dustavrana rs021 gdg
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PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF VRANA RAKSHASA TAILA AND ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON KAPHAJA DUSTA VRANA, RAVINDRA G. NANDI , Department of rasashastra, Post graduate studies and research center, Shri D. G. Melmalagi Ayurvedic Medical College, GadagTRANSCRIPT
“ PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF VRANA
RAKSHASA TAILA AND ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY ON KAPHAJA
DUSTA VRANA ”
By
DR.RAVINDRA G. NANDI.
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA,
BANGALORE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF
AYURVEDA VACHASPATI M.D
In
RASASHASTRA
GUIDE CO-GUIDE DR.M.C.PATIL DR. JAGADEESH G MITTI.
M.D.(Ayu) M.D.(Ayu) Prof & Head of the Department, Lecturer.
Department of Rasashastra. Department of Rasashastra. DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA, POST GRADUATE STUDIES & RESEARCH CENTER,
D.G.M. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL, GADAG –582103
2006-2009
Post Graduate, Research Center, D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103
Department of Post Graduate Studies in RASASHASTRA
J.S.V.V. SAMITE’S
DECLARATION
I here by declare that this dissertation entitled “ PREPARATION, PHYSICO-
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS VRANA RAKSHASA TAILA AND ITS CLINICAL
EFFICACY IN KAPHAJA DUSTA VRANA ” is a bonafide and genuine research
work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr.M.C.Patil. Professor & HOD,
Department of Post Graduate Studies in Rasashastra, D. G. M Ayurvedic Medical
College, Gadag –582103
Dr. RAVINDRA G. NANDI. P.G.Schalor, Dept. of Rasashastra, Post Graduate, Research Center, D.G.M Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103
Date:
Place: Gadag.
Department of Post graduate Studies in RASASHASTRA
Post Graduate, Research Center, D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103
J.S.V.V. SAMITE’S
CERTIFICATE
I here by declare that this dissertation entitled “PREPARATION, PHYSICO-
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF VRANA RAKSHASA TAILA AND ITS CLINICAL
EFFICACY IN KAPHAJA DUSTA VRANA ” is a bonafide and genuine
research work done by Dr.Ravindra G. Nandi. in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D) in Rasashastra of
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.
Date:
Place: Gadag.
Guide Dr.M.C.Patil. M.D(AYU) Pof & Head of the department Rasashastra, Post Graduate, Research Center D.G.M. Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103
Department of Post graduate Studies in RASASHASTRA
D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College & Post Graduate, Research Center Gadag –582103 Dist: Gadag
J.S.V.V. SAMITE’S
CERTIFICATE
I here by declare that this dissertation entitled “ PREPARATION, PHYSICO-
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF VRANA RAKSHASA TAILA AND ITS CLINICAL
EFFICACY IN KAPHAJA DUSTA VRANA ” is a bonafide and genuine
research work done by Dr. Ravindra G. Nandi in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D) in Rasashastra of
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.
Date:
Place: Gadag.
Co-Guide Dr. JAGADEESH G. MITTI. M.D. Lecturer Rasashastra Post Graduate, Research Center D.G.M. Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103
ENDORSMENT BY THE HOD, PRINCIPAL / HEAD OF THE
INSTITUTATION
J.S.V.V. SAMITE’S
ENDORSEMENT
I here by declare that this dissertation entitled “ PREPARATION, PHYSICO-
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF VRANA RAKSHASA TAILA AND ITS CLINICAL
EFFICACY IN KAPHAJA DUSTA VRANA ” is a bonafide and genuine
research work done by Dr.Ravindra G. Nandi under the guidence of
Dr.M.C.Patil Professor, HOD Department of Post Graduate Studies &
Dr.JAGADEESH G. MITTI Lecturer, Department of Rasashastra, Post
Graduate Studies in D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College, Gadag.
Seal & Signature of the HOD. Date:
Seal & Signature of the
Principal:
Date:
Place:
Place: Gadag.
COPYRIGHT
I here by declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,
Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this
dissertation in print or electronic format for academic / research purpose.
Date:
Place: Gadag
Dr. . Ravindra G. Nandi P.G.Schalor, Dept. of Rasashastra, Post Graduate, Research Center, D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I Salute to God, My father shri Gangadhar M. Nandi & mother smt
Sulochana is the only Inspiration. This work carries some sweat memories to express
& record about some distinguished personalities by whom I had been inspired during
the course of this thesis.
I deserve my respectful greetings in the lotus feet of Jagadguru Shri.
Abhinava Shivanandmahaswamiji to his holiness and divine blessings.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to my respected guide
Prof.Dr.M.C.Patil. MD(Ayu) Head of Dept. of RS, DGMAMC & PGSRC, Gadag. He
has been very kind to guide me in the preparation of thesis & for who extraordinary
efforts, tremendous encouragement & most valuable thought provoking critical
suggestions, made me to complete this work.
I am extremely greatful & obliged to my co-guide Dr.Jagadeesh
G.Mitti MD(Ayu). Lecturer in Rasashastra, PG studies & Research center
DGMAMC, Gadag, for patiently going through the draft of thesis & correcting with
precious remarks which have been very useful.
I am extremely greatful & obliged to Dr.M D Samudri MS(Ayu).
Lecturer in Shalyatantra, PG studies & Research center DGMAMC, Gadag,for his
valuable and ablest suggestions in completion of my research work.
I am thankful to Dr.G.B.Patil principal, DGMAMC,
PGSRC,Gadag, for providing all necessary facilities for this research work.
I wish to convey thanks to my teacher Prof.Dr.R.K.Gachchinamath
HOD,Rasashastra dept,(UG) DGMAMC, Gadag, for being kind & affectionate
through his valuable suggestions & advises.
I dedicate my thesis work to my teacher late Dr. Dilipkumar B. MD
(Ayu). for kind advise encouragement during the study.
