Aquaculture : Unfilled Needs and Opportunities

R.L. Stotish, AquaBounty Technologies

World Aquaculture Production 2012

Country Tonnes % Global

China 36,734,215 61.4India 4,648,851 7.8

Vietnam 2,671,800 4.5Indonesia 2,304,828 3.9

Bengladesh 1,308,515 2.2Thailand 1,286,122 2.2Norway 1,008,010 1.7

Egypt 919,585 1.5Myanmar 850,697 1.4Philipines 744,695 1.2

other 7,395,281 12.35Total 59,872,600 100

US 495,499 0.8

SOWFA 2012

Volume of U.S. imports of selected fish and shellfish products

Product2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Jan-Dec 12

Jan-Dec 13

Volume(1,000 pounds)

Trout, fresh and frozen 12,021 16,326 11,082 19,606 18,699 19,606 18,699Atlantic salmon, fresh 198,260 203,913 192,238 222,310 190,415 222,310 190,415Pacific salmon, fresh 1/ 12,278 18,956 19,704 9,770 12,153 9,770 12,153Atlantic salmon, frozen 7,844 6,058 5,694 4,828 5,604 4,828 5,604Pacific salmon, frozen 1/ 61,750 80,859 85,406 65,491 71,293 65,491 71,293Atlantic salmon, fillets 220,550 178,871 201,601 276,703 318,147 276,703 318,147Salmon, canned and prepared 2/ 32,444 27,222 25,167 27,539 37,052 27,539 37,052

Tilapia 3/ 404,132 474,967 433,162 503,644 504,430 503,644 504,430Shrimp, frozen 896,045 914,925 948,460 923,109 870,934 923,109 870,934Shrimp, fresh and prepared 4/ 321,372 321,800 323,579 253,452 249,131 253,452 249,131

Oysters 5/ 20,503 23,802 26,779 18,566 19,810 18,566 19,810Mussels 5/ 57,062 56,921 63,813 75,384 70,949 75,384 70,949Clams 5/ 37,657 40,145 44,832 45,518 48,586 45,518 48,586Scallops 5/ 56,262 51,865 56,804 34,021 60,373 34,021 60,373

The last two columns contain data for the previous and current year to date.1/ Includes salmon with no specific species noted.2/ Includes smoked and cured salmon.3/ Frozen whole fish plus fresh and frozen fillets.4/ Canned, breaded or otherwise prepared.5/ Fresh or prepared.Source: Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

USDA ERS

Shrimp Tilapia Salmon

Canada 74Chile 120China 36 185 9

Denmark 1Costa RicaColumbia 4Ecuador 82 6Faroe Isl. 17Honduras 9

India 104Indonesia 89 13

Mexico 20Norway 20Thailand 92Taiwan 20

Vietnam 66United Kingdom 14

other 70 6 2

Total 559 243 257

000 tonnes

2013 US Imports of Shrimp, Tilapia, and Salmon

USDA ERS

Economics of Dependence on Foreign Producers  Food group   2012

Total U.S. food imports 1/ 105,971.4

Live meat animals 2,189.6

Meats 6,238.4

Fish and shellfish 16,428.0Dairy 1,604.3

Vegetables 9,797.1

Fruits 12,559.8

Nuts 2,108.3

Coffee and tea 8,902.3

Cereals and bakery 9,083.1

Vegetable oils 6,455.5

Sugar and candy 4,805.6

Cocoa and chocolate 4,096.0

Other edible products 10,979.4

Beverages 2/ 10,724.0

Liquors 7,898.9

Total animal foods 26,460.3

Total plant foods 68,787.1

Total beverages 18,622.9

Total US agricultural imports 102,871.4Nonfood ag. imports 3/ 13,327.9

       

The value opportunity Is $16.4 Billion. The UScurrently supplies less than $2 Billion of the demand.This accounts for a trade deficit if excess of $10.5B

NOAA Fisheries of the United States, 2012

In 2011 Americans consumed 15 lbs. of seafood per person(global per capita consumption is 41.4 lbs.)

