drone regs aff and neg - northwestern 2015 sophomores

7/25/2019 Drone Regs Aff and Neg - Northwestern 2015 Sophomores

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Drones Af


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1AC


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Plan-text

The United States ederal government should strengthenregulations pertaining to drone surveillance.


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1AC U!Solvenc"

The #AA and the $hite %ouse have issued statementsproposing regulations or ederal agencies and private

companies&'ut urther congressional action is necessar" toensure privac" and transparenc"

#ulton, staf writer at Common Dreams,1(Deirdre, Common Dreams staf writer, Surveillance, Privacy Concerns Raised asFAA Gives Domestic Drones a Nod, Common Dreams, 2!"!",#tt$%www&commondreams&or'news2(!"(2!"surveillance)$rivacy)concerns)raised)*aa)'ives)domestic)drones)nod

Domestic non)military drone use too+ one ste$ closer to wides$read im$lementation on Sunday, as t#e F ederal A viationA dministration issued $ro$osed re'ulations *or small u nmanned a ircra*t systems int#e &S&-Accordin' to an FAA $ress release, t#e rule would limit .i'#ts to dayli'#t and visual)line)o*)si'#t o$erations& /t also addresses #ei'#t restrictions, o$erator certi0cation,

aircra*t re'istration and mar+in', and o$erational limits&/n a 1low to Goo'le and Amaon,

it doesnot $ermit drone delivery&-Also on Sunday, t#e 3#ite 4ouse issued an 56ecutive 7rderre8uirin' every *ederal a'ency to develo$ 9a *ramewor+ re'ardin' $rivacy,accounta1ility, and trans$arency*or commercial and $rivate :nmanned Aircra*t Systems; use9 wit#in


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=#e Federal Aviation Administration is in t#e midst o* a $u1lic rule ma+in' *ordrones& =#is is an im$ortant $rocess t#at will #el$ ensure t#at drones are sa*ely de$loyed in civilian airs$ace int#e nited States& Amon' t#e re'ulations t#at t#e FAA is considerin' are re8uirements t#at commercial droneo$erators o1tain a license, t#at drones only 1e o$erated durin' daytime, and t#at o$erators maintain visual line o*

si'#t wit# t#eir cra*t&=#at is a 'ood start 1ut more needs to 1e done&The #AA shouldalso esta'lish rules to ensure that drones do not engage in unla*ul

surveillance&As President @arac+ 71ama #as e6$lained, t#e *ederal 'overnment s#ould 9ta+e ste$s to ensuret#at t#e inte'ration ta+es into account not only our economic com$etiveness and $u1lic sa*ety, 1ut also t#e$rivacy, civil ri'#ts and civil li1erties concerns t#ese systems may raise&9 =#is is a real concern as virtually alldrones will carry #i'#)resolution cameras wit# t#e a1ility to record ima'es o* $eo$leand also o* $rivate $ro$erty&=#e FAA needs to ensure t#at commercial drones arenot used *or stal+in', #arassment or to $ry into $eo$le>s $rivate lives &=#e FAA #asac+nowled'ed t#at its res$onsi1ility includes coordinatin' its eforts wit# 9$rivacy $olicies so t#at t#e inte'ration o*drones into t#e national airs$ace is done in a manner t#at su$$orts and maintains t#e &S& 'overnment>s a1ility to

secure t#e airs$ace and addresses $rivacy concerns&9 3it# s$ecial ca$a1ilities and en#ancede8ui$ment, drones are a1le to conduct detailed surveillance , o1tainin' #i'#)resolution $ictures and videos, $eerin' inside #i'#)level windows and t#rou'# solid1arriers, suc# as *ences, trees, and even walls&Drones $ose uni8ue t#reats to$rivacy 1y virtue o* t#eir desi'n, t#eir sie, #ow #i'# t#ey can .y, and t#eir a1ility to

o$erate undetected in ur1an and rural environments& /an" people *ill have noidea that the" are su'9ect to surveillance 1y small, unmanned ve#icle & /naddition, drones can trac+ multi$le tar'ets across a distance o* #undreds o* milesand 'at#er sensitive, $ersonal in*ormation usin' in*rared cameras, #eat sensors,GPS, automated license)$late readers and ot#er sensors& : course, there is nodispute that drones can pla" an important role in rescue operations. The"ma" also 'e useul or ne*s gathering. )ut these 'ene;cial uses shouldnot o'scure the ver" real ris


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The use o drones has surged in recent years as t#e devices #ave 1ecomesmaller, less e6$ensive and easier to .y& The #AA, meanw#ile, has lagged 'ehindin settin' *ormal rules *or drone use &any drone users #ave com$lained a1out t#e delay& r&3illiams>s remar+s stressed t#e sa*ety ris+s o* inte'ratin' unmanned aircra*t intot#e com$le6 &S& aviation system&9/t>s im$ortant to develo$ solutions and answersto t#ese 8uestions 1e*ore we ris+ t#e sa*ety o* t#e world>s sa*est aviation system,9

#e told t#e con*erence&r& 3illiams $ointed out t#at a .oc+ o* 1irds suc+ed into t#e en'ines o* S AirwaysFli'#t !"< in 2((< *orced t#e $ilots to land t#e Air1us A2( on t#e 4udson River in New Eor+& 9 /ma'ine ametal)and)$lastic o1Bect, es$ecially t#at 1i' lit#ium 1attery, 'oin' into a #i'#)s$eedtur1ine en'ine,9 #e said& 9The results could 'e catastrophic&9 Gretc#en 3est, e6ecutive vice$resident *or drone trade 'rou$ Association *or nmanned e#icle Systems /nternational, said most drone$ilots .y t#eir aircra*t sa*ely, 1ut *ith the lac< o clear rules rom the #AA, nearmisses suc# as t#e arc# incident are increasin'ly li+ely & 9A lot o people alread"" EdronesF *ithout rules and regulation. tGs almost a ree or all,2s#e saidFriday& r& 3illiams 9is $aintin' a $icture t#at t#is tec#nolo'y could t#reaten sa*ety, 1ut t#at 'oes 1ac+ to t#e FAA&=#ey #ave to come u$ wit# t#e rules to create a sa*e environment&9 /n t#e &S&, t#e FAA allows recreational droneusers to .y under certain sa*ety 'uidelines, includin' t#at t#e drone remain 1elow (( *eet& =#e FAA #as aut#oriedmore t#an "(( $u1lic entities suc# as $olice de$artments to .y drones in t#e &S&, 1ut t#e a'ency #as only

a$$roved two drones to .y *or commercial $ur$oses1ot# of t#e Alas+a coast& Still, a .ood o* com$anies

and individuals are .yin' unmanned aircra*t *or $ro0t anyway , accordin' to interviews wit#doens o* users& 9The genie is out o the 'ottle 1ecause $eo$le are already .yin'wit#out understandin'9 t#e ris+, said ar+o PelB#an, c#ie* e6ecutive o* C)Astral Aeros$ace Htd&, aSlovenian drone ma+er& 9tGs a disaster *aiting to happen.2


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1AC Terror Adv

Drone regulations are modeled glo'all"&*hile un-regulated

drone polic" ensures dangerous reprocussions, clearguidelines *ill create international normsC#oi)Fit$atric+, assistant $ro*essor at t#e Sc#ool o* Pu1lic Policy, !

Austin, assistant $ro*essor at t#e Sc#ool o* Pu1lic Policy and core *aculty at t#eCenter *or edia, Data, I Society at Central 5uro$ean niversity, 4ow t#e FAA?sDrone Policy 3ill Afect t#e Rest o* =#e 3orld, Future =ense, !(


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develo$in', mar+etin', and sellin' a $e$$er)s$ray e8ui$$ed riot control drone&-Drones will not solve democracy?s ills, 1ut$rematurely or severely cur1in' t#eir use 1y t#e $ress and activists is a sure si'n t#at t#e o$enness and trans$arency t#ey *acilitate

is not welcome& 3#atever t#e FAA does, it #as to +ee$ o$en t#e $ossi1ility t#at drones can 1e used *or 'ood& The rest othe *orld *ill 'e *atching American regulation&/* t#e &S& limits civic 'rou$s *rom usin' dronesin creative ways, ot#er countries may do t#e same&

Criminal organiHations can use technolog" to create havoc&the" can " into restricted areas and carr" explosivesSanc#e !" KAleBandro, Ale9andro SancheH, Senior esearch #ello* at the Council on %emispheric Afairs,and Cameron /cIi''en, esearch Associate at the Council on %emispheric Afairs.

3orst Case Scenario% =#e Criminal se o* Drones#tt$%www&co#a&or'worst)case)scenario)t#e)criminal)use)o*)drones22!" crcM

/n t#e &S&, t#e worst $ossi1le scenario o* ho* drones can 'e utiliHed or violentoutcomes in sensitive locations too+ a new turnon Lanuary 2, w#en a small dronecras#ed on t#e lawn o* t#e 3#ite 4ouse &3#ile t#is incidentKinvolvin' an ine1riated'overnment em$loyeeM seems to #ave Bust 1een an accident, it 1e'ins to illuminate9ustho* easil" drones can " into restricted areas&=#e eventalso $rovo+es worriesover #ow destructive t#ese mac#ines can 1e i* t#ey were to 1e used as terrordrones, and loaded wit# some sort o* e6$losive &Additionally, it is im$ortant toremem1er t#at t#is is not t#e 0rst time t#at drones #ave entered no).y ones& 7vert#e $ast year, unaut#oried drones #ave .own close to ot#er sensitive tar'ets, li+enuclear $ower $lants in France and @el'ium& So *ar, no one #as 1een detained *ort#ese incidents, and t#ese could #ave 1een sta'ed 1y some #armlessenvironmental 'rou$& Nevert#eless, 'iven t#e recent attac+s a'ainst t#e C#arlie 4e1do satirical ma'ainein France and t#e terrorist attac+s in t#e Q and S$ain over t#e $ast decade, one maBor concern is t#atterror drones could 'e use '" an extremist slamic militant organiHationor some D Jatin America drug-traKc


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$#ones, and ot#er contra1and into $risons in Sout# Carolina and Geor'ia& =#eseattem$ts were discovered 1ecause t#e drones *ailed to cross over t#e *ence line and cras#ed Kone li+ely reason

1ein' t#at t#ey were carryin' too muc# wei'#t *or t#e mac#ine to .y $ro$erlyM, 1ut t#ere could certainly1e ot#er instances w#en drones were a1le to .y over a $rison *ence, were unloaded1y $risoners, and t#en mana'ed to .y 1ac+ unnoticed& -As As Kunmanned aerialve#iclesM are now comin' into t#e #ands o* criminals and terrorist movements

across t#e world, eit#er *or trans$ortation o* contra1and or surveillance $ur$oses, its#ould come as little sur$rise t#at drones are now 1e'innin' to 1e utilied 1y HatinAmerican D=7s& At t#is $oint we must as+ ourselves, w#at are t#e im$lications *or t#e use o* drones 1y t#eseHatin American illicit 'rou$s

mplementing regulations prevents criminals rom usingdrones&unchec


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smu''lin', intelli'ence 'at#erin', or committin' violence &=error drones and Asused *or more conventional ille'al $ur$oses may $rove to 1e a new security t#reatin t#e *uture, and sooner rat#er t#an later, t#ey may .y over Hatin American airs$ace&

The terrorist attac< *ill 'e a $/D attac =#e 'reat maBority o* t#is traOc is e6icans

see+in' 1etter)$ayin' Bo1s, 1ut t#e same $at#s used 1y ille'al immi'rants can 1e e6$loited1y terrorists wit# w ea$ons o* m ass d estruction& /n 2((", some "( $eo$le *rom9s$ecial interest countries,9 t#at is, states terrorists are +nown to in#a1it, attem$tedille'ally to cross t#e e6ican 1order into t#e nited States& /ncluded in t#is num1erwere mem1ers o* 4e1olla#, an /slamic or'aniation declared to 1e terrorist 1y t#e&S& 'overnment&Since it is estimated t#at only 1etween !oU and (U o* ille'al aliens are arrested, t#e


