenck and neurological personologyneurological personology Marvin Zuckerman’s Marvin Zuckerman’s alternative (biopsychological) Big-5alternative (biopsychological) Big-5 Claude Cloninger and the Claude Cloninger and the Biosocial modelBiosocial model of health & mental health of health & mental health Theodore Millon and the Theodore Millon and the dimensional approach to personality disordersdimensional approach to personality disorders
Interpersonal & cross-cultural perspectivesInterpersonal & cross-cultural perspectives Timothy Leary and the Timothy Leary and the interpersonal circumplexinterpersonal circumplex of traits of traits Cindy Hazan and the Cindy Hazan and the attachment-basedattachment-based models of traits models of traits Kim Bartholomew and the construction of Kim Bartholomew and the construction of adult attachmentadult attachment The development of the The development of the psychology of religion & spiritualitypsychology of religion & spirituality
Evolutionary & behaviour genetics perspectivesEvolutionary & behaviour genetics perspectives David Buss and theDavid Buss and the k-factork-factor of of evolutionary personologyevolutionary personology Robert Plomin and the Robert Plomin and the genomics genomics of personality traitsof personality traits Samuel Gosling and the study of Samuel Gosling and the study of personality in non-human animalspersonality in non-human animals
Main readingMain readingMurphy, K. et al. (2010). Murphy, K. et al. (2010). PSYC2014: Personality & PSYC2014: Personality &
Intelligence I Intelligence I (3(3rdrd ed.). Frenchs Forest: Pearson Australia ed.). Frenchs Forest: Pearson Australia. . (Section 2, Chapter 8 “Cattell & the Big Five: Factor (Section 2, Chapter 8 “Cattell & the Big Five: Factor analytic trait theory”, pp. 287-314)analytic trait theory”, pp. 287-314)
In case you are interested:In case you are interested: Tiliopoulos, N., Pallier, G., & Coxon, A.P.M. (2010). A circle of traits: A perceptual mapping Tiliopoulos, N., Pallier, G., & Coxon, A.P.M. (2010). A circle of traits: A perceptual mapping
of the NEO-PI-R. of the NEO-PI-R. Personality & Individual Differences, Personality & Individual Differences, 48, 34-39.or Tiliopoulos, N. (2011). A proposition for Tiliopoulos, N. (2011). A proposition for a parsimonious taxonomic convergence of
personality traits. In S. Boag, & N. Tiliopoulos (Eds.), Personality & individual differences: Theory, assessment, & application. New York: Nova Science Pubs.