drdo 11052011
TRANSCRIPT
FUTURISTIC MATERIALS FOR STRATEGIC APPLICATIONS
SHRIRAM INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH19, UNIVERSITY ROAD, DELHI-110 007
Email : [email protected] Website : www.shriraminstitute.org
Presented by :
DR. R.K. KHANDALDIRECTOR
Maximum output from minimum inputs is the key criteria
Innovation means High Level of Creativity; acceptable to all !
Futuristic Materials
Ahead of times
Innovative
Revolutionary
Dynamics of Future
Futuristic Materials
Applications Sustainability Continuity
Existence KnowledgeGrowth
• Safety
• Security
• Infrastructure
• Industry
• Value Addition
• Value Creation
• Health • Energy • Continuos improvement
Better living standards
Increasing population
Developments in science & technology
Products’ Functionality
End-use applications
Miniaturization of products
Energy, food & water
Safety, health
Market forces &
competition
National security
Environment Protection
Sustainability
New or modified materials & processes
New & adapted product
Opportunities Challenges
Futuristic Materials: Drivers
Challenges & Opportunities are the drivers of Innovations
Future Challenges
Energy Dependence on fossil fuels
Sustainability Parameters
Present Status
Future Challenges
Food
Environment
Security
Localized self- reliance
Global warmingGHG emissions
PolarizationGlobal dynamics
Tapping renewable resources
SecuritySafety
ProtectionGreen technology
EmpowermentSovereignty
Sustainability
Challenges of future would be overcome by unique futuristic materials
Materials: Requirements & Challenges
Agro
Renewable resources
Green buildings
Modifying materials
Energy efficientGreen substitutesWealth
Better functionalityCost-effectiveness
Environment protection
Food Safety
Security
Solar
Hydro
Global warmingWaste
Heat,light,electricityFuelFuel & Electricity
Plastic Value added products Agro Composites
Novel materials
Parameters Challenges
Localized self- reliance
Security & Safety
Futuristic materials would render devices required to overcome challenges
Materials as Renewable Resources
•Solar•Agro•Hydro
Solar Energy : ConversionSolar Energy
Electrical (Photovoltaics) Thermal
Ele
ctri
c E
ner
gy
Th
erm
al E
ner
gy
Thermo Chemical Process
Ch
emic
al E
ner
gy
Mec
han
ical
En
erg
y
Photon
Solar Thermal; Most exploited : Material & Design specific Solar Chemical; Evolving : Material specific
Electrochemical
Need exists for development of materials capable of converting solar energy to chemical energy i.e. photochemical conversion
Solar Energy : Photochemical Conversion
For degradation of undesired
molecules
Create new species /
molecules
Solar Energy
Transform one form to another
Bio or chemical degradation
Association Linkages Conversions
Reversible Irreversible
Photochemical Conversion
Development of materials active under solar energy; various spectral regions & their intrinsic properties
Photoactive materials would enable tapping solar energy
Materials for Energy Conversion : Semiconductors
Challenge is to maneuver the band gap;sensitive to visible light.
6.3 eV 3.15 eV 1.58 eV
U.V
200 nm 400 nm 800 nm
Visible
TiO2
ZnOCdS
WO3
Band gap Energy
EMS()
TiO2 = 3.20 eV
ZnO = 3.35 eV
WO3 = 2.80 eV
CdS = 2.42 eV
Semiconductors are the most ideal and preferred materials.
Solar Energy : Scope & Challenges
Dilute (1kW/cm2)
Materials for thermal conversion are well developed & being exploited.
Intermittent (2-8 hrs/day)
Concentrated (High energy density)
INTRINSIC EXTRINSIC
Storable (24 hrs/day)
Easy accessibility
Solar energy Photochemical pathway Fuel High grade
energy
Low accessibility
Thermal Chemical
MaterialsMetalsGlassPolymer
DevicesCollectorsMirrorsPlates
?
Designing materials for harnessing solar energy through photochemical conversion is the challenge.
Materials active in visible light would be the aim for photochemical conversion.