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num1er o* t#ose crossin' into t#e nited S tates w#o $ose at least a $otential ris+ o*terrorism could well 1e in t#e t#ousands&)

0xtinction

Ahmed ?Ko#amed Sid, $olitical analysis, 56tinctionX, Al)A1ram 3ee+ly 7nline,

Au'ust 2 Se$tem1er !, #tt$%wee+ly&a#ram&or'&e'2((V("o$"tm, 5MA nuclear attac+ 1y terrorists will 1e muc# more critical t#an 4iros#ima and Na'aa+i, even i* )) and t#is is*ar *rom certain )) t#e wea$ons used are less #arm*ul t#an t#ose used t#en, La$an, at t#e time, wit# no +nowled'e o* nuclear

tec#nolo'y, #ad no c#oice 1ut to ca$itulate& =oday, t#e tec#nolo'y is a secret *or no1ody& So *ar, e6ce$t *or t#e two 1om1sdro$$ed on La$an, nuclear wea$ons #ave 1een used only to t#reaten& Now we are at asta'e w#ere t#ey can 1e detonated& =#is com$letely c#an'es t#e rules o* t#e 'ame& 3e #ave reac#ed a $ointw#ere antici$atory measures can determine t#e course o* events& Alle'ations o* a terrorist connection can 1e used to Busti*yantici$atory measures, includin' t#e invasion o* a soverei'n state li+e /ra8& As it turned out, t#ese alle'ations, as well as t#ealle'ation t#at Saddam was #ar1ourin' 3D, $roved to 1e un*ounded& 3#at would 1e t#e conse8uences o* a nuclear attac+ 1y

terrorists5ven i* it *ails, it would *urt#er e6acer1ate t#e ne'ative *eatures o* t#e new and*ri'#tenin' worldin w#ic# we are now livin'& Societies would close in on t#emselves, $olice measures would 1e ste$$ed u$at t#e e6$ense o* #uman ri'#ts, tensions 1etween civilisations and reli'ions would rise and et#nic con.icts would $roli*erate& /twould also s$eed u$ t#e arms race and develo$ t#e awareness t#at a diferent ty$e

o* world order is im$erative i* #uman+ind is to survive& @ut t#e still more critical scenario is i* t#e

attac+ succeeds&=#is could lead to a t#ird world war,*rom w#ic# no one will emer'e victorious& nli+e aconventional war w#ic# ends w#en one side trium$#s over anot#er, t#is war will 1e wit#out winners and losers& 3#ennuclear $ollution in*ects t#e w#ole $lanet, we will all 1e losers&
http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htmhttp://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm


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1AC @ournalism Adv

@ournalists have received the green light rom the governmentto use drones in media coverage&'ut creating regulations are

important to clari" the pu'lic-private distinction@rian esnics Drone

Lournalism /s Lust t#e @e'innin'9, www&nationalBournal&comtec#cnn)s)drone)Bournalism)is)Bust)t#e)1e'innin')2(!"(!!2

CNNannounced onday it #as come to an a'reement wit# t#e F ederal A viationAdministration% The ne*s net*or< *ill 'e allo*ed to test drone s"stems orne*s-gathering . 97ur aim is to 'et 1eyond #o11y)'rade e8ui$ment and to esta1lis# w#at o$tions areavaila1le and wor+a1le to $roduce #i'#)8uality video Bournalism usin' various ty$es o*As and camera setu$s,9 CNN Senior ice President David i'ilante, said in a $ressrelease&=#e develo$ment is si'ni0cant 1ecause currently t#e FAA does not allownmanned Aerial e#icles *or commercial use, save *or a *ew e6ce$tions *or t#e entertainmentindustry and a'riculture& =#is loosenin' o* t#e rules could $ave t#e way not Bust *or aerial news)'at#erin' 1ut also

*or Amaon>s $ro$osed air delivery service& /n ay, more t#an a doen media com$anies 1anded to'et#er in acom$laint a'ainst t#e FAA, sayin' t#e current $olicy #as 9an im$ermissi1le c#illin' efect on t#e First Amendmentnews)'at#erin' ri'#ts o* Bournalists&9 A *ew mont#s $rior, a Bud'e on t#e National =rans$ortation Sa*ety @oardoverturned t#e rule& @ut t#e FAA a$$ealed, and it was reversed& =#e FAA was su$$osed to release dra*t rules in2(! *or small unmanned aerial systems Kdrones wei'#in' under "" l1s&M, 1ut t#e a'ency is 1e#ind sc#edule& 9/t#in+ it>s 'reat t#at t#e Federal Aviation Administration is willin' to wor+ wit# Bournalists w#o wis# to use remotely$iloted aircra*t systems,9 att#ew Sc#royer, $resident o* t#e Pro*essional Society o* Drone Lournalists, writes in anemail& 94owever, w#at would really #el$ Bournalists is t#e FAA $er*ormin' its le'al o1li'ation to $roduce small AS

rules in a timely manner, w#ic# it #as 1een una1le to do&9 %o* might a drone 'e used in9ournalismM =#e o1vious $ossi1ilities include aerial s#ots t#at are usually su$$lied1y #elico$tercar c#ases and 1uildin' 0res come to mind& @ut C>> and the #AA*ill have to *or< out ethical 'oundaries. 3ill it 1e 7Q *or $a$arai)ty$es tota+e $#otos o* cele1rities via drone 3#at a1out .yin' t#e drones over $rivate$ro$erties A 2(! $a$er out o* t#e niversity o* =e6as KAustinM raised some o* t#ese concerns& 9As

$revious researc# on surveillance tec#nolo'ies #as su''ested, UA=s e4uipped*ith cameras *ill urther 'lur the pu'licNprivate distinctions understood 1yearlier eras,9 t#e aut#ors wrote&t *ill 'e important to stri


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w#ere t#e $u1lic #as e6$ectations o* $rivacy, suc# as $ersons in t#eir 1ac+yards oron roo*to$s & Com$anies suc# as Goo'le , w#ic# use land)1ased and satellite ima'eryin t#eir ma$$in' o$erations , #ave already encountered $ro1lems in t#is area andnews or'anisations will soon e6$erience t#em 1ecause o* over.i'#ts &Newsor'anisations will t#us #ave to consider $rivacy in cases w#ere ima'es o*individuals w#o are not in $u1lic s$aces or en'a'ed in news)wort#y activities are

o1tained& Suc# uses #ave 1ot# et#ical and le'al im$lications& National laws re'ardin' $rivacy vary si'ni0cantlyin diferent Burisdictions, es$ecially wit# re'ard to ima'es o1tained outdoors, and t#ese will 1e a$$lied to ima'es

ta+en *rom As or new laws may 1e $ut into $lace as a conse8uence o* t#eir use &=#e use o* drones alsoraises t#e 8uestion w#et#er $ress intrusion on $rivate individuals and cele1rities will1ecome muc# worse i* t#ey trac+ an individual on and of $rivate $ro$erty in a wayt#at a $ress $#oto'ra$#er or $a$arao, even wit# a lon' lens, mi'#t not 1e a1le todo&SomeBournalists are concerned t#at usin' RPAs may $lace t#em on t#e wron'side o* t#e $rivacysurveillance de1ate es$ecially i* t#e state em$loys t#em andunet#ical Bournalists or $#oto'ra$#ers use t#em in ways to w#ic# t#e $u1lic o1Bects&

=#is, it is *eared, could lead to t#e $erce$tion t#at Bournalists are $art o* t#esurveillance state and #arm t#e credi1ility o* Bournalism and news or'anisations&

0thical transgressions are uni4uel"


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dee$ened 1y su$$ortin' t#e team, s#arin' credit wit# t#em, and even sacri0cin' *or t#eir wel*are& 3#ilecredi1ility can 1e elastic t#at is, $eo$le will 'ive t#e 1oss t#e 1ene0t o* t#e dou1t it is not un1rea+a1le. 0thical transgressions *ill sever credi'ilit"& And oncecredi1ility is severed, trust 1leeds away&=#at said, leaders are not saints^ t#ey can and will ma+emista+es& 3#en t#at occurs t#ey must call u$on t#e reservoir o* trust to 1e'in to earn 1ac+ w#at t#ey #ave lost&

=#at 1e'ins 1y a$olo'iin' and continues 1y ma+in' amends& Anyone can say #e is sorry^ only a trustwort#y

$erson can $rove it t#rou'# e6am$le, s$eci0cally ri'#tin' t#e wron' and see+in' tow#at is $ossi1le to re$air t#e dama'e&=rust is 1an+a1le 1ut w#en credi1ility iswit#drawn you will 0nd not#in' inside&_t#is card #as 1een edited *or 'endered lan'ua'e

)lurring the pu'lic-private distinction creates the impetus orcircumvention&clear guidelines are


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$eo$le mi'#t also 1e very critical o* t#e media& Des$ite t#eir 8uarrels wit# t#e news,t#ey reco'nie t#at relia1le news is im$ortant& /* news isn?t credi1le, it loses itsa1ility to $ersuade& /* news institutions cease to 1e trusted to 1e #onest 1ro+ers o*in*ormation, t#en disa'reea1le or $olitically unwelcome news will 1e dismissed ass$in and 1ias& /n suc# an environment, t#e ar'ument 'oes, a 'enuinely in*ormedcitienry is re$laced wit# an anarc#y o* #al*)trut#s, misin*ormation, and $ro$a'anda&

@ut 1e*ore we Bournalists wrin' our #ands a1out& t#e state o* news, we owe it toBournalistic s+e$ticism to ta+e a clear)eyed loo+ at ourselves& 3#en most t#in's ta+en on*ait# come under close scrutiny, uncom*orta1le *acts usually emer'e t#at can s#a+e t#at *ait#& ost o* usdon?t enBoy su1Bectin' our *ait# to suc# a test, 1ut Bournalism is rooted in *act, and i*it cannot stand u$ under suc# scrutiny t#en it isn?t wort#y o* 1ein' worried a1out&

Lournalism #as a role in democracy, 1ut de0nin' it is not an easy tas+& /s it, indeed,essential 7ne must as+ w#et#er a 'enuine, vi1rant democracy can t#rive wit#outt#e iron core o* traditional, o1Bective Bournalism& /* t#at +ind o* Bournalism s#ould lar'ely $ass into#istory, t#ere would 1e a cost, 1ut its e6act nature is unclear& /* Bournalism #as a si'ni0cant role indemocracy, it s#ould 1e evident in t#e way American society #as evolved& 3es#ould 1e a1le, wit#out strainin', to see t#e im$act o* #i'#)8uality Bournalism onw#o we are as a society and in our s#ared values, es$ecially as t#ey evolve& @y t#at

standard, America since 3orld 3ar // can 1e instructive w#en it comes tounderstandin' t#e $ower o* news) and its limits& /n !


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Bournalism)or at least not mostly& /t came, 0rst, 1ecause t#e courts crac+ed o$en t#edoor& =#en news and $o$ular culture stormed t#rou'# t#at door to turn w#at #ad1ecome le'al into somet#in' t#at we as a nation now mostly acce$t as normal& Allt#is c#an'e did not come wit#out a 0'#t, and in many ways w#at is viewed as t#e$artisan divide in t#is country is lar'ely a1out eforts to s#ove t#e 'enie o* culturalc#an'e 1ac+ into t#e 1ottle on many o* t#ese issues t#at #ave so $ower*ully

rede0ned middle)class American values& =#ere is an on'oin' culture war overw#et#er to roll 1ac+ suc# c#an'es, and t#e news media #ave $layed a $ower*ul rolein t#at 1attle, w#ic# #as ta+en $lace in t#e realms o* $olitics and $olicy)t#e areasw#ere t#e iron core does most o* its Bo1& /t is in scrutiniin' t#e role o* 'overnmentand t#e e6ercise o* $ower t#at t#e news media ma+e t#eir contri1ution to ourdemocracy& And it is in t#is realm t#at our values are not *ormed, 1ut re0ned anda$$lied& 3#en t#e news media are doin' t#eir Bo1, we #ave enou'# in*ormation toma+e in*ormed decisions, and w#en t#ey do not, we are)as a nation)in Beo$ardy o*1ein' misled&

Democrac" solves *ar, nuclear *eapons, ethnic cleansing,

terrorism, the environment, and international securit"Diamond (Senior Fellow at 4oover /nstitute KHarry Diamond, Promotin' Democracy in t#e !


