drill 2 quote: it’s not what happens to you, but how you react to it that matters. epictetus...
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Drill 2Drill 2
Quote:Quote: It’s not what happens to you, but It’s not what happens to you, but how you react to it that matters.how you react to it that matters.
EpictetusEpictetus
Agenda:Agenda: Cornell Notes (10 mins)Cornell Notes (10 mins)
Scientific Inquiry (10-15 mins)Scientific Inquiry (10-15 mins)
MacromoleculesMacromolecules
Warm-up:Warm-up: List 4 safety practices that should List 4 safety practices that should always be used in a science classroom.always be used in a science classroom.
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MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULES
Organic Compounds and Organic Compounds and Their PropertiesTheir Properties
Biochemistry Notes
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Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry
Organic chemistryOrganic chemistry is the study of: is the study of: molecules containing carbon to molecules containing carbon to carbon bonds.carbon bonds.
MacromoleculesMacromolecules are very large are very large organic molecules.organic molecules.
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Four Biological MacromoleculesFour Biological Macromolecules
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates- starches & sugars- starches & sugars
LipidsLipids- fats- fats
ProteinsProteins
Nucleic Acids-Nucleic Acids- DNA & RNA DNA & RNA
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Building Blocks of LifeBuilding Blocks of Life
To build macromoleucles, smaller units To build macromoleucles, smaller units (subunits) called (subunits) called monomersmonomers are put are put together. together.
Many single units, called Many single units, called monomersmonomers, , bond together to form larger bond together to form larger chainschains called called polymers.polymers.
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Fig. 2-12
Monomer
Polymer
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
starches and sugars
Elements: 1C:2H:1O
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
MONOMER:MONOMER:GlucoseGlucose – – CC66HH1212OO6 6 --simple sugar that simple sugar that cell’s use as its cell’s use as its main source of energymain source of energy (Blood Sugar)(Blood Sugar)
POLYMERS:POLYMERS:
Starch, Glycogen, & CelluloseStarch, Glycogen, & Cellulose
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Food Sources:Food Sources:
–StarchesStarches: bread, cereal, pasta, rice, : bread, cereal, pasta, rice, potato, oatspotato, oats
–SugarsSugars: candy, fruit, milk, sodas: candy, fruit, milk, sodas
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
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Carbohydrate StorageCarbohydrate Storage
StarchStarch – molecules created by plants to store – molecules created by plants to store excess glucose.excess glucose.
ShapeShape:: Long polymer chains of glucose Long polymer chains of glucose
GlycogenGlycogen – molecules created by animals to – molecules created by animals to store excess glucose in the liver and in store excess glucose in the liver and in muscle muscle tissue until needed. tissue until needed.
ShapeShape:: Long branching polymer chains of Long branching polymer chains of glucoseglucose
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Structural CarbohydrateStructural CarbohydrateCelluloseCellulose – forms – forms cell walls of plantscell walls of plants and gives and gives plant structural supportplant structural support
-found in -found in wood, paper, cotton, strawwood, paper, cotton, straw..
-source of -source of dietary fiberdietary fiber (vegetables & fruit) (vegetables & fruit)
ShapeShape:: Long compact polymer chains of Long compact polymer chains of glucoseglucose
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All are All are polymers of polymers of
GlucoseGlucose
Cellulose
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LIPIDSLIPIDS
Fats, Oils & WaxesFats, Oils & Waxes
Elements: C,H,OElements: C,H,O
Lipids are Lipids are non-polarnon-polar –repel water.–repel water.
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Lipid MonomersLipid Monomers
Monomers: Monomers: Fatty Acids and Glycerol. Fatty Acids and Glycerol.
Two polymers:Two polymers: Saturated & Unsaturated fats.Saturated & Unsaturated fats.