I solute my friend late Dr.Shivakumar somalapurfor his kind co-operation.
I acknowledge the valuable help given to me by Dr.Girish
danappagouder MD (Ayu)Asist proffesors.
I wish to convey thanks to Dr.Suvarna nidagundi M D (Ayu),
Dr.Shashikant Nidagundi MD(Ayu) Lecturer, Dr.yasminA.phanipandM.D(Ayu),
Dr.kubersank,Dr.santoshbelavadi,Dr.jayarajbasarigidada,Dr.shakuntalagaravada,
Dr.G.S.Hiremath ,Dr.r.v.shetter, Dr.U.V.Purada, Dr.S.A.Patil,,Dr.paraddi for their
support during my PG study.
I am very much greatfull to the support &motivation of my P G
studies brother in law shri.G.M.Palled. & my sister smt Geeta & son in law,
Nandeesh.
I extend my immense pleasure to my loving sisters smt
Bharati,smt Mangala,&brother in law shri Somashekhar,shri Sureesh.son in laws
Sandesh,Malatesh, Manoja. Daughter in law Shardha,Nishita.
I wish to convey thanks to all UG & PG lectures of DGMAMC,
Gadag, for their timely help & constant co-operation during my PG work.
I sincerely thank my beloved friend Dr. kavita, Dr saravamangala
DrAnupama.
I thank to seniors Dr.kattimani, Dr. Sharanu, Dr.Rudrakshi, Dr.Jayashree,Dr.suma
Dr.Ashok for their deep co-operation and involvement in the study.
I sincerely thank my beloved classmates Dr. Nataraj c, Dr.Adarsh,
Dr. UdayGanesh.B ,Dr pasanna joshi.,Dr.Ishwar patil for their deep co-operation
and involvement in the study.
I am also thankful to scholars of PG Dept. of Rasashastra & other
P.G Dept who have directly or indirectly helps my thesis work. & Expected their co-
operation & support during my PG work.
I am glad to express my heartiest thanks to Dr. jeetenda,.Dr.praveen
palled, Dr.jadhav,Dr.Deepa ,Dr.Mahantaswamy, pharmacy college Bagalkot,
helped me in carrying out analytical works, and for giving kind suggestions.
I wish to convey my thanks to beloved librarian, Sri.
V.M.Mundinamani, Asst. Shavi, Kerur for providing many valuable references in the
study. I am thankful to Sri. B.S.Tippanagouda, Lab technician, who extended this co-
operation in investigations.
I tender my sincere thanks to DrAshok patil,who helped me in the
time of statistical evaluation & results.
I wish to thank the physicians, House surgeons, Hospital staff, nurses
& non teaching staff for their timely assistance in completion of this work.
Let me express my thanks to all patients, those were on trial for their
consent for enrolling in this clinical study & obedience to advises.
I am highly indebted to my beloved parents, sisters & other family
members for their love & affection rendered through out my career.
I express my thanks to all the persons who have helped me directly &
indirectly.
Gadag
October 2008 Dr:Ravindra G .Nandi
ABBREVIATION
1. R.T - Rasa Tarangini
2. R.R.S - Rasa ratna Samuchchaya
3. R.P.S - Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara.
4 A.P - Ayurveda Prakash
5. R.M - Rasamritam
6. R.J - Rasa Jala Nidhi
7. R.Chu - Rasendra Chudamani
8. B.R - Bhisajya Ratnavali.
9. K.N - Kaideva Nighantu
10. M.N - Madanapala Nighantu
11. R.N - Raja Nighantu
12. B.P - Bhava Prakasha Nighantu
13. D.N - Dhanvantari Nighantu
14. Ch.S - Charaka Samhita
15. S.S - Sushruta Samhita
16. A.S - Ashtanga Sangraha
17. A.H - Ashtanga Hridaya
18. B.S – Bela Samhita
19. H.S – Harita Samhita
20. K.S – Kashapa Samhita
21. Y.R - Yogaratnakar
22. D.S - Das surgery.
23. B.T – Before treatment
24. A.T – After treatment
25. _ Not mentioned.
26. + Mentioned
LIST OF TABLES
Sl.N0. Topic Page. No.
1) Heating Pattern of Taila 08
2) Synonyms of Parada 16
3) Bheda of Parada on Varna 17
4) Bheda of Parada on uttapatti stana 17
5) Synonyms of Gandhaka 22
6) Shodhana dravya according to different authorities 23
7) Ashudha manashila sevana dosha 32
8) Manashila shodhana 33
9) Synonyms of Vatsanabha 36
10) Vividha Bhasha Nama 36
11) Classical Categorization: 36
12) Showing the Vatsnabha bheda According to Yogaratnakara. 37
13) According to Rasatarangani 37
14) According to Ayurveda Prakasha 37
15) Vatsanabha shodhana according to different authors. 39
16) Gunakarma of Vatsanabha. 40
17) Synonyms of Girisindhoora 43
18) Guna of Girisindhoora 45
19) Rogaghnata, (Indications) of Sindhoora. 45
20) Paryayas of Tamra 50
21) Rasa of Tamra 52
22) Guna of Tamra 52
23) Virya of Tamra 52
24) Vipaka of Tamra 53
25) Karma of Tamra 53
26) Ashuddha Tamra Doshas 55
27) Lakshanas of Vaataja Vrana 66
28) Lakshanas of Pittaja Vrana 66
29) Lakshanas of Kaphaja Vrana 67
30) Lakshanas of Dvandvaja,Tridoshaja and Sannipaataja Vrana 68
31) Lakshana of Sadyo Vrana 69
32) Lakshana of S`uddha Vrana 70
33) Lakshanas of Dusht`a Vrana 71
34) Lakshanas of Ruhyamaana Vrana 72
35) Lakshanas of Samyak Rood`ha Vrana 72
36) Color of Vrana 73
37) Vrana Gandha 73
38) Sthaana of Vrana according to Sus`ruta and Caraka 74
39) Vrana Sthaana according to Maadhavakara 74
40) Upadrava 86
41) Clinical classification of Ulcer 88
42) Observation of patient based on Age 132
43) Observation of patient based on Sex 133
44) Observation of patient based on Religon 133
45) Observation of patient based on Education 134
46) Observation of patient based on Marital rates 134
47) Observation of patient based on Occupation 135
48) Observation of patient based on Economical Status 135
49) Observation of patient based on Vrana lakshanas 136
50) Table Showing grades of “Gandha” before & after treatment 137
51) Table Showing grades of “Srava” before & after treatment 137
52) Table Showing grades of “Kandu” before & after treatment 137
53) Table Showing grades of “Varna” before & after treatment 138
54) Table Showing grades of “Vedana ” before & after treatment 138
55) Table Showing grades of “Daha ” before & after treatment 138
56) Table Showing grades of “Akruti” before & after treatment 138
57) Assessment of Subjective parameters. 139
58) Showing the Result of the study 140
LIST OF GRAPHS Sl.N0. Topic Page. No.