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U&egulations >eeded

The #AA has not included privac" provisions in most recentdrone legislation

T, ne*s source,1(R=, covers t#e maBor issues o* our time *or viewers wis#in' to 8uestion more anddelivers stories o*ten missed 1y t#e mainstream media to create news wit# an ed'e&R= $rovides an alternative $ers$ective on maBor 'lo1al events, FAA sued over lac+o* $rivacy $rotections in drone re'ulations, !", #tt$%www&rt&comusa2(!)*aa)lawsuit)drone)$rivacy)rules=#e Federal Aviation Administration #as not yet 0nalied rules 'overnin' t#e use o* drones wit#in t#e nited States&

4owever, a $rivacy 'rou$ is already suin' t#e a'ency over t#e lac+ o* $ersonal$rotections detailed in its current $ro$osal&-5arlier t#is wee+, t#e 5lectronic Privacy /n*ormationCenter K5P/CM 0led a lawsuit a'ainst t#e FAA, ar'uin' t#at t#e a'ency s#ould not #aveavoided $ro$osin' $rivacy $rotections wit# its initial set o* drone re'ulations & 5P/C isas+in' t#e *ederal a$$eals court in 3as#in'ton, DC to review t#e FAA?s decision and declare it unlaw*ul, sinceCon'ress ori'inally re8uired it to create a com$re#ensive $lan t#at would sa*ely incor$orate unmanned aerial

ve#icles into American airs$ace&-3#en t#e FAA unveiled its 0rst dra*t o* rules re'ardin'drones, $rivacy 'uidelines were not included& =#e a'ency said suc# rules are1eyond t#e sco$e o* t#is rulema+in'&-/n 2(!2, over !(( or'aniations, e6$erts, andadvocates Boined 5P/C in $etitionin' t#e FAA to esta1lis# $rivacy $rotections $rior tot#e de$loyment o* commercial drones in t#e nited States , 5P/C stated on its we1site& /n2(!, t#e FAA res$onded to 5P/C>s $etition, claimin' t#at drone $rivacy im$lications ]did not raise an immediate

sa*ety concern&?-/n an overview o* t#e suit, 5P/C noted t#at drones can 1e e8ui$$edwit# #i'#ly so$#isticated surveillance tec#nolo'y t#at t#reatens $ersonal $rivacy& /t$ointed to a drone?s a1ility to 'at#er $ersonal data suc# as location and said t#eiruse $oses a $u1lic sa*ety $ro1lem *or millions o* individuals&-3#ile t#e FAA did not touc#t#e civil li1erties concerns in its Fe1ruary $ro$osal, it outlined several 'uidelines *or t#e use o* drones commercially&For one t#in', t#e rules 1an o$erators *rom .yin' drones 1eyond t#eir line o* si'#t and restrict t#eir use to dayli'#t#ours& Drones must wei'#t a ma6imum o* "" $ounds, stay 1elow "(( *eet in t#e air and .y less t#an !(( miles $er

#our& A drone o$erator must also $ass an aeronautics test& -Civil li1erties advocates were not t#eonly ones u$set wit# t#e rules, t#ou'#& Com$anies li+e Amaon w#ic# is testin'deliveries)1y)drone in Canada due to ti'#t re'ulations in t#e S said America ismovin' to slow to ado$t new 'uidelines& =#e com$any said even t#e FAA?s $ro$osedrules are inade8uate&-Sen& Cory @oo+er KD)N&L&M is e6$ected to introduce a 1ill t#at would esta1lis#tem$orary rules *or e6$erimental drone use, alt#ou'# it is unclear w#en t#at will #a$$en& Re$orts su''est t#e rulescontained in #is 1ill would 1e more rela6ed t#an w#at t#e FAA is considerin', t#ou'# t#ey would only remain inefect until t#e FAA 0nalies its own&


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U&Accidents Jire doin' in t#e la1 K3aite, 2(!2M& /nterviews wit#3aite, ot#er develo$ers, and a di'ital $olicy activist revealed *our common et#icalconcerns, eac# intertwined wit# le'al issues& /n *act, in eac# interview, 8uestions o* law a$$eared to dominatet#in+in' more t#an 8uestions o* et#ics& Sa*ety=#e most immediate consideration in .yin'drones is t#e sa*ety o* $eo$le wit#in t#e area in w#ic# t#e drones are .own& As onedevelo$er descri1ed, $uttin' a drone alo*t is efectivel" launching a "ing

la*nmo*er into the airK@ad'er, 2(!2M& A com$anies *ace $roduct lia1ility ris+s *ormal*unctionin' devices, and drone o$erators can 1e sued *or inBuries to $eo$le anddama'e to $ro$erty& @ut 1eyond t#ese le'al dimensions lies t#e et#ical 8uestion o*w#et#er ris+s to $ersonal and $u1lic sa*ety can 1e rationally Busti0ed& 5ven i* nole'al en*orcement ensues, is it ri'#t to endan'er $eo$le wit#in t#e $at# o* a drone>s.i'#t=#e story>s $u1lic interest must 1e wei'#ed as a *actor& For instance, a drone may 1e more Busti0ed .yin'over a nei'#1or#ood to trac+ a wild0re s$read t#an .yin' over a *oot1all stadium to s#ow *ans at a 'ame&

ncreased saet" ris&!& Sa*ety-Sa*ety is a $rimary consideration *or individuals commentin' on t#e$ossi1ility o* lar'e)scale de$loyments o* ASs due to issues suc# as maintenance,$ilot error and t#e $otential use o* ASs as wea$ons & @ecause t#ey are unmanned, ASs may1e less well maintained and su1se8uently less relia1le t#an aircra*t w#ic# carry $ersons


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U&Drone Use ncreasing

Domestic Drone use is pro9ected to s


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U&Drones =iolate Privac"!%

U.S Domestic Drone Surveillance is currentl" violating #ASPrivac" Standards and is undermining the U.S+s Standing on

%uman ightsThompson 1(Ric#ard =#om$son // is a le'islative attorney wit# a Luris Doctor*rom t#e New 5n'land Sc#ool o* Haw and a De'ree in 4istory *rom t#e niversity o*assac#usetts Dartmout# Domestic Drones and Privacy% A Primer#tt$%*as&or's'$crsmiscR


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U&%uman ights Jeadership

U.S %uman ights Jeadership has 'een proven to *or


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Solvenc"&egulations Ie"

1AC Solvenc"&Policies need to 'e in place so that there areregulations on these drones

#riend 1(- @ared, Technolog" and Ji'ert" Director or the ACJUo $ashington RSUPP:T 0AS:>A)J0 0OUJAT:>S :>O:=0>/0>T D:>0S8 #tt$s%aclu)wa&or'1lo'su$$ort)reasona1le)re'ulations)'overnment)dronesDate Accessed @ul" 51 561(

=#is 0rst a$$eared as an o$)ed in t#e Seattle =imes& For decades, local lawen*orcement #as used aviation *or s$eci0c and limited $ur$oses, suc# as searc# andrescue, #i'#)s$eed c#ases, and traOc control& 4elico$ters re8uire costly e8ui$mentand *uel and ris+ loss o* li*e, so law en*orcement #as used t#em s$arin'ly& @utdrones are a 'ame)c#an'er *or air1orne surveillance& As t#ese tec#nolo'ies ra$idlyevolve and t#eir a1ility to $eer into every corner o* society *rom tens o* t#ousandso* *eet in t#e air e6$ands, drones 'ive 'overnments un$recedented ca$a1ilities to

en'a'e in mass surveillance& =#ey are relatively c#ea$ and can 1e de$loyed inautomated .eets& Drones are certain to 1e used under less ur'ent circumstancest#an ot#er aircra*t& =#e concerns drones raise 'o 1eyond your e6$ectations o*$rivacy in $u1lic $laces& /t is a1out your ri'#t to 'o a1out your daily 1usiness *ree o*s$yin' 1y your own 'overnment& 3e no lon'er live in an a'e w#ere a team o* lawen*orcement $ersonnel are needed to trac+ your every move& Drones can 1ee8ui$$ed wit# virtually any +ind o* surveillance tec#nolo'y& Drones wit# #i'#resolution cameras lin+ed to *acial reco'nition systems can systematically lo' a$erson?s activity, 1ot# on t#eir own $ro$erty and as t#ey move *rom $lace to $lace&

=#ey can 1e de$loyed wit# invasive devices suc# as Stin'rays t#at snoo$ on cell$#ones& =#ey can 1e e8ui$$ed wit# any ot#er +ind o* sensor availa1le to lawen*orcement, includin' in*rared sensors t#at $eer t#rou'# walls or directional

micro$#ones& =#e sensitive in*ormation drones collect can 1e stored inde0nitely,Bust waitin' to 1e analyed and scrutinied at any time 1y any $erson or com$uteral'orit#m wit# access to it& Federal 'overnment *undin' is availa1le *or local lawen*orcement a'encies to 1uy drones and ot#er surveillance tec#nolo'y, o*ten 1e*orea'encies #ave decided w#en t#ey will 1e used or #ave created $olicies re'ulatin't#em& And a ra$idly 'rowin' domestic drone industry is mar+etin' dronese6tensively *or all +inds o* invasive uses& nderstanda1ly, $u1lic concern a1outdrones #as led to a .urry o* state)level le'islative activity& Drone re'ulations #ave1een $ro$osed in at least states and #ave 1een ado$ted in several& 4owever,3as#in'ton State currently #as no re'ulations on #ow drones may 1e used 1y t#e'overnmentand in $articular no $rotections are in $lace to sa*e'uard individual$rivacy& Similarly, our state?s courts #ave not directly addressed w#at limits t#ere

s#ould 1e on drones s$yin' on $eo$le& 3it#out clear 'uidance, law en*orcementmay 1e inclined to en'a'e in mass surveillance, w#ile more ris+)averse 'overnmenta'encies may *ore'o usin' drones alto'et#er until clarity emer'es& 3as#in'tonianss#ouldn?t #ave to c#oose 1etween t#eir $rivacy and t#e 1ene0ts o* tec#nolo'yt#ey can and s#ould #ave 1ot#& 7ur le'islature needs to esta1lis# a statewide .ooro* re'ulations *or 'overnment use o* dronesallowin' 'overnment a'encies to uset#em *or le'itimate $ur$oses and 'uaranteein' t#at $olicies are in $lace 1e*orelar'e num1ers o* drones .y over our state& 4@ !


