drugs: analysis
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Drugs: Analysis. Summary. Analysis of Chemical Drugs Instrumental Examination Botanical Examination. Chemical Examination. White Powder or Pills. What are they?. Drugs > Chemical Exam. 3 steps in processing unknown chemicals:. Screening step. Sample preparation step. Confirmatory test. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Drugs: Analysis
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Summary
Analysis of Chemical Drugs Instrumental Examination Botanical Examination
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Chemical Examination
White Powder or Pills
What are they?
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3 steps in processing unknown chemicals:
Screening step
Sample preparation step
Confirmatory test
Drugs > Chemical Exam
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Color Test
Small amount of chemical in spot plate
Drop of color changing reagent added
Color change noted
Drugs > Chemical Exam > Screening
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Color Test
Several tests done at same time.
Adulterants or diluents may affect color
Drugs > Chemical Exam > Screening
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Microcrystal Test
Small amount of sample dissolved in solution.
Test reagent added; contains another chemical that reacts with drug.
Insoluble crystal formed.
Drugs > Chemical Exam > Screening
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Microcrystal Test
Shape of crystal suggests type of drug.
Impurities may cause unusual crystal formation.
Drugs > Chemical Exam > Screening
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Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
Dot of drug placed at bottom of paper or thin silica plate
Bottom dipped in solvent; solvent diffuses up plate
Solvent carries drug up paper; distance depends on drug
Drugs > Chemical Exam > Screening
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Different solvents result in different distances
Some systems include color change components
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
Drugs > Chemical Exam > Screening
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UV Spectroscopy
Sample dissolved in liquid; placed in cuvette.
A range of UV light wavelengths are passed through solution.
Some light will pass through; some light will be absorbed
Drugs > Chemical Exam > Screening
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UV Spectroscopy
Different drugs create a different pattern
Drugs > Chemical Exam > Screening
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Gas Chromatography
Similar to TLC; different chemicals will move at different rates through a capillary.
Drugs > Chemical Exam > Screening
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Gas Chromatography
The time it takes to pass through the capillary gives an indication of which drug it is.
Drugs > Chemical Exam > Screening
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Botanical Examination
With botanical evidence, additional steps can be added to the screening process.
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Marijuana
Macroscopic Exam: Leaf and stem structure
Microscopic Exam: Tiny hairs on leaf surface
Drugs > Botanical Exam
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Marijuana (Resin ID)
Color test:Tests for chemical THC
TLC:Tests for chemical THC
Drugs > Botanical Exam
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Peyote
Macroscopic Exam:Look for cotton-like tufts
Test for alkaloids:TLC & Gas chromatography
Confirming mescaline not necessary
Drugs > Botanical Exam
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Mushrooms
Macroscopic Exam:Can identify mushrooms that contain psilocybin
Screen for psilocybin:
Color test, TLC, and UV spectroscopy
Confirmed with MS and IR spec (later slides)
Drugs > Botanical Exam
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Screening Summary
All screening tests give an indication of what the drug is.
Since some drugs behave alike during screening tests, confirmation of the drug type is needed.
Drugs
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Sample Preparation
In many cases, the identity of the drug must be confirmed for prosecution.
Before identification, it must be separated from other chemicals in the mixture
Drugs
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Sample Preparation (Separation)
1. Physical Separation: particles are separated based on microscopic appearance.
2. Dry Wash or Dry Extraction
Dry Wash: Liquid dissolves adulterants; solid drug left behind
Dry Extraction: Liquid dissolves drug; solid adulterants left behind
Drugs > Sample Preparation
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Sample Preparation (Separation)
3. Liquid/Liquid Extraction: Entire sample dissolved in aqueous (water)
liquid Organic liquid (oil-like) mixed with solution Organic liquid removes adulterants Sample remains in aqueous layer
Drugs > Sample Preparation
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Confirmation Techniques
Confirmation identifies the specific type of drug.
Heroin?
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Mass Spectroscopy
MS will smash a molecule into pieces and measure the mass of the pieces.
Every drug will break in a unique way, creating a unique amount of pieces.
Drugs > Confirmation
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Mass Spectroscopy
Drugs > Confirmation
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Infrared Spectroscopy
Similar to UV spectroscopy, except a range of infrared light wavelengths are passed through a sample.
Some light passes through; some light is absorbed.
Drugs > Confirmation
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Infrared Spectroscopy
Different drugs = different patterns Pattern is specific to one drug
Drugs > Confirmation