1.Observation of patient based on Age 133
2.Observation of patient based on Sex 133
3.Observation of patient based on Religion 133
4.Observation of patient based on Education 134
5.Observation of patient based on Marital rates 134
6.Observation of patient based on Occupation 135
7.Observation of patient based on Economical status 136
8.Showing the Result of the study 140
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
1. Raw drugs of the Vrana rakshasa taila.
2. Patients photos .
ABSTRACT
Kaphaja dusta vrana is a very common condition. This can be correlated to
wound/ ulcer, as explained in classics.
In modern science there are number of drugs for Kaphaja dusta vrana , but a
successful remedy is yet to come out. Here Vrana rakshasa taila, a herbomineral
formulation mentioned in classics,is utilized to find out its efficacy in the
management of Kaphaja dusta vrana.
Objectives:
a. Preparation of Vrana Rakshasa Taila.
b. Physico-chemical analysis of Vrana rakshasa taila.
c. clinical study of Vrana rakshasa taila on Kaphaja dusta vrana.
METHODS:
Pharmaceutical study:
a.Parada according to Rasendra sarasangraha 1 chapter shloka no 30.
b.Gandhaka,Haratala,Manashila,Vatsanabha 8-11-24 chapter shloka no 8-12,
16-18, 23-24,109.
c.Tamra shodana Rasaratna samuchaya 5 chapter shloka no-52.
d. Preparation of Vrana rakshasa taila according to Bhisajya ratnavali 47 chapter
shloka no 71-73.
Analytical study:
For Vrana rakshasa taila Loss on drying at 1100c, ketone bodies, iodine value,
Specific gravity, Refractive index, Saponification value and including organoleptic
tests have been carried out.
Clinical study
20 patients of Kaphaja Dusta Vrana with confirmed diagnose are taken from the OPD
section of PGRCDGM Ayurvedic medical collage hospital Gadag.
Results:
Results showed highly significant in subjective as well as objective
parameters.
Interpretation & Conclusion:
1. The dravyas which are mentioned in the classical procedure of shodhana
definitely induces the disease curing property.
2. Modern physico-chemical analysis is proved that this yoga is effective.
3. By clinical study and statistical value it is proved that Vrana rakshasa taila is
effective in Kaphaja dusta vrana.
Key words:
Kaphaja dusta vrana, wound, parada,
Gandhaka,Haratala,Manashila,Vatsanabha,Lashoona,
Girisindhoora,Tamra Shodhana,
Taila kalpana, saponification value, Ketone bodies.
Subjective & Objective criteria, Study duration.
CONTENTS
Page Number. 1 ABSTRACT 2 AKNOELEDGEMENT I. INTRODUCTION 1-2
II. OBJECTIVES 3
III. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1. PROCEDURE REVIEW 4-13
2. DRUG REVIEW 15-58
3. DISEASE REVIEW 59-105
IV. METHODOLOGY
1. PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY 106-123
2. ANALYTICAL STUDY 124-127
3. CLINICAL STUDY 128-131
V. OBSERVATION & RESULTS 132-140
VI. DISCUSSION 141-147
VII. CONCLUSION 148
VIII. SUMMARY 149-151
BIBLIOGRAPHY 152-167
ANNEXURE – 1 MASTER CHART
ANNEXURE – 2 CASE SHEET
Introduction
Preparation , Physio-Chemical Analysis of Vrana Rakshasha taila and its Clinical Efficacy in Kaphaja Dusta Vrana
1
INTRODUCTION
The most ancient system of medicine is ayurveda . It is based on its own
fundamental principles concepts. Those are deeply rooted into the oldest scriptures of
Hindu veda i.e. “Atharvanaveda”. It is an encyclopedia of ancient eternal medical
wisdom in spite of its antiquity. (3,000 years old) it is being practicing today all over
the world.
Rasashastra is One of the branches of Ayurveda , which is well developed by
Nagarjuna, the pioneer of Rasashastra. He practiced Ayurveda by using Rasadravya’s
i.e metals, minerals, gems etc, to achieve the aims of Rasashastra. i.e. Lohasiddhi and
Dehasiddhi. Now Rasashastra holds topmost place in Ayurveda due to its unique
preparation’s – Rasabhasma’s, Kharaliya rasayana, Pottali rasayana, Parpati rasayana,
Kupipakwa rasayana and their utility.
Metal and minerals are used in ,herbo mineral formulations like taila,vati etc
preparations.These preparations are used in treating the diseases and prescribed
systamaticaly and applied locally or externally. eg.Vrana Rakshasa Taila,containing
sindhura,Haratala,Manashila and Kajjali.It is having unique way of preparation with
out agnisamskar.This taila is indicated in dusta vrana.