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en*orcement and ot#er 1ene0cial uses, w#ile esta1lis#in' $rotections to $reventunwarranted s$yin'& =#e 1ill also re8uires t#at $olicy de1ates a1out drones #a$$en1e*ore t#ey are actually de$loyed, and sets reasona1le, common)sense limits ont#eir use *or surveillance& /t re8uires a'encies to 'et a$$roval *rom t#e sta'ele'islature or local munici$alities 1e*ore ac8uirin' drones, and to re$ort #ow and *orw#at $ur$oses t#e drones are 1ein' used& A warrant must 1e o1tained w#en

in*ormation collected *rom a drone will 1e used to s$y on a $erson& At its #eart, t#e1ill see+s to $revent sus$icionless 0s#in' e6$editions w#en t#ere is no sus$icion o*wron'doin'& nder t#e 1ill, 'overnment a'encies, law en*orcement or ot#erwise,can use drones durin' emer'encies and *or missions t#at don?t involve s$yin' on$eo$le& 56em$tions are included *or use*ul o$erations suc# as trainin' e6ercises,0re0'#tin', searc# and rescue, environmental surveys, traOc analysis, or researc#o$erations, amon' ot#ers& =#is 1alance $ermits drone use *or all +inds o*constructive $ur$oses, includin' im$ortant environmental re'ulatory wor+, w#ile$lacin' im$ortant limitations on dra'net s$yin'& =#is is a 1i$artisan issue& 4@ !s assaults on 1asic

$rivacy ri'#ts ma+e it essential t#at t#e FAA s$ell out w#at constitutes unwarranted

intrusions into our lives& =#e FAA rules allow t#e use o* data 'at#ered 1y domestic

drones *or any aut#oried $ur$ose&9 =#e nited States De$artment o* De*ence

de0nes a drone Kunmanned aircra*tM as 9a $owered aerial ve#icle t#at does not carry

a #uman o$erator, uses aerodynamic *orces to $rovide ve#icle li*t, can .y

autonomously or 1e $iloted remotely, can 1e e6$enda1le or recovera1le, and carry

a let#al or non)let#al $ayload9& Drones are $rimarily used *or military $ur$oses 1ut

t#eir commercial use in on t#e rise& =#ey are o*ten used *or D>s i&e& >dull, dirty, and

dan'erous Bo1s&> @esides, drones are used in researc# and develo$ment o* t#e

aeronautical areas suc# as air1orne testin' under t#e real conditions& =#ere are

many advanta'es o* drones as com$ared to its counter$art manned aircra*ts& Hess
http://www.dailynews.lk/?q=features/drones-need-preventive-legislationhttp://www.dailynews.lk/?q=features/drones-need-preventive-legislationhttp://www.dailynews.lk/?q=features/drones-need-preventive-legislationhttp://www.dailynews.lk/?q=features/drones-need-preventive-legislation


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o$eratin' costs, low *uel and maintenance costs, c#ea$er insurance and low

salaries *or t#e 'round 1ased $ersonnel all translate into a lucrative monetary

1ene0ts to $ursue drones *or commercial $ur$oses& Due to 0nancial 1ene0ts

associated wit# t#e drone it is li+ely t#at t#e drone rental 1usiness will soon sell

t#eir services& anned #elico$ters #ave 1een used in Sout# A*rica and Australia to

monitor #erds durin' #ot weat#er and diOcult terrains 1ut it may save time and

money i* drones are used to +ee$ trac+ o* t#ese #erds& A drone could 1e in #ands o*

news c#annels and 1roadcastin' com$anies *or coverin' emer'ency events, real)

time s$orts events, monitorin' traOc accidents and war ones& For t#e 0rst time,

t#e nited Nations #as ordered surveillance drones *rom an /talian 0rm *or its

$eace+ee$in' missions in Con'o and di$lomats #o$e t#at i* success*ul t#e drones

could 1e de$loyed *or missions in /vory Coast and Sout# Sudan& =#e drones we are

discussin' are sel*)$iloted or remotely $iloted aircra*t t#at can carry cameras,sensors, communications e8ui$ment or ot#er $ayloads& =#ey #ave 1een used to

conduct reconnaissance and intelli'ence)'at#erin' *or nearly si6ty years Ksince t#e

!


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1etween drones and model aircra*t& For instance, Canada #as made t#at clear

distinction in its rules and #as set a clear distinction 1etween unmanned aerial

ve#icles9 Kcommercial useM and model aircra*t Krecreational useM& =#e de0nition o* a

model aircra*t% less t#an VV&2 $ounds, individually owned Kno com$anies allowedM

and not $ro0t)see+in'& /* an aircra*t meets t#ese conditions, it is considered a

recreational ve#icle, ma+in' it su1Bect to lower scrutiny& Aircra*t t#at don>t meet t#is

criteria are oOcially 9unmanned aerial ve#icles9 and re8uire S$ecial Fli'#t

7$erations certi0cates& =#e nited Qin'dom #as set a limit o* 2( +ilo'rams as t#e

ma6imum wei'#t t#at an unmanned aircra*t can 1e termed a 9small drone9 w#ic#

can .y under $rescri1ed circumstances& =#e 5uro$ean Aviation Sa*ety A'ency

K5ASAM w#ic# sets common rules on aviation *or all 5 mem1er States #as

$rescri1ed t#at one needs a license *or any drone to 1e o$erated in 5uro$e Suc#

certi0cation is only 'ranted on a case)1y)case 1asis under t#e 5ASA>s rules, Gettin'1ac+ to $rivacy, it is incontroverti1le t#at t#e individual #as a ri'#t to decide w#at

in*ormation a1out onesel* to s#are wit# ot#ers and more im$ortantly, to +now w#at

data is collected a1out #im& =#is ri'#t is 1alanced 1y t#e ri'#t o* a society to collect

data a1out individuals t#at 1elon' to it so t#at t#e orderly runnin' o* 'overnment is

ensured& =#e $rotection o* #uman ri'#ts is t#e most si'ni0cant and im$ortant tas+

*or a modern State and $rivacy is one o* t#e most im$ortant o* suc# ri'#ts& =#e

erosion o* t#ese ri'#ts 1y t#e use o* drones #as already 1een addressed& Ha1elled

as a loomin' t#reat 1y =#e 5conomist o* !< arc# 2(!", drones and t#eir usa'e

#ave 1een Budicially 8uestioned on t#e sensitive dic#otomy o* a sin'le instance o*

use t#at erodes t#e $rivacy o* t#e individual and $ersistent usa'e& Anot#er

consideration #as 1een t#e location ) as to w#et#er t#e incursion occurs in a $u1lic

$lace or a $rivate $remises, w#ere one can #ave reasona1le e6$ectation o* $rivacy&

=#e S Su$reme Court #eld in !


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Solvenc"O Ie"

5AC Solvenc"O Ie"&The Drones Surveillance program isonl" getting *orse

$ol 15 Naomi, Co)*ounder o* a democracy 1uildin' $lat*orm K=#e comin'drone attac+ on America#tt$%www&t#e'uardian&comcommentis*ree2(!2dec2!comin')drone)attac+)americadate accessed Luly !T 2(!"

Peo$le o*ten as+ me, in terms o* my ar'ument a1out 9ten ste$s9 t#at mar+ t#edescent to a $olice state or closed society, at w#at sta'e we are& / am sorry to sayt#at wit# t#e im$ortation o* w#at will 1e tens o* t#ousands o* drones, 1y 1ot# Smilitaryand 1y commercial interests, into S airs$ace, wit# a s$eci0c mandate toen'a'e in surveillance and wit# t#e ca$acity *or wea$oniation w#ic# is due to1e'in in earnest at t#e start o* t#e new year it means t#at t#e $olice state is nowoOcially #ere& /n Fe1ruary o* t#is year, Con'ress $assed t#e FAA Reaut#oriationAct, wit# its $rovision to de$loy .eets o* drones domestically& Lenni*er Hync#, an

attorney at t#e 5lectronic Frontier Foundation, notes t#at t#is *ollowed a maBorlo11yin' efort, 9a #u'e $us# 1y :\; t#e de*ense sector9 to $romote t#e use o*drones in American s+ies% (,((( o* t#em are e6$ected to 1e in use 1y 2(2(, someas small as #ummin'1irds meanin' t#at you won>t necessarily see t#em, trac+in'your meetin' wit# your *ellow)activists, wit# your accountant or your con'ressman,or 0lmin' your cruisin' t#e 1ars or your assi'nation wit# your lover, as its video)'at#erin' w#irs& 7t#ers will 1e as 1i' as $assen'er $lanes& @usiness)*riendly mediastress t#eir $lanned a1undant use1y cor$orations% $olice in Seattle #ave alreadyde$loyedt#em& An unclassi0ed S air *orce document re$orted 1y C@S K$d*Mnewse6$ands on t#is un$recedented and unconstitutional ste$ one t#at *ormally 1rin'st#e military into t#e role o* controllin' domestic $o$ulations on S soil, w#ic# is t#e1ri'#t line t#at se$arates a democracy *rom a military oli'arc#y& K=#e S

constitution allows *or t#e de$loyment o* National Guard units 1y 'overnors, w#oare answera1le to t#e $eo$le^ 1ut t#is system is intended, as is $osse comitatus, to$revent t#e military *rom ta+in' action aimed at S citiens domestically&MAdvertisement=#e air *orce document e6$lains t#at t#e air *orce will 1e overseein't#e de$loyment o* its own military surveillance drones wit#in t#e 1orders o* t#e S^t#at it may +ee$ video and ot#er data it collects wit# t#ese drones *or


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ot#er 'overnment a'encies wit#out your consent, and t#at ima'ery can, in t#atcase, 1e distri1uted to various 'overnment a'encies^ it may also include your most$rivate moments and most $ersonal activities& =#e aut#oried 9collectedin*ormation may incidentally include S $ersons or $rivate $ro$erty wit#outconsent9& Lenni*er Hync# o* t#e 5lectronic Frontier Foundation told C@S% "In somerecords that ere released !y the air force recently under their rules# they are

alloed to $y drones in pu!lic areas and record information on domestic situations%"=#is document accom$anies a maBor *ederal $us# *or drone de$loyment t#is year int#e nited States, accom$anied 1y *ederal $olicies to encoura'e law en*orcementa'encies to o1tain and use t#em locally, as well as 1y *ederal su$$ort *or t#eircommercial de$loyment& =#at is to say% now 4S@C, C#ase, 4alli1urton etc can #avet#eir very own .eets o* domestic surveillance drones& =#e FAA recently esta1lis#eda more eOcient $rocess *or local $olice de$artments to 'et $ermits *or t#eir owns8uadrons o* drones& Advertisement Given t#e De$artment o* 4omeland Securitymilitariation o* $olice de$artments, once t#e circle is com$leted wit# San Franciscoor New Eor+ or C#ica'o local co$s #avin' t#eir own drone .eet and wit# C#ase,4S@C and ot#er 1an+s #avin' #ired local $olice, as / re$orted #ere last wee+ t#emes#in' o* military, domestic law en*orcement, and commercial interests is

a1solute& Eou don>t need a messy, distressin' declaration o* martial law& And drone.eets owned 1y $rivate cor$orations means t#at a 0rst amendment ri'#t o*assem1ly is now over% i* 7ccu$y is massin' outside o* a 1an+, send t#e drone .eetto surveil, trac+ and #arass t#em& /* citiens rally outside t#e local Ca$itol Samet#in'& As one o* my readers $ut it, t#e scary t#in' a1out t#is new arran'ement isdenia1ility% 1ad t#in's done to citiens 1y drones can 1e denied 1y $rivate interests 97#, t#at must #ave 1een an HAPD drone9 and HAPD can insist t#at it must #ave1een a $rivate industry drone& For w#ere, o* course, will 1e t#e accounta1ility *romcitiens 1ued or worse 1y t#ese t#in's Domestic drone use is #ere, and t#emes#in' #as 1e'un% local co$s in Grand For+s, Nort# Da+ota called in a D4SPredator drone t#e same ma+e t#at #as caused #undreds o* civilian casualties inPa+istan over a dis$ute involvin' a #erd o* cattle& =#e military rollout in $rocessand $lanned, wit#in t#e S, is massive% t#e C#ristian Science onitor re$ortst#at atotal o* !!( military sites *or drone activity are eit#er 1uilt or will 1e 1uilt, in t need a military ta+eover% wit# t#eseca$a1ilities on S soil and t#is air *orce w#ite $a$er aut#oriation *or datacollection, t#e military will 1e efectively in control o* t#e $rivate lives o* Americancitiens& And t#ese drones are not yet wea$onied& 9/ don>t t#in+ it>s cray to worrya1out wea$onied drones& =#ere is a real consensus t#at #as emer'ed a'ainstallowin' wea$onied drones domestically& =#e /nternational Association o* C#ie*s o*Police #as recommended a'ainst it,9 warns Lay Stanley, senior $olicy analyst at t#eACH, notin' t#at t#ere is already $olitical $ressure in *avor o* wea$oniation% "&tthe same time# it is ine'ita!le that e ill see (increased) pressure to alloeaponi*ed drones% The ay that it ill unfold is pro!a!ly this: some!ody ill antto put a relati'ely +soft+ nonlethal eapon on a drone for crod control% &nd thenthin,s ill ratchet up from there%" And t#e ris+ o* t#at =#e New AmericaFoundation>s re$ort on drone use in Pa+istan notedt#at t#e Guardian #ad con0rmed!s deat#s *rom drone attac+s in seven years& /t noted t#at *or t#e deat#so* ten militants, !,(( civilians wit# no involvement in terrorism also died& Notsur$risin'ly, everyone in t#at re'ion is traumatied% c#ildren scream w#en t#ey #eardrones& An NE and Stan*ord Haw Sc#ool re$ort notes t#at drones 9terrorie citiens2 #ours a day9& /* S drones may 0rst 1e wea$onied wit# crowd)control *eatures,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/dec/17/nypd-for-hire-cops-moonlighting-bankshttp://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505263_162-57409759/drone-use-in-the-u.s-raises-privacy-concerns/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505263_162-57409759/drone-use-in-the-u.s-raises-privacy-concerns/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2012/0616/Drones-over-America.-Are-they-spying-on-youhttp://www.globalresearch.ca/killing-civilians-obamas-drone-war-in-pakistan/5315661http://www.globalresearch.ca/killing-civilians-obamas-drone-war-in-pakistan/5315661http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/dec/17/nypd-for-hire-cops-moonlighting-bankshttp://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505263_162-57409759/drone-use-in-the-u.s-raises-privacy-concerns/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505263_162-57409759/drone-use-in-the-u.s-raises-privacy-concerns/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2012/0616/Drones-over-America.-Are-they-spying-on-youhttp://www.globalresearch.ca/killing-civilians-obamas-drone-war-in-pakistan/5315661http://www.globalresearch.ca/killing-civilians-obamas-drone-war-in-pakistan/5315661