91% of that seafood was imported

50% of that seafood was produced by aquaculture

Top Ten :Shrimp>Tuna>Salmon>Pollock>Tilapia>Pangasius>Catfish>Crab> Clams

Approved DrugsImmersionFormalinFormalin-F™ - NADA 137-687 | FOI Summary |Formacide-B - ANADA 200-414 | FOI Summary |Paracide-F® - NADA 140-831 | FOI Summary |Parasite-S® - NADA 140-989 | FOI Summary | | EA | | FONSI |Hydrogen peroxide35% PEROX-AID® - NADA 141-255 | FOI Summary | | EA | | FONSI |Oxytetracycline hydrochlorideOxymarine™ – NADA 130-435 | FOI Summary |Oxytetracycline HCl Soluble Powder-343-ANADA 200-247 | FOI Summary |PENNOX 343 - ANADA 200-026 | FOI Summary |TERRAMYCIN 343 (oxytetracycline HCl) Soluble Powder – NADA 008-622 | FOI Summary |TETROXY Aquatic - ANADA 200-460 | FOI Summary |Tricaine methanesulfonateFinquel® - NADA 042-427 - original approval 1972Tricaine-S – ANADA 200-226 | FOI Summary | InjectableChorionic gonadotropinChorulon® - NADA 140-927 | FOI Summary | Medicated Articles/FeedsFlorfenicolAquaflor® - NADA 141-246 | FOI Summary | | EA | | FONSI |Original approval, enteric septicemia of catfishAquaflor® - NADA 141-246 | FOI Summary | | EA | | EA Appendices Index | | FONSI |Supplemental approval, coldwater disease in salmonidsAquaflor® - NADA 141-246 | FOI Summary |Supplemental approval, furunculosis in freshwater-reared salmonidsAquaflor® – NADA 141-246 | FOI Summary | | EA | | FONSI |Supplemental approval, streptococcal septicemia in freshwater-reared warmwater finfish; columnaris disease in freshwater-reared finfish; and increase the dose for enteric septicemia for catfishOxytetracycline dihydrateTerramycin® 200 for Fish - NADA 038-439 | Supplemental FOI Summary (2006)| |Supplemental FOI Summary (2008)| | EA | | FONSI |Sulfadimethoxine/ormetoprimRomet-30® - NADA 125-933 - original approval 1984 | EA | |FONSI |Sulfamerazine - NADA 033-950- original approval 1967 - not currently marketed

CVM Approved Drugs for Aquaculture

Fish Vaccines approved in US

NOVARTIS ANIMAL HEALTH US, INC., 1. Aeromonas Salmonicida Bacterin, Product Code 2035.02 , for use in salmonids and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) 2. Arthrobacter Vaccine, Live Culture, Product Code 1K11.00 , for use in Atlantic salmon Aeromonas Salmonicida-Vibrio Anguillarum-Ordalii-Salmonicida Bacterin, Product Code 2138.02 , for use in salmonids 3. Flavobacterium Columnare Bacterin, Product Code 2974.00 , for use in salmonids 4. Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Vaccine, Killed Virus, Aeromonas Salmonicida-Vibrio Anguillarum-5.Ordalii-Salmonicida Bacterin, Product Code 4A45.20 , for use in salmonids 6. Yersinia Ruckeri Bacterin, Product Code 2638.00 , for use in salmonids 7. Vibrio Anguillarum-Ordalii Bacterin, Product Code 2858.03 , for use in salmonids 8. Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Vaccine, DNA, Product Code 17A5.D0 , for use in salmonids NOVARTIS ANIMAL HEALTH US, INC., 9. Cyprinid Herpesvirus Type 3 Vaccine, Modified Live Virus, Product Code 1443.20 , for use in koi and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) MERCK ANIMAL HEALTH, 10. Edwardsiella Ictaluri Vaccine, Avirulent Live Culture, Product Code 1531.00 , for use in catfish 11. Flavobacterium Columnare Vaccine, Avirulent Live Culture, Product Code 17F1.00 , for use in catfish, and largemouth bass

Revision Date: February 2011 Guide to Using Drugs, Biologics, and Other Chemicals in Aquaculture

Table 2. Low regulatory priority aquaculture drugs, indications, and doses .