To obtain the gunune ingredients is a big contravarcy, in preparation of taila
with correct paka it requires lot of attention .but the vrana rakshasa taila is a
preparation with out agni samskar and dose not require shodhana.
Incresed life facilities have also increased the diseases. Accidents are the
largest life takeing causes. every accident end up with a wound and also some
systemic diseases leads to wounds may end up with complications such as sepsis,
deformity etc and even some times death. Even though the wound is healed by many
Introduction
Preparation , Physio-Chemical Analysis of Vrana Rakshasha taila and its Clinical Efficacy in Kaphaja Dusta Vrana
2
remedies it leaves scar, keloid etc. At this junction a local application is to be planed
in such a way that it not only heals but also prevent the post healed complications.
Vrana which posses a great problem in the skin. This problem is difficult to
manage along with medicaments of various prescriptions and methodologies have
been tried out but a successful remedy is yet to come out. Cases when treated by
number of medicine have a high rate of relapse and hypersensitivity in due course.
Hence we find countable satisfactory remedies for vrana in contemporary medical
service.
Patients present with different wounds with different clinical
manifestations.Many patients with poor hygienic and proper medications end up in
complications.the wound having srava,durgandha etc which leads to dusta vrana.at
this stage it requires special care in terms of treatment.
We can find in ayurveda number of therapies for Vrana have been explained.
But local applications are more beneficial than the other process. Because they are
quick absorbable, they protect the skin from external irritants and from sunlight,
promotes percutaneous absorption of the incorporated drug, thus allowing an active
pharmacological effect on the skin. Also highly significance regarding cosmetic
purpose that is in the management of post heal scar.
According to Bhishajya ratnavali, Vrana rakshasa taila is indicated
especially in Vrana.The present yoga acts as a Kaphapittashamaka, Kandughna,
Kushtaghna, Vrunashodhaka and ropaka. Keeping in the view of the above facts it
was felt to conduct a study to analysis the efficacy of Vrana rakshasa taila in the
management of Vrana with a view to find out therapeutically efficacious, safer and
cost effective. Thus the present work “PREPARATOION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF VRANA RAKSHASA TAILA AND ITS CLINICAL EFFICACY IN
KAPHAJA DUSTA VRANA”is under taken.
Preparation , Physio-Chemical Analysis of Vrana Rakshasha taila and its Clinical Efficacy in Kaphaja Dusta Vrana
3
OBJECTIVES
1. Preparation of Vrana rakshasa taila.
2. Physico-Chemical analysis of Vrana rakshasa taila
3. Clinical evaluation of Vrana rakshasa taila on kaphaja dusta vrana.
According to Bhishajya ratnavali Vrana rakshasa taila is indicated especially
in Vrana.
Vrana Rakshasa Taila is for external application containing
sindhura,Haratala,Manashila and Kajjali. It is having unique way of preparation with
out agnisamskar.
In preparation of taila it requires lot of attention for correct paka, but the vrana
rakshasa taila is a preparation with out agni samskar and does not require shodhana.
Procedure review
Preparation , Physio-Chemical Analysis of Vrana Rakshasha taila and its Clinical Efficacy in Kaphaja Dusta Vrana
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Sneha kalpana:
Various kalpanas are mentioned in samhitas, in that Sneha Kalpana is
elobarately explained. In Charaka Samhita Kalpasthana 12th chapter1, extraction of
taila and taila paka including tests and standards of taila paka are mentioned in detail.
Sushruta2 and Ashtanga hridaya have explained same as in Charaka.
In Sharangadhara Samhita Madhyama Khanda3 the definition of preparation,
method of preparation, dose and various formulations have been described in detail.
The nomenclature of Sneha Kalpana is sum of words Sneha and Kalpana,
where Sneha means fat or fatty material and Kalpana stands for pharmaceutical
process of medicaments. The substance, which is called Sneha Dravya, will have
Guru, Sheeta, Sara, Snigdha, Manda, Sukshma, Mrudhu, Drava gunas.
In Ayurveda Ghrita and Taila Kalpana are included in Sneha Kalpana.
Advantages of Sneha Kalpana:
1. To extract the fat soluble active principles of plants and minerals.
2. To obtain extra benefits of specific Taila or Ghrita used.
3. To preserve the drugs for longer time.
4. To enhance the absorption of drugs, when used topically in fatty medias.
Definition4:-
For the sneha kalpana, medicaments prepared by using 1 part of Kalka dravya,
4 parts of taila/ghrita and 16 parts of drava dravy .
Procedure review
Preparation , Physio-Chemical Analysis of Vrana Rakshasha taila and its Clinical Efficacy in Kaphaja Dusta Vrana
5
According to Charaka:
While preparing Sneha Kalpana, quantity of the water, sneha, aoushada dravya
and Kalka is not mentioned, in such conditions one part of the aoushada, 4 parts of
Sneha, 16 parts of water is advised.
According to Sushruta:
When there is no specifications of drava dravyas then water is advised, same
way if there is no specifications of Kalka and Kwatha in such conditions mentioned
dravadravya, Kalka, Kwatha can be prepared.
According to Vagbhata:
In Snehapaka preparation the quantity of water, Sneha, is not mentioned in
such condition 1 part of dravadravya, ¼ part of Sneha, 1/16 part of kalka is advised.
According to Navaparibhasha:-
Murchit Sneha 1 prasta or ½ prasta, 4 parts of water and ¼ part of Sneha
Kalka is added. Give mandagni and do stirring continuously with dravi upto Siddi
lakshanas are attained.
According to Vaidaka paribhasha pradeep.