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not let#al *orce *eatures, 1ut wit# no ris+ to military or to $olice de$artments orD4S, t#e $layin' 0eld *or *reedom o* assem1ly is c#an'ed *orever& So is our $rivateli*e, as t#e ACH>s Stanley e6$lains% "Our !i,,est concerns a!out the deployment ofdrones domestically is that they ill !e used to create per'asi'e sur'eillancenetor-s% The dan,er ould !e that an ordinary indi'idual once they step out oftheir house ill !e monitored !y a drone e'eryhere they al- or dri'e% They may

not !e aare of it% They mi,ht monitored or trac-ed !y some silent in'isi!le dronee'eryhere they al- or dri'e%" 9So w#at 3#y s#ould t#ey worry9 / as+ed& ".ourcomin,s and ,oin,s can !e 'ery re'ealin, of ho you are and hat you are doin,and re'eal 'ery intrusi'e thin,s a!out you / hat houses of orship you are ,oin,to# political meetin,s# particular doctors# your friends+ and lo'ers+ houses%" /mentioned t#e air *orce w#ite $a$er& 9/sn>t t#e military not su$$osed to 1e s$yin' onAmericans9 / as+ed& ".es# the posse comitatus act passed in the 01th centuryfor!ids a military role in la enforcement amon, &mericans%" 3#at can we do i* wewant to o$$ose t#is / wondered& Accordin' to Stanley, many states are $assin'le'islation 1annin' domestic drone use& 7nce a'ain, in t#e 0'#t to +ee$ America are$u1lic, 'rassroots activism is $itc#ed in an une8ual contest a'ainst a militaried*ederal 'overnment&


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Terror Adv


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5AC Terror Adv&nternational /odel

U.S. drones initiall" used during the *a" on terror are no*'eing used domesticall" and oten result in the death o

innocent people, accused through intelligence and /eta datacollection.A#med ! KNa*ee, Dr& Na*ee A#med is a 1estsellin' aut#or, international security sc#olar, investi'ative Bournalistand re'ular Guardian contri1utor on t#e 'eo$olitics o* interconnected environmental, ener'y and economic crises&56$osed% Penta'on Funds New Data)inin' =ools =o =rac+ and Qill Activists, Part /#tt$%www&occu$y&comarticlee6$osed)$enta'on)*unds)new)data)minin')tools)trac+)and)+ill)activists)$art)i TT!crcM

ic#ael @rads#aw, $resident o* @owman?s Systems and =ec#nolo'y Grou$, $reviously served as a Penta'on

contractor s$ecialiin' in military war)'amin', simulation, trainin' and so*tware develo$ment& @owman isalsoone o* t#e leadin' 0rms contracted to develo$t#e &S& military?s ra$idly emer'in'nmanned Autonomous e#icle KAM and nmanned Autonomous Systems KASMtec#nolo'ies&- Suc# tec#nolo'ies are $itc#ed to trans*orm t#e 2!st century

1attle0eld& A Fe1ruary re$ort1y 3as#in'ton?s Center *or Strate'ic and /nternationalStudies noted t#at unmanned systems ot#erwise +nown as drones $layed adecisive role in &S& 9war on terror9o$erations in /ra8 and A*'#anistan, a 'lo1al cam$ai'n to disru$tAl Zaeda and its aOliates *rom Somalia to Pa+istan, a contin'ency o$eration in Hi1ya, and su$$ort to Frenc# eforts

in ali&-=#e re$ort adds% nmanned systems will also #ave new domestic $rominenceand im$ortance *or t#e nited States as t#ey are increasin'ly ado$ted *or #omelandand law en*orcement missions&-=#e lin+ 1etween &S& drone war*are at #ome anda1road, and trac+in' $olitical 9radicals,9 is not trivial& nmanned systems #aveincreasin'ly 1een used to unilaterally tar'et and assassinate alle'ed terrorismsus$ects and t#eir associates, includin' &S& citienssuc# as Anwar Awla+i and #isson A1dulra#man, 1ased on Penta'on 9+ill lists9 created 1y &S& intelli'ence& -5arliert#is year,=#e /nterce$tre$orted on t#e $ivotal role o* t#e NSA?s com$le6 analysis o*

electronic surveillance, rat#er t#an #uman intelli'ence, as t#e $rimary met#od tolocate tar'ets *or let#al drone stri+es, o*ten resultin' in deat#s o* innocent orunidenti0ed $eo$le&-NSA w#istle1lower =#omas Dra+e, a *ormer senior e6ecutive o* t#e a'ency, con0rmedto me t#at t#e al'orit#ms 1ein' develo$ed 1y AS?s data)minin' $roBects were similar to al'orit#ms used 1y &S&intelli'ence to identi*y tar'ets *or t#e C/A?s 9si'nature9 drone stri+es a'ainst unidenti0ed 'rou$s o* terrorism

sus$ects& /n t#e un*or'etta1le wordso* General ic#ael 4ayden, *ormer NSA and C/Ac#ie*% 3e +ill $eo$le 1ased on metadata&

Singapore has no* ac4uired drone technolog" through sraeland no* several other countries aim to o'tain and developdrone tech as *ell. Singapore also *ishes to train drone-

operating s


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Sin'a$ore Boined t#e list o* /sraeli drone ac8uirers in 2(!2 & nli+e ot#er countries,Sin'a$ore em$#asied #ow t#e ac8uisition was Bust t#e 0rst ste$ in its lon')term$lans& ltimately, success in t#e drone era accordin' to Sin'a$ore de$ended not Buston t#e e6istence o* tec#nolo'y 1ut on t#e develo$ment and trainin' o* talented$ersonnel to o$erate it& =#us, it is yet anot#er c#in+ in t#e American armor t#at $resu$$oses an easycontinued dominance *or its own drone .eet& Con0dence in t#e su$eriority o* American trainin'

is li+ely well)*ounded, 1ut t#ere is a diference 1etween su$eriority andinaccessi1ility& eanin', i* drone tec#nolo'y can 1e stolen or $urc#ased, so too candrone trainin' tec#ni8ues& /t is not diOcult to ima'ine a day w#ere drone armies areo$erated 1y $ersonnel t#at are relatively e8ual in terms o* &S& talent &-/ndeed,Sin'a$ore seems to 1e a leadin' e6am$le *or t#e 'reater re'ion, as Asia Paci0c #ast#e 1i''est $otential to 1e one o* t#e lar'est A mar+ets in t#e world & /n addition toC#ina and Sin'a$ore, /ndia, Sout# Qorea, Nort# Qorea, alaysia, and Australia are allactive $artici$ants in t#e drone mar+et, eac# one aimin' to develo$ its own .eet& =#us, t#e com$le6 reality o* today?s drone era is 'ettin' i'nored 1y American analysts% t#e nited Statesdoes not worry a1out /ndia, Australia, or Sout# Qorea 1ecomin' $ro0cient in dronetec#nolo'y, 1ut t#e same really cannot 1e said *or Nort# Qorea, alaysia, or C#ina&-

=#e countries in 8uestion are a''ressively $ursuin' not Bust ac8uisition 1ut

domestic industrial $roduction& /n addition, t#ese activities are 1ein' matc#ed 1y astrate'ic military $rioritiation aimed at develo$in' s+illed $ersonnel & ore im$ortantly,com$le6 interde$endence and t#e lin+ed nature o* con.ict in t#e modern era mean t#is drone activity does not ta+e

$lace in a vacuum% all o* t#ese develo$ments create reactive efects onto t#e 'lo1alsta'e t#at are detrimental to $eace&American com*ort wit# drones so *ar #as 1een$redicated on a 1elie* in maintainin' su$eriority over t#ree t#in's% emer'in' rivals,domestic $roduction, and commercial activity&=#e nited States #as de *acto triedto create a ]drone a$art#eid? t#at it not only controls 1ut also e6$ects 'lo1alac8uiescence, even t#ou'# most o* t#e world does not su$$ort t#e idea t#at America is t#e most res$onsi1le,trans$arent, and et#ical user o* drones& Per#a$s most im$ortantly, Bust li+e wit# Sout# A*rica,t#is a$art#eid also seems destined to *all& 3#en it does, America mi'#t 1e advisedto worry a1out c#ic+ens comin' #ome to roost&


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5AC Terror Adv&%eH'ollahDrones

Drones are *idel" 'eing using throughout the *orld including

'" the terrorist group %eH'ollah, as *ell as ran and Tur


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5AC Terror Adv&AT3 Drones Oood&nefective

Drone use on the US-/exico 'order is inefective

Dept. o %omeland Securit", 1?

De$artment o* 4omeland Security, &S& Customs and @order- Protection>snmanned- Aircra*t System Pro'ram Does- Not Ac#ieve /ntended Results- orReco'nie All Costs o*- 7$erations , 7Oce o* /ns$ector General, !22!,#tt$s%www&oi'&d#s&'ovassets'mt2(!"7/GJ!")!VJDec!&$d*&S& Customs and @order Protection KC@PM 'uards nearly V,((( miles o* &S& -land 1order and 2,((( miles o* coastalwaters surroundin' Florida, =e6as, and-sout#ern Cali*ornia& C@P?s 7Oce o* Air and arine uses air assets,includin'-unmanned aircra*t to $atrol t#e 1orders, conduct surveillance, and assess-disaster dama'e& =#e

o1Bective o* our audit was to determine t#e efectiveness-and cost o* C@P?s nmanned Aircra*t System $ro'ram&-Alt#ou'# C@P?s nmanned Aircra*t System $ro'ram contri1utes to 1order-security,a*ter T years, C@P cannot $rove t#at t#e $ro'ram is efective 1ecause-it #as notdevelo$ed $er*ormance measures& =#e $ro'ram #as also not ac#ieved-t#e e6$ected results&S$eci0cally, t#e unmanned aircra*t are not meetin' .i'#t-#our 'oals& Alt#ou'# C@Pantici$ated increased a$$re#ensions o* ille'al 1order-crossers, a reduction in

1order surveillance costs, and im$rovement in t#e &S&-@order Patrol?s eOciency,we *ound little or no evidence t#at C@P met t#ose-$ro'ram e6$ectations& C@P also$lanned to use unmanned aircra*t to o$erate a-radar sensor over t#e sout#west 1order to increase awareness and

analye-surveillance 'a$s, 1ut sensor o$erations #ave 1een limited& /n addition, t#e-unmanned aircra*tdo not o$erate alon' t#e entire sout#west 1order as #as-1een re$orted&-3eestimate t#at, in 0scal year 2(!, it cost at least 2&" million to o$erate-t#e$ro'ram, or a1out !2,2"" $er #our& =#e 7Oce o* Air and arine?s-calculation o*2,T $er .i'#t #our does not include o$eratin' costs, suc# as -t#e costs o* $ilots,e8ui$ment, and over#ead& @y not includin' all o$eratin'-costs, C@P also cannot accurately assess t#e$ro'ram?s cost efectiveness or-ma+e in*ormed decisions a1out $ro'ram e6$ansion& /n addition, unless C@P-*ullydiscloses all o$eratin' costs, Con'ress and t#e $u1lic are unaware o* all-t#e resources committed to t#e

nmanned Aircra*t System $ro'ram& As a-result, C@P #as invested si'ni0cant *unds in a $ro'ramt#at #as not ac#ieved-t#e e6$ected results, and it cannot demonstrate #ow muc#t#e $ro'ram #as-im$roved 1order security& -Given t#e cost o* t#e nmannedAircra*t System $ro'ram and its un$roven-efectiveness, C@P s#ould reconsider its$lan to e6$and t#e $ro'ram& =#e -million t#at C@P $lans to s$end on $ro'ram e6$ansion could 1e$ut to 1etter-use 1y investin' in alternatives, suc# as manned aircra*t and 'round-surveillance assets&