Compound Indication(s) Dose

Acetic Acid Parasiticide for fish 1000-2000 ppm dip for 1-10 minutes Calcium chloride Used to aid in egg hardening 10-20 ppm CaCO3 (eggs) Used to aid in maintaining osmotic balance during fish

holding and transport ≤150 ppm CaCO3, indefinitely (fish) Calcium oxide External protozoacide for fish 2000 ppm dip for 5 sec Carbon dioxide gas Anesthetic for fish Fuller’s Earth Used to reduce the adhesiveness of fish eggs Garlic (whole form) To control helminth and sea lice infestations of marine

salmonids at all life stages Ice Used to reduce the metabolic rate of fish during transport

Magnesium sulfate Used to treat external monogenic trematode infestations 30,000 ppm MgSO4 + 7000 ppm NaCl dip for

in fish 5-10 min Onion (whole form) Used to treat external crustacean parasites infestations

of salmonids

Used to deter sea lice from infesting external surface of salmonids

Povidone iodine Egg surface disinfectant 100 ppm for 10 min during or after water

hardening

American Fisheries Society Fish Culture Section

Epizootic haematopoietic necrovirus

EHNV Yes

Red sea bream iridovirus RSIV Yes

Infectious haematopoietic necrosis

virus

IHNV Yes

Viral haemorrhagic septicemis virus

VHSV Yes

Spring Viremia of Carp SVCV Yes

Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus

ISAV Yes

Viral Necrosis Virus VNNV No

Virus Abbreviation OIE

Finfish Viruses

From Walker & Winton 2010

RNA Virus Abbreviation OIE

Yellow head virus YHV Yes

Taura Syndrome Virus

TSV Yes

Infectious myonecrosis virus

IMNV Yes

Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus

MrNV Yes

Laen-Singh Virus LSNV No

Mourilyar virus MVV No

From Walker & Winton, 2010

Shrimp Viruses

DNA Virus Abbreviation OIE

Monodon baculovirus

MBV No

Baculoviral midgut gland necrosis virus

BMNV N

White spot syndrome virus

WSSV Yes

Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus

IHHNV Yes

Hepatopancreatic parvovirus

HPV No

Shrimp Viruses

From Walker & Winton 2010

Shrimp Finfish Molluscs

Taura Syndrome Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis

Bonamia ostreae

White Spot Disease Infectious Salmon Anemia Haplosporidium nelson

Yellow Head Disease Ceratomyxa shasta Martelia refringens

EMS Epizootic Haematopoietic Necrosis

Mikrocytos mackini

Koi Herpesvirus Disease Perkinsus marinus

Spring Viraemia of Carp Perkinsus olseni

Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia

Reportable Aquatic Diseases in Canada

.

ChallengeIntensive production = potential for rapid spread of diseaseLack of effective vaccines or treatmentsFrequently poor management and biosecurity in developing regionsDelivery of potential preventatives or treatments

OpportunityImproved management and biosecurityImproved genetics including genome “editing”Novel vaccines and therapeuticsNovel delivery systems

Why Aquaculture Biotechnology?

• Fish is a healthy food and an efficient source of high quality protein

• Many of world’s fisheries are maximally exploited• Aquaculture must at least triple by 2030 to hold per capita

fish supply constant (FAO)• Genetics and husbandry practices generally primitive• Biotechnology can improve efficiency and sustainability

The use of si-RNA technology may represent an opportunity for specific therapeutic solutions for many of the most damaging viral diseases of shrimp and fish.

Seafood is healthy, nutritious, and desirableFish are efficient converters of feed to human foodCapture fisheries have been at maximum production levels for twenty yearsAquaculture is an environmentally sustainable alternative production system

Current aquaculture management relies on biosecurityThere are few approved drugs or biologicalsMany diseases of aquatic organisms are poorly understoodOutbreak of a disease like EMS, TSV, WSD, ISAV can destroy a geographic industry

Opportunities for novel approaches to reduce susceptibility, treat or block infection and disease.