¼ reduced Kwatha, ¼ of Sneha Kwatha is advised for Snehapaka.
According to Bhashajya ratnavali:
while doing Snehapaka, Sneha murchana should be done. Mentioned
quantity of Kwatha and Swarasa are added, Paka should be done in Mandagni up to
Snehasiddhi lakshanas are seen.
Procedure review
Preparation , Physio-Chemical Analysis of Vrana Rakshasha taila and its Clinical Efficacy in Kaphaja Dusta Vrana
6
Murchana5 :
Snehas are widely used in Ayurvedic practice both internally and externally.
Such Sneha Kalpans should be subjected to a primary process known as Murchana. It
is a refining process of both Snehas , before subjecting the drug to Snehapaka. Better
colour, odour, taste, results and efficacy of drug are expected from Murchana. It
increases solubility of active principles and absorbility to get maximum property.
We can not get any reference to Murchana either in Laghutraya or in
brihatraya. Acharya Govinda Das, the author of Bhaishajya ratnavali is the first
person to mention about this.
The purpouse of doing Snehamurchana is to remove the durgandha, amadosha
and ugrata etc. Bad characters of crude form of Sneha, by doing Murchana Samskara
Sneha dravya will be appreciated with good smell and colour, apart from these
becauses of Murchana Sneha will get such capability to receive more principles.
While the preparation of Snehapaka, veerya of the Sneha is enhanced, because of
Murchana Samskara, Sneha will get the active principles of Murchana dravyas too.
General Method of Preparation of Snehapaka:
In generally Snehapaka vidhi can be divided into 3 stages.
1. Poorva karma
2. Pradhana karma
3. Paschat karma.
Procedure review
Preparation , Physio-Chemical Analysis of Vrana Rakshasha taila and its Clinical Efficacy in Kaphaja Dusta Vrana
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1. Poorva karma:
a. Collection of equipments:
Sneha patra, Darvi(stirrer), Sieve, Khalvayantra, Tula yantra, Koshti.
b. Collection of drugs:
Classically mentioned drugs, including mentioned Sneha and jala.
c. Preparation of Kalka:
The drugs from which Kalka is to be prepared if it is fresh or wet should be
washed well and ground into a paste in a khalva yantra. If it is dry, do Yavakuta
choorna of that and prepare paste by mardana with little quantity of water.
2. Pradhana Karma:
a. Systematic mixing of the ingredients:
If it is ghritapaka, first Murchita ghrita has to be collected and melted in a
Snehapatra with gentle heat, then the pieces of kalka / bolus are added little by little
into the Sneha, stirred continuously with dravi, this is followed because to avoid over
burning of the kalka and the whole contents is maintained over Mandagni.
In case of Taila, the kalka and drava dravya are mixed together the Sneha is
then added, boiled and stirred continuously. So that the kalka is not allowed to adhere
the vessel.
b. Heating pattern6:-
Always Taila paka should be prepared on mrudu and madhyamagni only.
The preparation like taila, Ghrita should not be completed within a day, to gain more
potency prepare more than a day. Time taken for the completion of Snehapaka varies
according to nature of dravyas.
Procedure review
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Table No—01.
Sl.No Duration Dravadravya 1 1 day Vrihi and Mamsa rasa 2 2 days Dugdha 3 3 days Swarasa 4 5 days Takra and Aranal
Surya tapi vidhi :-
The preparation of sneha paka is also carried out from the surya tapi vidhi.
The Vrana rakshasa taila is prepared from this method.
In this method we are keeping the drug ,along with taila and water in sun light up to
the evaporation of the water, and up to the taila sidda lakshana.
c. Factors to be known while preparing Sneha Kashaya.
The padavashta Kashaya should be prepared from mrudu, madhyama and kathina
dravyas by adding 4,8 and 16 parts of water respectively. Regarding the proportion of
Kalka, Sneha and dravadravyas there is an identical opinion in Brihatrayas7-9.
When dravadravyas more than 5, each drava dravya should be taken in the same
quantity as that of Sneha. If drava dravyas are less than 5 the total quantity of all the
liquids should be 4 times to that of Sneha dravya10.
If dravadravyas are not mentioned in any of the Sneha preparations, water to be
used to replace the drava. It should be 4 times the quantity of oil used11.
If Kalka dravya is not mentioned in any Sneha preparations, It must be prepared
by using the dravya itself12 .
When flower is used as Kalka dravya, in any of the Sneha preparation then its
quantity should be 1/8th of that of oil13 .
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d. Sneha Siddhi Lakshana14 :-
When Snehapaka Completes, the following confirmation tests can be observed.
a. Snehapaka becomes wick like (Varti) when rolled between two fingers.
b. There should not be any sound when Sneha kalka is sprinkled over fire.
c. Foam is observed when taila paka completes. On the contrary it subsides in ghee.
d. Specific colour, odour and taste of the ingredients become marked when
Snehapaka is over.
e. Types of Snehapaka15 :-
Though Snehapakas are five in number; the most important are only three.
1. Mrudu
2 Madhyama
3. Khara
Remaining two are Ama and Dagdha paka
Mrudu paka Sneha will have Kalka with little quantity of moisture Kalka of
Madhyama paka Sneha will be soft, but avoid of moisture content. Kharapaka Sneha
will have slightly hard. Dagdhapaka Sneha will have hard and brittle kalka. It causes
burning sensation and is unfit for therapeutic use. Sneha with Amapaka will not have
any potency and heavy for digestion.
Paschat Karma:-
a. Collection:
In order to obtain optimum quantity of Sneha, the Kalka should be squeezed
(after the paka) at hot stage only. Gandha paka dravyas should be added gently with
stirring, when the Sneha is in luke warm state.