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@ournalism Adv


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5AC @ournalism Adv&Accidents Ji


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5AC @ournalism Adv&S


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5AC @ournalism Adv&=iolates Privac"

Drones create 4uestions o privac" and use '" privatecompanies means those *ith #ourth Amendment concerns *ill

'e harder to legall" addressCulver 1? Qat#leen @arten Culver, Assistant Pro*essor and Associate Director at t#e Center *or Lournalism5t#ics in t#e Sc#ool o* Lournalism and ass Communication at t#e niversity o* 3isconsin)adison& 5ducationcurator *or P@S ediaS#i*t, and is a visitin' *aculty mem1er *or t#e Poynter /nstitute *or edia Studies& From@attle0eld to Newsroom% 5t#ical /m$lications o* Drone =ec#nolo'y in Lournalism& Lournal o* ass edia 5t#ics&!!!& #tt$%www&tand*online&comdoi*ull!(&!(T((T


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5AC @ournalism Adv&AT3 Drones Oood&Doesn+t%elp @ournalism

Drones are not as applica'le to 9ournalism and investigation as

predictions sa"- use o third part" images creates lia'ilit"Ool'erg et al 1BDavid Gold1er'is an associate *ellow, Centre *or Socio)He'al Studies, niversity o* 76*ord& 4edirects t#e deeL'ee Researc#Consultancy and is a Hecturer *or Glas'ow Caledonian niversity?s communications law course andSenior isitin' Fellow, /nstitute o* Com$uter and Communications Haw in t#e Centre *or Commercial Haw Studies, Zueen aryColle'e, niversity o* Hondon& 4e was $reviously on t#e *aculty o* t#e Sc#ool o* Haw, niversity o* Glas'ow, *ounded t#e Lournal o*edia Haw, and #e is a *ellow o* t#e Royal Society o* t#e Arts& ar+ Corcoran, re$orter, $roducer, and $resenter *or Australian@roadcastin' Cor$oration) #is re$orts #ave 1een aired on @@C 3orld, CNN /nternational, C@C Canada, Al Laeera, N4Q La$an, and =New [ealand, Ro1ert G& Picard, Director o* Researc# at t#e Reuters /nstitute at t#e niversity o* 76*ord editor o* The Journal ofMedia Economics andJournal of Media Business Studies, and c#airs t#e 3orld edia 5conomics and ana'ement Con*erence&Remotely Piloted Aircra*t Systems I Lournalism, =#e Reuters /nstitute *or t#e Study o* Lournalist at niversity o* 76*ord, Lune 2(!,#tt$s%reutersinstitute&$olitics&o6&ac&u+sitesde*ault0lesRemotelyU2(PilotedU2(Aircra*tU2(andU2(Lournalism&$d*KCM

News or'anisations will increasin'ly 1e ofered $#oto'ra$#s and video *rom $rivatesources, raisin' 8uestions a1out t#e aut#enticity and conte6t o* materials $rovided1y ot#er A o$erators, as well as t#e et#ics o* o1tainin' ima'es in ways in w#ic#

Bournalists mi'#t not ot#erwise $artici$ate&/n Australia, i* A ima'es ofered to t#e media are'at#ered ille'ally, CASA #as indicated t#at t#e a'ency will investi'ate t#e drone o$erator, not t#e 1roadcaster ormedia outlet& any activists and activist 'rou$s es$ecially environmental and animal ri'#ts or'anisations #ave

already em$loyed RPAS to document $ollution, animal conditions, and ille'al activities&=#ese #ave 1eenused in t#eir documentaries and are now 1ein' ofered to Bournalists& /n t#e nitedS tates, state and Federal le'islators #ave introduced ]A' Ga'? 1ills wit# anti)drone.y)over $rovisions to $revent activists and Bournalists *rom documentin' ille'alitiesin t#e a'ricultural sector&=#e use o* RPAS sometimes violates .i'#t re'ulations,may constitute tres$ass, mi'#t 1e t#e result o* $rivacy invasion, or con.ict wit#ot#er et#ical concerns, so Bournalists need to 1e aware o* and consider t#ese inc#oices w#et#er to use aerial ima'es *rom ot#er $arties&
https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Remotely%20Piloted%20Aircraft%20and%20Journalism.pdfhttps://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Remotely%20Piloted%20Aircraft%20and%20Journalism.pdf


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Privac" Adv


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Drones )ad&Tech Spillover

Speci;call", drone regulation spills over into other technolog"

The 0conomist, 1(

=#e 5conomist, A loomin' t#reat, @lo'% Democracy in America, !


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e6$ectation o* $rivacy test de$ends on w#et#er tec#nolo'ies are already widelyado$ted& /* no restrictions are $ut in $lace and $ersistent drones 1ecome morecommon, t#en t#e le'al system allows t#e *ait accom$li to stand& -/t is unclear w#et#er r71ama is serious a1out addressin' t#e $rivacy concerns raised 1y drones& 4is Fe1ruary memorandum #ad lar'e carve)outs *or lawen*orcement or national security t#at could undermine #is attem$ts to address $rivacy, civil ri'#ts, and civil li1erties concerns&4owever, i* #e is serious, restrictions on $ersistent surveillance would 1e a 0ne $lace to start&

Drones are a privac" catal"st

Calo, Director or Privac" and o'otics, 11Ryan, assistant $ro*essor at t#e niversity o* 3as#in'ton Sc#ool o* Haw and anassistant $ro*essor at t#e /n*ormation Sc#ool& 4e is a *aculty co)director o* t#eniversity o* 3as#in'ton =ec# Policy Ha1, a uni8ue, interdisci$linary researc# unitt#at s$ans t#e Sc#ool o* Haw, /n*ormation Sc#ool, and De$artment o* Com$uterScience and 5n'ineerin', =#e Drone as Privacy Catalyst, Stan*ord Haw Review,!2!2!!, #tt$%www&stan*ordlawreview&or'onlinedrone)$rivacy)catalyst-Recent s#i*ts in tec#nolo'y and attendant c#an'es to 1usiness $ractices #ave not led to similar s#i*ts in $rivacy

law, at least not on t#e order o* !T


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de1ates o* recent decades, / t#in+ t#ese ar'uments will 'ain serious traction amon'courts, re'ulators, and t#e 'eneral $u1lic&--/ #ave in mind t#e efect on citiens o*drones .yin' around nited States cities&=#ese mac#ines are dis8uietin'& irtually any ro1otcan en'ender a certain amount o* discom*ort, let alone one associated in t#e mindo* t#e avera'e American wit# s$y o$erations or tar'eted +illin' & /* you will $ardon t#einevita1le re*erence to !


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Drones )ad&Constitution

Drone surveillance undermines civil and human rights

#inn and $right, Trilateral esearch Consulting,15

Rac#el, David, researc# and advisory consultancy 1rin'in' to'et#er strate'y,tec#nolo'y and $olicy, s$ecialies in researc# and t#e $rovision o* strate'ic, $olicyand re'ulatory advice on new tec#nolo'ies, $rivacy, trust, ris+ and security issues,nmanned aircra*t systems% Surveillance, et#ics and $rivacy in civil a$$lications,Com$uter Haw and Security Review, 2!2,#tt$%www&sciencedirect&comsciencearticle$iiS(2V

&2& 5t#ics-/n addition to sa*ety concerns, t#ere are si'ni0cant et#ical considerationssurroundin' t#e use o* ASs *or surveillance in civil a$$lications& =#ere #as 1een an on)'oin'de1ate on t#e et#ics o* usin' remotely $iloted ve#icles in com1at o$erations& =#ey #ave 1een 1lamed *or si'ni0cantlosses o* li*e on t#e 'round in com1at ones, t#e removal o* soldiers *rom t#e #uman conse8uences o* t#eir

actions&!(( /n relation to civil a$$lications, 4ayes, o* @i' @rot#er 3atc#, states t#at dronesand ot#er ro1otic tools will add to t#e ris+s o* a Playstation mentality develo$in' alon' 5uro$e?s 1orders,!(! w#ere 1odies are o1Becti0ed into t#in's to trac+, monitor,a$$re#end, and +ill&!(2 4ayes *urt#er ar'ues t#at t#e 5uro$ean nion?s security)industrial com$le6 #as$laced law en*orcement demands a#ead o* civil li1erties concerns&!( Nevins a'rees, statin' t#at t#enormaliation o* $reviously unacce$ta1le levels o* $olicin' and\ oOcial a1use #asdistur1in' im$lications *or civil and #uman ri'#ts& 3#ite#ead concurs, statin' t#att#e lo'ical aim o* tec#nolo'ically e8ui$$ed $olice w#o o$erate as tec#nicians must1e control, containment and eventually restriction o* *reedom&!( Nevins also re$orts *earso* mission cree$ in $olice use o* ASs&!("-4owever, t#ere is some de1ate a1out #ow ASs afect t#e tar'ets o*

t#is distantiated surveillance& 3#ite#ead ar'ues t#at drones raise civil li1erties concerns 1ecause:e;veryone 'ets monitored, $#oto'ra$#ed, trac+ed and tar'eted&!( Similarly, Nevinsnotes t#at w#ile ASs are seen 1y law en*orcement as Bust anot#er tool in t#e tool1o6 and tec#nolo'ically neutral,:t;#ere is every reason to 1e concerned a1out #ow t#e law en*orcement and ]#omeland security? esta1lis#mentswill ta+e advanta'e o* t#eir new tools&!(V 3all and ona#an ar'ue t#at in com1at situations t#is distantiation isracialised, w#ere t#e use o* ASs #as%-#arm:ed; et#nic and cultural ot#ers wit# 'reat $reBudice\:and; lum$:ed;

to'et#er innocent civilians wit# enemy com1atants, women and c#ildren wit# wanted terrorist leaders& From t#es+y, diferences amon' $eo$le may 1e less detecta1le, or$er#a$s more accuratelyt#e motivations to ma+e suc#0ne)'rained distinctions may 1e attenuated in t#e drive to en'a'e t#e enemy& !(T-3e #ave already seen evidencet#at similar racialised mar'inalisation as well as class, 'ender and $olitical mar'inalisation is occurrin' in relation to

AS surveillance in civil a$$lications& Furt#ermore, t#e $otential *or ASs to carry wea$ons raisesmore immediate sa*ety and et#ical concerns a1out t#e ri'#t to li*e & Accordin' toPrisonPlanet&com, t#e deat# toll *rom non)let#al =asers in t#e S is more t#an "( $eo$le,!(< w#ic# 3all andona#an $redict could *urt#er t#e violent de#umaniation and non)diferentiation o* AS devices&!!( =#us,

des$ite a$$arent tec#nolo'ical neutrality, t#e ne'ative et#ical im$acts o* ASdevices are li+ely to *all dis$ro$ortionately on mar'inalised $o$ulations &-

Drones pose a threat to constitutional privac" rights

%uKngton Post 15 5u'ene Q& C#ow, writer *or t#e 4uOn'ton Post, *ormer 56ecutive 5ditor,4omeland Security News3ire& 4ello Drones, Good1ye Privacy, 4uOn'ton Post, ((V!2tt$%wwwuOn'ton$ost&comeu'ene)+)c#owdomestic)drone)surveillanceJ1J!2"tml KCM