SCOPEENERGY CHALLENGES
Materials for photochemical conversion
Futuristic Materials : Photochemical Conversion
Nanostructures
Advantages Utilization of unabsorbed part of solar spectrum Reduced heat dissipation
100 nm50 nm
Rea
ctiv
ity
10 nmSize (nm)
Mesoporous
Nanotubes & Nanowires
Quantum Dots
Renewable Resources : Agro Sector
For wine productionNot a viable feedstock of ethanol in transport fuel
For potable ethanol productionNon viable feedstock of ethanol in transport fuel
Cassava has been used for potable ethanol productionCant become major feedstock
Technology is still under development stage
Plant Biofuel
Cellulosics & Lignocellulosics
Fruits
Grains
Tuber
“Food vs Fuel” is a challenge to realize agri products for fuel
Futuristic Materials: Hydro based
Light will be captured by the Ruthenium, electrons will move from the donor(D) to acceptor(A), electrons will be taken from the water by the donor, just as in nature and will be used to make hydrogen
DONOR This system is a analogue to Dye-senstized solar cell
Photon
ACCEPTOR
Coupled Supercomplexes for Water Splitting
Materials for Environment Protection
Smart materials
Green Buildings
Solar Selectivity : Materials Response Frequency (Hz)
Visib
le
Infrared
Ultra
vio
let
X-ra
ys
Co
sm
ic ray
s
1081010101210141016101810201022R
ad
iofreq
ue
nc
y
Ga
mm
a ray
s
Mic
row
av
e
High Potential for harnessing the solar energy
Processes involved Inner
electronic transition
Outer electronic transition
Molecular Vibrations
Molecular rotations vibrations
Electron spin resonance
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Change at atomic & molecular levels can become the via media for harnessing solar energy.
Solar sensitive materials undergo region specific transition Solar energy conversion
Energy Efficient Materials : Requirements
Thin coatings based on the unique properties of spectrally selective materials on building components can help conserve energy.
Criteria Requirement Design Materials
Admit light,
reject solar heat
Transmit: 400 to 700nmReflect: 700 to >2500nm
Solar heating
Radiativecooling
Transmit /absorb: <2500nm
Reflect : >2500nm
Emit : >5000nm
TiO2 Bi2O3 Zn/ Cu, Ag, Au/TiO2
Bi2O3
Al2O3 / MO/ Al2O3
SiO2;oxynitrides
Dielectric/ Metal/
Dielectric layer
Cermet Coating
Oxides
Semiconductor
Futuristic Materials : Amorphous Metals
Super-cooled; Glassy metals
Twice as strong as steel
Unique electronic properties
Suitable for military applications & power grid applications
Futuristic Materials : Metal foams
Titanium hydride + Molten aluminium Metal foam
High strength to weight ratio
Strong; Light; 75-95% empty space
Futuristic material for building floating cities
cool
Smart Futuristic Materials : Green Buildings
On exposure to inputs, some materials exhibit change Utilization of such materials is key for green buildings
Thermochromic
Material Input
Heat
Electrochromic
Photochromic Radiation (light)
Output
Colour
Electroluminescent Electric potential
Solar Radiation
Heat
LightPhotoluminescent
Thermoluminescent
Piezoelectric Mechanical Force
Heat
Electric potentialShapePyroelectric
Electrostrictive
Magnetostrictive Magnetic potential
Electric Potential
Materials for Security
Nanocomposites
Metamaterials
Modifying existing materials
Designing novel materials
Futuristic Materials: NanomaterialsShapes
Quantum dots
Size
Nanoparticles
Nanowires
Nanotubes
1-10 nm
1-100 nm
1-100 nm
1-100 nm
Materials
Metals, Semi-conductor, Magnetic materials
Ceramic oxides
Carbon, layered metal chalcogenides
Nanoporous solids
2-D arrays
0.5-10 nm
Several nm2-µm2
Metals, oxides, sulfides, nitrides, Semi-conductors
Zeolites, phosphates, etc.
The unique size & shape of nanomaterials have led to novel chemistries
Metals, Semi-conductor, Magnetic materials
Surface & thin films 1-1000 nm A variety of materials
Futuristic Materials: Fullerenes
Chemically and Physically stableHigh Tensile strengthHighest packing densityResilient; Used in combat armorBase material for superconductors and insulatorsSuitable for hydrogen storage
Unique chemistry
Superconductive materials; Ideal for electronics
300 times stronger than steel
Futuristic Materials: Carbon Nanotubes
Futuristic Materials: Metamaterials
= µrr
Metamaterials are engineered to have EM responses which are impossible in naturally occurring materials
1
2
1
2
+ve R.I.
-ve R.I.
Refractive Index
= µrr
µr: Permeability to magnetic field r: Permeability to electric field
µr or r= - ve Induced phenomena
µr, r= +ve Natural phenomena
Thank You