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b. Preservation:-
Ghrita can be preserved in glass or polythene containers and usually tailas are
preserved in glass or plastic bottles. Usually glass jars (wide mouth) are used for
packing purpose of Ghrita. Where as for taila preservation narrow mouthed glass or
plastic bottles are used.
c.Shelf life (Expiry date )16:
According to Sharangadara shelf life of Snehakalpana is mentioned as 4 months.
According to pharmacopia in Ayu, part-I
Ghrita and taila preparations, maintains the potency for about 16 months.
Precautions should be taken for the preparation of Snehakalpa17 :
Sneha should be pure, clear and without sturry.
1.Taila patra should be wide mouthed, because during the process, taila may come out if
it is having narrow mouth. Depending upon the quantity of Sneha, the size of the Sneha
patra should be selected.
2.During Snehapaka maintain the intensity of fire through the operation in order to get
desirable grade of temperature.
3.Gentle boiling of Sneha is to be maintained continuously. Always Snehapaka should be
prepared in mridu and madhyamagni only.
4.If taila is hot suddenly kwatha should not be poured, if it is poured taila may come out
from the vessel. Hence while stirring only kwatha has to be added slowly.
5.The mixture is stirred constantly and carefully to ensure that the kalka does not stick to
the bottom of the vessel resulting into a carbonization.
6.When all drava dravya is evaporated, the moisture in the kalka also evaporate, at this
stage; it has to be stirred more often and carefully to ensure that the kalka does not stick
Procedure review
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to the bottom of the vessel. The kalka is taken out and tested time to time to know the
condition and stage of the paka.
7.Sneha required, preparing with Gomutra like kshara dravya combination Sneha may
produce excessive phena. Thus Sneha may come out of the Snehapatra during pakavasta.
8.In particular Snehakalpana whatever the quantity of Sneha is prescribed that much
quantity of Sneha only is supposed to be taken.
9. If in particular formulation Sneha quantity is not mentioned then one seru Sneha has to
be taken and on the bases of Sneha quantity, the kalka, drava dravya quantity also to
estimated.
Liquid dosage form18 :-
Liquid dosage forms commonly used in pharmacy are either monophasic or
biphasic.
Monophasic liquid dosage form refers to liquid preparation in which there is
only one phase. It is represented by true solution. A true solution is a clear
homogenous mixture. That is prepared by dissolving a solid, liquid or gas in a liquid.
Classification:-
Classification into 2 groups.
Liquids meant for internal administration, for eg, mixtures, syrups and elixirs.
Liquids meant for external administrations.
Eg: Gargles, mouth wastes, throat pains, douches, nasal drops, eye drops, eardrops,
liniments and lotions.
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Liquid to be applied to the skin:-
Monophasic Liquid dosage form
Lotions are liquid preparations meant for external application with out
friction. They are applied directly to the skin with help of some absorbent material,
such as cotton wool or gauze soaked in it. Lotions may be used for local action as
cooling, soothing or protective purposes. They are generally applied for antiseptic
action. (Eg- Calamine lotion)
Alcohol is sometimes included in aqueous lotions for its cooling and
soothing effect Eg. -Salicylic acid lotion.
Where as the addition of glycerin in a lotion keeps the skin moist for
sufficient long time and does not allow the preparation to dry.
Bacterial and molds grow in certain lotions is no preservative is added care
must be taken to avoid contamination during preparation of the lotion.
Internal External
1.Mixture
2. Syrup Application on skin used in Mouth Instilled into body
3. Elixir 1. Liniment 1. Gargles 1. Douche
4. Linctus 2. Lotion 2. Mouth wash 2. Ear drop
3. Throat paint 3. Nasal drop
4. Nasal spray
Procedure review
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Containers:- Lotion should be dispensed in coloured fluted bottles in order to
distinguish them from preparations meant for internal use.
Labeling:- The containers should be labeled “ For external use only”. Some times on
long standing lotion have a tendency to separate out. Therefore the container must be
labeled “Shake well before use”
Storage: - Lotion should be stored in an air tight container.
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1. Parada
It is the most important and foremost ingredient of compounds of Rasashastra,
without which the science of Alchemy – Rasashastra perhaps would not have existed.
Vividha Bhasha Nama19:
Sanskrit - Parada
Hindi - Para
English - Mercury, Quick silver
Kannada - Padarasa
Gujarati - Paro
Marathi - Para
Latin - Hydrargyrum
French - Mercure
German - Merkure
Arab - Abuk; Zibakh
Parsian - Simab; Zeebag.
Bengali - Para
Malayalam - Rassam
Telugu - Padarasam
Tamil - Padrasa
Konkani - Padrasa
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Table No--02 Bheda , Paryayas on the basis of Roopa, Guna, Utpatti20.
Praptisthana
In Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, it is mentioned that in ancient times mercury was
found mainly in Darada desha and also in Himalayas in small amount. But now a day,
it is obtained mainly from the mines of Spain, America, Italy, Australia, British
Bornea, China, Russia, and Japan.
Parada Bheda21-22
The varieties of Parada described in different text are based on the 2 factors
1. Depending on the Colour.
2. Depending on the place of Origin.
Sl No Swaroopa Synonyms
1 Swarupatmaka Galadroupyanibham, Mahavanhi, Mahateja, Suvarna
2 Gatyatmaka Kheehara, Chapala, Chala, Dhoorthaka.
3 Dehavadatmaka Rasayana, Amrtim, Mrtyunasana, Jaiva, Dehada, Paramamruta, Parata, Parada, Rasayana Shreshta
4 Dhatuvadatmaka
Maharasa, Rasottama, Suta, Divyarasa, Rasarasendra,Rasesha, Rasadhatu, Rasaraja, Rasanath,Sidhadhatu, Soota, Sootaka, Sootaratha, Mishraka, Chamara.