A *uture w#ere unmanned surveillance drones i$ t#rou'# t#e s+ies +ee$in' ta1s on civilians is no lon'er rele'ated

to dysto$ic novels&=#e $ano$ticon #as arrived and $rivacy ri'#ts are in dan'er & /n lesst#an t#ree mont#s, t#e Federal Aviation Administration KFAAM will allow lawen*orcement a'encies to o$erate drones in &S& airs$ace, and 1y 2(!", commercialdrones will 1e $ermitted as well& ore trou1lin'ly, t#e in+ #as #ardly dried on t#e new FAA re'ulationsand Penta'on oOcials are already $us#in' to .y t#e same $ower*ul military drones
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eugene-k-chow/domestic-drone-surveillance_b_1324546.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/eugene-k-chow/domestic-drone-surveillance_b_1324546.html


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t#at trac+ terrorists a1road in t#e nited States &3it# t#ese aircra*t #overin' a1ove our #eads,$rivacy is at ris+ as drone tec#nolo'y #as *ar out$aced t#e develo$ment o* corres$ondin' re'ulatory laws&

Drones )) as small as #ummin'1irds and as lar'e as t#e !!)*oot win's$an Glo1al4aw+ )) can #over *or #ours silently o1servin' individuals wit# advancedsurveillance tools li+e t#ermal sensors, cell)$#one eavesdro$$in' devices, 3i)Finetwor+ #ac+in' tools, and so$#isticated video tec# nolo'y li+e t#e military>s Gor'on

Stare, w#ic# can o1serve an entire city *rom multi$le an'les and trac+ severaltar'ets at once&For t#e most $art, w#en t#ese #i'#)tec# surveillance tools #ave 1een c#allen'ed in court,Budicial rulin's #ave lar'ely erred on t#e side o* law en*orcement a'encies over individual ri'#ts& 9Citiens do not'enerally enBoy a reasona1le e6$ectation o* $rivacy in $u1lic, nor even in t#e $ortions o* t#eir $ro$erty visi1le *roma $u1lic vanta'e,9 writes Ryan Calo, t#e director *or Privacy and Ro1otics at Stan*ord niversity>s Center *or /nternetand Society& 9Neit#er t#e Constitution nor common law a$$ears to $ro#i1it $olice or t#e media *rom routinelyo$eratin' surveillance drones in ur1an and ot#er environments&9 As evidence, Calo $oints to a !s o1Bections& 93e didn>t as+ *or t#em,9 and t#e a'ency lac+s t#e resourcesand man$ower to even .y t#e additional surveillance ve#icles, said an anonymous D4S oOcial s$ea+in' to t#e HosAn'eles =imes& /n Bust seven years, drones #ave come to account *or nearly one)t#ird o* t#e military>s aircra*t& /n2((", only " $ercent o* military air$lanes were unmanned, 1ut now t#e Penta'on owns nearly V,"(( drones& As t#ewars in /ra8 and A*'#anistan wind down, muc# o* t#e military>s .eet will 1e returnin' to t#e nited States and it isdou1t*ul t#at t#e $lanes will sit idly in #an'ars& /* recent trends are any indication, military drone .i'#ts could 1e

comin' sooner t#an we t#in+& D4S already .ies Predator drones alon' t#e 1order and isentertainin' t#e notion o* out0ttin' its .eet wit# military)'rade visual sensors,w#ic# can see as muc# as *our s8uare miles at once& 5ven i* t#ese drones are onlyde$loyed at 1orders and air$orts, t#ose are still areas w#ere &S& citiens live and

are $rotected 1y t#e Constitution& Furt#ermore, wit# more and more militarytec#nolo'y 1ein' sold to local $olice de$artments, it is only a matter o* time 1e*oret#ese intrusive sensors ma+e t#eir way to our nei'#1or#oods& Drones #ave t#eir le'itimateuses )) t#ey can #el$ 0rst res$onders searc# *or missin' $ersons, *armers can use t#em to s$ot irri'ation lea+s, and

re$orters can use t#em to 'at#er news )) 1ut as an emer'in' tec#nolo'y t#at is lar'elyunre'ulated, we must care*ully monitor #ow and w#at t#ey are used *or to ensuret#at our $ersonal *reedoms are $rotected&


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Drones )ad&/odi;es )ehavior

Drones have a #oucaultian impact on 'ehavior

#inn and $right, Trilateral esearch Consulting,15

Rac#el, David, researc# and advisory consultancy 1rin'in' to'et#er strate'y,tec#nolo'y and $olicy, s$ecialies in researc# and t#e $rovision o* strate'ic, $olicyand re'ulatory advice on new tec#nolo'ies, $rivacy, trust, ris+ and security issues,nmanned aircra*t systems% Surveillance, et#ics and $rivacy in civil a$$lications,Com$uter Haw and Security Review, 2!2,#tt$%www&sciencedirect&comsciencearticle$iiS(2V

&& Privacy-Privacy emer'es as a +ey civil li1erties concern in relation to t#ede$loyment o* ASs& Policy)ma+ers and law en*orcement a'encies #ave attem$tedtomiti'ate concerns a1out $rivacy 1y claimin' t#at AS devices are no diferent *rom a ran'eo* e6istin' surveillance systems, suc# as CC= or #elico$ter surveillance& 3#ile t#is may 1e1roadly true, t#e ar'ument does not address t#e current com$le6ity o* AS systemsw#ic# may used li+e 06ed CC= cameras in some situations or li+e #elico$ters in ot#er situations, nor does it

address t#e li+ely *uture develo$ments in AS ca$a1ilities or $ayloads &-Some Bournalists#ave relayed worries a1out t#e distinct lac+ o* concern a1out t#e $otential *or civil li1erties intrusions 1y ASs&Nevins 8uotes Ste$#en Gra#am, Pro*essor o* Cities and Society at Newcastle niversity, w#o says t#at 1roaderconcern a1out t#e re'ulation and control o* drone surveillance o* @ritis# civilian li*e #as 1een nota1le 1y its

a1sence&!!! 5vidence *rom $roBects on ASs su''ests t#at t#e *ocus o* we1 materials,re$orts and delivera1les is on t#e tec#nical ca$a1ilities and $otential a$$lications o*ASs and t#ey only mention $rivacy in $assin'&!!2 Similarly, w#en discussin' t#e revocation o*t#e HA s#erif?s licence to de$loy ASs, Qillam 1rie.y mentions ACH concerns a1out t#e surveillance o* $rivatecitiens&!!-Eet some Bournalists and ot#er sta+e#olders #ave made concerted eforts to raise $rivacy issues in

relation to ASs& A re$ort in =#e 5conomist notes t#at As can $ee+ muc# more easily andc#ea$ly t#an satellites and 06ed cameras can^ t#ey can #over almost silentlya1ove a $ro$erty and t#at t#e tiny ones t#at are comin' will 1e a1le to .y inside1uildin's& !!=#e 5conomist also 8uotes an FAA s$o+esman w#o stated t#at /t smac+s o* @i' @rot#er i* every

time you loo+ u$ t#ere?s a 1u' loo+in' at you& !!" 5P/C notes t#at As 'ive t#e S *ederal'overnment a new ca$a1ility to monitor citiens clandestinely and states t#at t#ecosts o* t#ese ve#icles may outwei'# t#e 1ene0ts & !! Hi 4ull o* =#e Daily ail descri1es ASsas a worryin' e6tension o* @i' @rot#er @ritain, !!V w#ile Sia in Con'ress Daily re$orts t#at t#e SenateArmed Services Committee C#airman ac+nowled'ed t#at ASs are 8uite intrusive !!T& 7t#er Bournalists #ave noted t#at s$eci0c victims o* t#e mass de$loyment o* ASs in civil air s$ace could 1e

cele1rities su1Bect to $a$arai drones& !!


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in t#e Q, senior $olice oOcials #ave ar'ued t#at unmanned aircra*t are no more intrusive t#an CC= cameras and*ar c#ea$er to run t#an #elico$ters& !2 Similarly, in relation to re$orts t#at Goo'le #as ac8uired a AS, Dillowar'ues t#at alt#ou'# addin' an aerial surveillance drone to t#e mi6 could stir t#e ire o* $rivacy advocates, :i;t?stou'# to ma+e a case t#at s#ootin' $#otos on a $u1lic street is an invasion o* $rivacy&


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Drones )ad&/inorities

Surveillance drones have a disproportionate impact on theprivac" o marginaliHed populations

#inn and $right, Trilateral esearch Consulting,15Rac#el, David, researc# and advisory consultancy 1rin'in' to'et#er strate'y,tec#nolo'y and $olicy, s$ecialies in researc# and t#e $rovision o* strate'ic, $olicyand re'ulatory advice on new tec#nolo'ies, $rivacy, trust, ris+ and security issues,nmanned aircra*t systems% Surveillance, et#ics and $rivacy in civil a$$lications,Com$uter Haw and Security Review, 2!2,#tt$%www&sciencedirect&comsciencearticle$iiS(2V

uc# criti8ue surroundin' t#e introduction o* surveillance tec#nolo'ies suc# asASs, or t#eir e6$ansion *rom military to civil a$$lications, #as centred on civil li1erties concerns& Privacyre$resents a +ey *ramewor+ t#rou'# w#ic# surveillance tec#nolo'ies, and $articularly new surveillance!T tec#nolo'ies, arecriti8ued,!< alt#ou'# sc#olars #ave #ad diOculty in a'reein' on a $recise conce$tualisation& 3#itman descri1ed $rivacy, im$ortantt#ou'# it may 1e, as an unusually sli$$ery conce$t,2( w#ile Solove, more recently, #as said t#at $rivacy is a conce$t in disarray&No1ody can articulate w#at it means&2! Alt#ou'# a widely acce$ted de0nition o* $rivacy remains elusive, t#ere #as 1een rat#er

more consensus on a reco'nition t#at $rivacy com$rises multi$le dimensions, w#ic# $rivacy 'uruRo'er Clar+e s$eci0ed as $rivacy o* t#e $erson, $rivacy o* $ersonal data, $rivacy o*$ersonal 1e#aviour and $rivacy o* $ersonal communication&22 Similarly, Solove asserts t#at$rivacy is 1est understood as a *amily o* diferent yet related t#in's&2 7ne as$ect o* t#is *amily is data $rotection, w#ere somelaw)ma+ers #ave attem$ted to use data $rotection le'islation to miti'ate concerns around t#e efects o* surveillance& 4owever, Hyonar'ues t#at data $rotection is diOcult to connect to a 1asic #uman ri'#t, and t#us is $ro1lematic as an over)arc#in' civil li1erties

$rotection *ramewor+&2-Hyon ar'ues t#at $rivacy is also inade8uate to ca$ture all o* t#e ne'ative efects o* surveillance, sinceot#er civil li1erties concerns, in addition to $rivacy, are im$licated in newtec#nolo'ies o* surveillance&2" For e6am$le, t#e use o* surveillance tec#nolo'ies mayin#i1it individuals? *reedom o* assem1ly or *reedom o* e6$ression due to a c#illin'efect t#at discoura'es individual $artici$ation in social movements or $u1licdissent activities&2 /n relation to $ro0lin' via data minin', Sc#reurs et al& discuss a ri'#t o* non)discrimination wit#in t#e*ramewor+ o* t#e 5uro$ean Convention on 4uman Ri'#ts&2V Suc# $otential *or discrimination is $articularly im$ortant^ Coleman and

cCa#ill ar'ue t#at t#e use o* surveillance tec#nolo'ies o*ten rein*orces e6istin' social$ositions, $articularly $ositions o* mar'inalisation alon' t#e lines o* race, class,'ender, se6uality and a'e&2T Surveillance tec#nolo'ies may im$in'e u$onindividuals? *reedom o* movement, in a clear e6am$le o* Hyon?s notion o* social sortin'& Suc# lin+a'es 1etweensocial $osition and movement are noted 1y Gra#am and 3ood2< and Finn and cCa#ill(, w#ere di'italisedsurveillance systems ena1le a $rivile'ed mo1ility *or some individuals Ke&'&, t#e use o* irisscannin' systems to 1y$ass immi'ration 8ueuesM w#ile mar'inalised individuals 0nd t#eir mo1ility*urt#er restrictedK*or e6am$le, 1y *alse $ositive matc#es wit# individuals on no .y lists, or w#ere individuals w#o re*use1ody scans at air$orts are $revented *rom .yin'!M& =#is restriction on *reedom o* movement can dis$ro$ortionately im$act some'rou$s o* already mar'inalised travellers, suc# as uslim women, *or w#om reli'ious restrictions on modesty $revent $artici$ationin 1ody scannin' systems&2 /n addition to t#ese civil li1erties concerns around t#e ne'ative efects on individuals, Hyon reminds ust#at, via t#e /nternational =reaty on 4uman Ri'#ts, individuals also #ave a ri'#t to security&


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AT3 States CP


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5AC States CP&States #ail

State la*s are spott", vague, and repetitive3oolery, P#&D& student and Roy 4& Par+ Fellow in t#e Sc#ool o* Lournalism and assCommunication, !