G
L
Y
C
E
R
O
L
F a t t y A c i d s
F a t t y A c i d s
F a t t y A c i d s
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Importance of Lipids (fats)Importance of Lipids (fats)
Functions in body:Functions in body:
Provide Provide long term energylong term energy (1 gram fat = 9 (1 gram fat = 9 calories, 1 gram carbohydrate = 4 calories)calories, 1 gram carbohydrate = 4 calories)
Major Major part of cell membranespart of cell membranes
Provide Provide insulation/cushioninsulation/cushion to body organs to body organs
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Lipid PolymersLipid Polymers
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Where foundWhere found::
Most vegetable oils, Most vegetable oils,
canola oil, olive oilcanola oil, olive oil
G
L
Y
C
E
R
O
L
F a t t y A c i d s
F a t t y A c i d s
F a t t y A c i d s
Unsaturated fatsUnsaturated fats:: The Good Fats The Good Fats
Shape:Shape:
3 fatty acids bonded 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol to a glycerol “E”=liquid“E”=liquid
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Saturated fatsSaturated fats: The Bad Fats: The Bad FatsWhere found:Where found: animal fat, animal fat,
butter, bacon, butter, bacon, margarine, shortening margarine, shortening
Shape:Shape:
3 fatty acids bonded to a 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol glycerol “E”=solid“E”=solid
G
L
Y
C
E
R
O
L
F a t t y A c i d s
F a t t y A c i d s
F a t t y A c i d s
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Where else can I find LipidsWhere else can I find Lipids??
CholesterolCholesterol
Some hormones Some hormones
Beeswax and earwaxBeeswax and earwax
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PROTEINSPROTEINS
Elements:C,H,O,NElements:C,H,O,N
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PROTEINSPROTEINS
Monomers: Monomers: Amino Acids Amino Acids
-20 different ones (the order and -20 different ones (the order and kind determine the type of protein)kind determine the type of protein)
Two polymers:Two polymers: Structural Proteins & EnzymesStructural Proteins & Enzymes
Food Sources:Food Sources:Meats, fish, eggs, beans, cheese, milkMeats, fish, eggs, beans, cheese, milk
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Importance of Importance of Structural Structural ProteinsProteins
1.1. BuildBuild and and repairrepair muscle, bone, tendons, muscle, bone, tendons,
ligaments, hair, feathers, nails, skin,etc.ligaments, hair, feathers, nails, skin,etc.
2.2. Part of cell membranes.Part of cell membranes.
3.3. Helps blood Helps blood transporttransport oxygen and form oxygen and form
clots.clots.
4.4. Aid with the Aid with the immune systemimmune system defense. defense.
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Shape of a Structural Protein
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Where are they found?Where are they found?
Feathers Silk Hair & NailsMuscles Bones Skin Blood
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EnzymesEnzymesFunction-biological catalyst that speeds
up & controls all chemical reactions in the body
Shape: Long chains of amino acids folded into shapes that have grooves to fit other molecules.
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Enzymes- have an active site where a substrate binds.
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Fragile EnzymesFragile Enzymes
Enzymes are found working Enzymes are found working in every cell of the body.in every cell of the body.Any extreme change in pH Any extreme change in pH or temperature can or temperature can denaturedenature or unravel a or unravel a protein. protein. Denatured proteins can not Denatured proteins can not return it their original shape return it their original shape and no longer function.and no longer function.
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Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Elements:C,H,O,N,PElements:C,H,O,N,P
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NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDSMonomers:Monomers:
NNucleotideucleotide
Polymers:Polymers:
DNA, RNA, ATPDNA, RNA, ATP
Food Sources:Food Sources:
Fresh unprocessedFresh unprocessed
foodsfoods
Parts of a NucleotideParts of a Nucleotide
S
P
NB
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DNADNAFunction:Function:DNA DNA stores the genetic informationstores the genetic information needed to build needed to build
your body, and maintain it for life.your body, and maintain it for life.
Shape:Shape:Double Helix-Double Helix- two chains of nucleotides two chains of nucleotides
bonded down the middle like a zipper to bonded down the middle like a zipper to form a twisted ladder shape.form a twisted ladder shape.
Where Found:Where Found:In the nucleus of every cell of the bodyIn the nucleus of every cell of the body..
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Structure of DNAStructure of DNA
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RNARNA
Function:Function:RNA RNA carries out the instructions found in DNA. It is carries out the instructions found in DNA. It is
used in used in making proteins.making proteins.
Shape:Shape:A single chainA single chain of nucleotides of nucleotides
Where Found:Where Found:Inside and outside of nucleusInside and outside of nucleus..
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RNA and DNA StructureRNA and DNA Structure