5 Visista Gynantmaka Ananta, Suksma, Saubhagya, Amara, Kalikantaka,
6 Darshanika/Aadhyatmika Divya, Acintyah, Jeeva, Jaiva
7 Dharmika/Devatmaka
Trinetra, Trilochana, Deva, Dehaja, Prabhu, Rudraja, Lokesh, Vijendra, Budha, Rajaswala, Shanta, Shiva, Shivaveerya, Skandha, Harateja, Harabeeja, Shivahaya, Shivabeeja
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Table No--03 Bheda of Parada depending on the Varna:
Sl No Types Colour Caste Karma
1 Sweta White Brahmana Swetakarma
2 Rakta Red Kshatriya Therapeutics
3 Peeta Yellow Vaishya Used in alchemy or to Prepare Gold
4 Krishna Black Shudra Used in Maintaining health
Table No-04 Bheda of Parada depending on the utpattisthana:
Sl No Variety Colour Impurities Uses
1 Rasa Rakta Which is free from all types of impurities. Rasayana
2 Rasendra Peeta Free from impurities. Rasayana
3 Suta Isatpeeta With impurities. Deharogaharana
4 Parada Sweta With impurities. Servarogaharana
5 Mishraka Mayur,Chandrika,Vama With impurities. Sarvasiddidayaka
Doshas of Parada23
Parada (Mercury) procured from its original sources or from the market may
contain various types of admixtures. The ancient chemists knew this fact very well
and as such most of the authorities have described impurities of Parada, which run as
follows,
Doshas of Parada
Naisargika Doshas Yougika Doshas Aupadhika Doshas
Visa Vahni Mala
Naga Vanga
Bhumija Girija Varija Nagaja(2) Vangaja(2)
Parpati Patani Bhedi Dravi Malakari
Andhakari Dhwanksi
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Shodhana:
Samanya Shodhana
Acharyas mentioned Different Procedures like
Parada & Sudha raja (Lime powder) should be taken in equal quantity and mardana
should be done for 3days.
Parada should be filtered through two folded cloth.
Add equal quantity of Nistusha lashana and half quantity of saindhava lavan subject it
for mardana, until it becomes black coloured kalka.
Prakshalana should be done.24
The mixture of triphalakwata, choornas of chitraka, rakthasarshapa, brihati, Gritha
Kumari and parada should be triturated for 3 days, the parada obtained by this method
will be devoid of sapta malas.25
Parada should be triturated with Nagavalli Swarasa, Ardraka Swarasa and
Ksharadraya for 3 days and washed with water. This parada will be shining
like mukta and devoid of Sapta dosha.26
Parada should be triturated with lasuna & Saindava lavana in Tapta Khalvayantara for
7days27.
Vishesh Shodhana of Parada
Specific process of shodhana done, is to remove specific doshas separately is
Vishesh Shodhana. This is done for Rasayana purpose.
Samskara28
The process of subjecting a substance to add specific qualities is called
Samskara. Almost all Rasacharyas opines that, bala, teja, qualities of Parada can be
enhanced. According to various authors Ashtadashasamskar i.e. 18 Samskaras of
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Parada have been explained, among them. 1st eight are for roga–nivaranarth and
rasayana. Last ten are rasayana & dhatu vada purpose as indicated below.
Roga Nivaranartha & Rasayanarth Rasayanartha & Dhatuvadarth(1-18)
1. Swedana 10. Charana
2. Mardana 11. Garbha dhruti
3. Moorchana 12. Bahyadruti
4. Utthapana 13. Jaarana
5. Patana 14. Ranjana
6. Bodhan 15. Sarana
7. Niyamana 16. Sankramana
8. Deepana 17. Vedha
9. Gagan Bhakshan 18. Bhakshana
Grahya Parada Laxana29-30:
Shuddha Parada from inside seems blue tinged, but from outside it is lustrous
and shines like a mid day sun, which resembles with the properties of mercury
explained in modern chemistry texts. Mercury is a silver white liquid metal, with a
slight bluish tinge. In thin films, it transmits violet lit. (Dict of Applied chemistry vol
IV page No 270).
Rasapanchakas
According to Rasmruta, Rasa Jala Nidhi and Bhava Prakash.
Rasa --- Shadrasa
Guna --- Snigdha, Sara.
Veerya --- Ushna
Vipaka --- Madhura
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Karma --- Yogavahi, Rasayana, Ativrishya, Balya, Vajikara, Drushtibal
aprada, Dehasiddikara, Lohasiddikara, Vrunaropana and Vruna Shodhana, Krimigna
(Antimicrobial, insecticide) and cures all the diseases
Doshaprabhava – Tridoshagna.
Vyadiprabhava – Krimi, Kushta, Akshiroga, Vataroga, Valiphalita, Kshaya,
Tridoshajaroga & Sarvarogahara, Papajanyaroga,Tapatrayajanyaroga.
Parada Pathya31-32
Ahara:
Mudga, Dugda, Shali, Shak, Punarnava, Meghanad, Saindava, Shunti,
Musta, Padmamula, Jeera, Ardraka, Hamsodaka these are all Pathya aahar.
Vihara:
Aatmajnana, Shivapooja, Shivakatana these are all Pathya Viharas.
Parada Apathya 33
Ahara
Ateemadhyapana,Bhojana,Kakarashtakagana, Pittavardhak, Vatavardhaka
aahar, Kanji, Takra these are all Apathyas.
Vihara:
Jalakrida,Ativyayam,Vyavaya Shayana, Ratrijagarana,Krodha etc, these are
all Apathyas.
Matra
According to RT Swarnajarita parada - ½ Ratti.
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Mercury
Physical Properties34
Atomic No -- 80
Atomic weight --200.61
Symbol -- Hg
Specific gravity -- 13.595 at 250C
Boiling Point -- 3570C
Freezing point --(- 38.90C
Place in periodic table -- Transition elements of d orbital
Configuration -- 2,8,18,32,18,2
Co ordination No -- 4
Valency -- +1: +2
Occupied outer orbital -- 5d
State -- Metal in liquid form.