Hi, an aOliate *ellow at New America?s 7$en =ec#nolo'y /nstitute, w#ere s#e was a2(! Goo'le Policy Fellow, Not 3aitin' *or t#e FAA, Nort# Carolina and < 7t#erStates 5nacted Drone Haws in 2(!, NC Center *or edia Haw and Policy,!2!T!, #tt$%medialaw&unc&edu2(!!2not)waitin')*or)t#e)*aa)nort#)carolina)and)


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5AC States CP&Perm )oth

Perm do 'oth - preemption solves

Ja*B6, 1?

Haw(, ay State And Hocal Gov>t Control How)Flyin' Drones, Port*olio edia/nc&, !2!,#tt$%www&mo*o&commediaFilesArticles2(!!2!!2(ayStateHocalGovControlDrones&$d*From a le'al $ers$ective, t#ese 8uestions lar'ely de$end on w#et#er t#e FAA?s aut#ority and t#e manner in w#ic# it

is e6ercised is determined to $reem$t t#e #istorical state and local $owers to $rotect residents& Preem$tion8uestions o*ten arise w#en 1ot# si'ni0cant *ederal interests and wei'#ty localinterests con.ict& =#e re'ulation o* drone activity is a clear case o* suc# $otentialcon.ict& Alt#ou'# t#e FAA #as yet to issue its notice o* $ro$osed rulema+in' *or small AS, at least one$etition #as already 1een 0led re8uestin' t#at t#e antici$ated NPR include ane6$ress $reem$tion clause&=#is is not sur$risin' 'iven t#e interests at sta+e^ dronemanuacturers, suppliers, and operators *ant a uniorm ederal standard

to a'ide '", not a patch*or< o state regulations that ma" 'e morerestrictive than the ederal rame*or


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5AC States CP&AT3 Spill-Up

#ederal la* in the area o drone regulation has long 'eenunderstood to pre-empt state la*

Silversmith 1BLol A& Silversmit# is a mem1er o* t#e District o* Colum1ia @ar,t#e assac#usetts @ar and t#e aryland @ar& r& Silversmit# serves as a Directorand t#e Secretary o* t#e Greater 3as#in'ton @usiness Aviation Association and is amem1er o* t#e National @usiness Aviation Association>s Access Committee& /n ay2(!, #e was a reci$ient o* N@AA?s Sil+ Scar* Award, reco'niin' #is contri1utions tot#e 1usiness aviation community& Eou Can?t Re'ulate =#is% State Re'ulation o* t#ePrivate se o* nmanned Aircra*t#tt$%www&american1ar&or'contentdama1a$u1licationsairJs$aceJlawyer2(!Jdecem1erASHJ2NJ3/N=5R!JSilversmit#&aut#c#ec+dam&$d*M

The U.S. Constitution provides that ederal la*s are the Rsupreme la* othe land.Q n the context o aviation, the doctrine o ;eld preemption&that state action is preempted 'ecause Congress intended to occup" the

entire regulator" ;eld&has 'een held '" man" courts to generall" prohi'itstate regulation o aircrat saet" and operations&T nderlyin' t#is $osition ist#at t#e &S& 'overnment 1y statute #as e6clusive soverei'nty o* airs$ace o* t#enited States&< As t#e Su$reme Court e6$lained more t#an ( years a'o in an o$inion invalidatin' a locallyim$osed cur*ew on aircra*t noise, a uni*orm and e6clusive system o* *ederal re'ulation isre8uired i* t#e con'ressional o1Bectives underlyin' t#e Federal Aviation Act are to1e *ul0lled&!( =#us, in t#e conte6t o* aviation, *ederal $reem$tion lon' #as 1eenunderstood to swee$ wit# a wide 1room&!!

States use pre-emption to model ederal la*s an"*a"

Oeorgia State Universit" Ja* evie* 1?=#e Geor'ia State niversityColle'e o* Haw is an ur1an law sc#ool located in downtown Atlanta, Geor'ia&Founded in !


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states to re'ulate&" Alt#ou'# t#e amount and sco$e o* aviation re'ulations a$$ear to 1e vast,"" t#e courts#ave determined t#at t#ere remains room *or state laws de$endin' on t#e $ervasiveness o* t#e re'ulations in t#at$articular area wit#in aviation&"


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AT3 Ptx


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Jin< Turn

The Drones Surveillance Program is popular in politics

Dillo* !5B!1(-Clay, writer a1out tec#nolo'y, aeros$ace, and de*ense K/s

Con'ress> new drone sa*ety act an innovation +illerM#tt$%*ortune&com2(!"(2con'ress)drone)sa*etyDate Accessed Luly 2! 2(!"

=#e $ro$osed Consumer Drone Sa*ety Act calls *or more 'uidelines a1out w#en andw#ere drones can .y in t#e &S& 3it# a wealt# o* aeros$ace en'ineerin' talentlocated in t#e sout# and Silicon alley?s so*tware $ro'rammin' talent u$ nort#,Cali*ornia #as 8uietly 'rown into a #u1 *or t#e 'rowin' &S& drone industry& @ut,some in t#e industry are worried t#at a 1ill $ut *ort# 1y Cali*ornia?s own Sen& DianneFeinstein could $us# t#e 1ra+es on innovation 1y $lacin' onerous restrictions onconsumer drone tec#nolo'ies& nder $ressure *rom Feinstein, t#e FAA recentlyreleased data s#owin' !


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$assed into law& @esides 8uestions a1out tec#nolo'ical *easi1ility, industryadvocates also worry t#at suc# a $olicy would +ill innovation in a new industryt#at?s $redicted to 1e wort# tens o* 1illions to American com$anies over t#e ne6tdecade& /* you were to incor$orate all o* t#ese tec#nolo'ies on consumer drones, /don?t +now i* t#ey would 1e aforda1le anymore, Sc#ulman says& And t#at?s 'oin'to $ut a lot o* t#ese new startu$s out o* 1usiness& =#ese startu$s ran'e *rom any

num1er o* small, crowd*unded drone ma+ers to 'rowin' commercial ventures wit#millions in venture 1ac+in' and revenues li+e DL/, France)1ased Parrot, or Siliconalley?s own D Ro1otics KDRM& For a com$any li+e DR t#at #as sta+ed its 1usinessmodel on an o$en $lat*orm t#at encoura'es users to tin+er wit# its $roducts?so*tware and #ardware, t#e 1ill?s anti)tam$erin' $rovisions are dou1ly dama'in'&Suc# restrictions would drive u$ develo$ment and manu*acturin' costs as well assti.e innovation amon' t#e com$any?s users& =#e onus to create sa*e consumerdrones does *all on t#e industry, says Lesse Qallman, director o* 1usinessdevelo$ment and re'ulatory afairs *or Airware, a San Francisco)1ased startu$*ocused on t#e so*tware side o* commercial drones& @ut, in many res$ects, t#eindustry is already doin' many o* t#e t#in's t#e 1ill mandates wit#out su1Bectin'itsel* to 1urdensomeand somew#at mis'uidedtec#nolo'y im$eratives& / t#in+ a

lot o* t#e res$onsi1ility does *all on t#e manu*acturers, and we do need to t#in+a1out sa*ety *rom t#e very 1e'innin' and 1a+e it into t#e $roduct, Qallman says&So, / t#in+ t#ere are 1ene0ts to t#is 1ill in terms o* creatin' a sa*ety mentality&@ut, #e adds, t#ere are several as$ects o* t#e 1ill t#at are 'oin' to 1e tou'# toim$lement and en*orce, es$ecially *or t#e FAA w#ose 1ud'et and man$ower arealready stretc#ed very t#in& =#e lar'er $ro1lem, #e says, is t#e wide availa1ility o*t#e tec#nolo'y and t#e relatively narrow sco$e o* o$$ortunities *or new users toeducate t#emselves& /t?s a new mar+et, it?s really easy to 'et your #ands on t#isstuf, and users aren?t educated, Qallman says& 5ducation is t#e 1i''est t#in' wecan do *or t#e industry& /m$osin' a 1unc# o* tec#nolo'y restrictions doesn?t ma+esense in a lot o* cases& Some o* t#e tec#nolo'ies t#at t#e 1ill would re8uiremanu*acturers include in t#eir $roducts are still in t#eir in*ancy, says Hisa 5llman,Co)C#air o* t#e Glo1al AS Practice at t#e 3as#in'ton, D&C& oOce o* law 0rm 4o'anHovells& =#e le'al e6$ert, w#o also was a one)time $olicy advisor to t#e 71amaadministration says, t#at t#e 1ill, i* $assed, could derail t#e develo$ment o* t#e verytec#nolo'ies it?s $ressin' t#e industry *or& =#is ty$e o* disconnect 1etween'overnment oOcials and t#e industry, $er#a$s, 1est em1odies t#e on'oin're'ulatory con.ict t#at?s ta+in' $lace in t#e drone industry t#ese days& =#e droneindustry #as *ormed its own lo11yin' 'rou$, t#e Small A Coalition, w#ic# includessuc# dee$)$oc+eted 1ac+ers as Amaon and Goo'le KAirware, Airma$, DL/, and DRare all also mem1ersM to re$resent its side o* t#e ar'ument on Ca$itol 4ill& 4owefective t#e industry is at $us#in' $ro)re'ulation le'islators li+e Sen& Feinsteintoward a middle 'round will #ave a lot o* im$act on w#at t#e *uture &S& droneindustry loo+s li+e& /?m in a'reement wit# t#e s$irit o* t#e 1ill, 5llman says& @ut1ein' $rescri$tive a1out w#at tec#nolo'ies manu*acturers s#ould include are t#in'st#at industry and $olicy ma+ers are already wor+in' on now, and it doesn?t ma+esense to 'et in t#e way o* t#at& 3e want to en*orce sa*ety wit#out in#i1itin'innovation&

Drone securit" legislation popular

Salant, $ashington correspondent or >@ Advance /edia, 1(


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Lonat#an, award)winnin' $olitical re$orter and *ormer $resident o* t#e NationalPress Clu1, Drone 1ill is 0rst 1y N&L& Re$& 3atson Coleman to $ass t#e &S& 4ouse,2!", NL News,#tt$%www&nB&com$oliticsinde6&ss*2(!"(*res#manJre$JwatsonJcolemanJseesJ0rstJ1illJ$assJutml

Fres#man &S& Re$& @onnie 3atson Coleman on =uesday won 4ouse a$$roval o*le'islation see+in' a study on w#et#er t#e $rivate use o* unmanned aircra*t could$ose security t#reats, #er 0rst 1ill to $ass t#e c#am1er& 9Drone tec#nolo'y #olds 'reat $romise, wit#si'ni0cant social and economic 1ene0ts not yet *ully realied,9 3atson Coleman KD)!2t# Dist&M, t#e to$ Democrat ont#e 4ouse 4omeland Security oversi'#t su1committee, said on t#e 4ouse .oor durin' de1ate on t#e 1ill& 94owever,

'iven t#e ra$id 'rowt# in t#e domestic drone mar+et, it is im$ortant t#at we identi*yand #ave strate'ies to miti'ate t#e associated security ris+s &9 /n Lanuary, a drone went ofcourse and cras#ed on t#e 3#ite 4ouse 'rounds, evadin' radar set to detect muc# la

drone regs aff and neg - northwestern 2015 sophomores

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