Melting point -- 38.870C
English name -- Quick Silver
Latin name -- Hydrargyrum.
Colour -- Shining silvery white
Chemical Properties35
1. Water, Alkalies and air have no influence on mercury.
2. Dilute acids have no action on mercury except nitric acid.
3. Mercury form alloys with many metals and these are called Amalgams.
4. On rubbing mercury with Sulpher in required proportions and a little caustic
potash solution it gives mercuric sulphide. The color changes slowly from black to red
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2. Gandhaka
In Rasashastra Gandhaka stands next to Parada in importance.
Table No--05 Paryayas of Gandhaka36
Property Synonyms Swarupa Vachaka Navanita, Gandhapashana, Gandhopala Gandha Vachaka Dandhaka, Kruragandha, Divyagandha,
Putigandha Karma Vachaka Kitaghna, Kitari, Lekhi, Kitanashana Rogaghnata Vachaka Kushthari, Pamari Utpati Vachaka Gauripuspadhavah, Gauribija, Lelitaka
Bali Dhatukarma Vachaka Shulvari Shulvaripu, Rasagandhaka,
Sutashatru, Dhatumari Varna Vachaka Shukapicchakya, Shukapuccha,
Shukapicchasaarm Acchaya.
Vividha Bhasha Nama37
Hindi – Gandhak
Gujarati – Gandhaka
Marathi – Gandhaka
Bangali – Gandhaka
Telagu – Gandhakam
Kannada - Gandhaka
English – Sulphur
Prapti sthana38
In native form – In Italy, Sisily region, Spain, Texas, Japan etc.
In combined form – Russia, Japan, Burma, Iceland, U. S. A. Chile, Phillipines etc.
In India – Bihar – Simhabhumi a district, Rohitas dristict Rajasthan, Kumayu, Assam
etc.
Gandhaka is found in both forms – Native as well as ores.
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Rasapanchakas of Gandhaka39
Rasa – Madhura, Katu, Tikta, Kashaya
Guna – Sara, snigda
Veerya – Ushna
Vipaka - Katu/ Madhura
Doshaghnata - Vatakapha Nashaka
Prabhava - Twakvikara Nashaka, Dadrunashaka, Kushthanashaka
Karma - Garavishahara, Deepana, Amapachana, Kandughna
Table No--06 Gandhaka Shodhana
Texts Gandhaka Melted With
Dhalana Dravya
Bhavana Dravya
Dravya for Swedana
Rasarnava Tantra 7/68 Karanja Taila Eranda Taila
Ajadugdha Dhattura Rasa
Jwalini Bija Churna Matsya Pitta
-
Rasarnava Tantra 7/69-71
Ghrita Bhringaraja Swarasa
Bhringaraja Swarasa
-
RasarnavaTantra 7/72/73
- Dugdha, Nimbu Rasa, Ardraka Swarasa, Bhringaraja Swarasa
- -
RasendraChudamani 11/8-10
- Godugdha - Godugdha
Rasendra Chudamani 11/11 & Rasa Ratna Samucchaya 3/23
- Bhringaraja Swarasa
- Bhringaraja Swarasa
Rasa Ratna Samucchaya 3/20
Goghrita Godugdha - Godugdha
Rasendra Sara Sangraha 1/27-28
Goghrita Godugdha - -
Ayurveda Prakasha 2/30 & Rasa Tarangini 8/ 21-22
- Bhringaraja Sawrasa
- -
Rasa Tarangini 8/18-20 Sarshapa or TilaTaila or Kusumbha
Dugdha - -
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Matra40
1 - 8 Ratti.
Patya – Apthya41
Mamsa Bhakshana of wild animals and birds, cow’s milk, Ghee and Rice are advised.
Kshara, Amla, Atilavana, Katu, Vidahi and Stree Sevana Should be avoided.
Gandhaka Yogas
Kajjali Gandhaka Rasayana
Rasa Parpati Makaradhwaja
Rasa Sindhura Samirapannaga Rasa
Sulphur42
Physical Properties:
1. Appearance -- Crystalline, Granular, Fibrous, Stelactitic Masses.
2. Form -- Orthorhombic, Bipyramidal
3. Cleavage – Indistinct
4. Colour -- Usually yellow
5. Symbol -- S
6. At. No.-- 16
7. At. Wt. -- 32.064
8. Sp.Gr. -- 1.9 – 2.1
9. Valency -- +2
10. Configuration -- 2,8,6
11. Melting point -- 112.8 c
12. Boiling Point -- 444 c
13. Hardness -- 1.5 – 2.5
14. Action on Heat -- Non Conductor of Heat, burns easily
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Chemical Properties
1. In-soluble in water & acid.
2. Soluble in turpentine oil & in chloroform
3. It imparts blue colour to the flames
KAJJALI
Kajjali is a Sagandha, Niragni parada yoga. The bandha involved in this
preparation is Kajjali Bandha, where purified mercury and sulphur are intimately
mixed in definite proportion, to get a black powder called Kajjali.
Among all Khalvi Rasayans Kajjali is having prime importance, as it forms
base to many mercurial preparations.
Definition43:
“ Dhatubirgandhakadyascha Nirdravaihi Mardita rasaha||
Sushlakshna Kajjalabhaso Kajjali Ityabhidheeyate||”
Shuddha Parada and Shuddha Gandhaka alone or in combination, with other uparasa
and different dhatus is mixed and triturated without adding any liquid to any powder.
This is called Kajjali. It should be free from any shining particles.
Any powdered pre-product that which is filled into Kupi should be smooth i.e., which
is having Slakshantva and sukshmatva like Kajjala is considered as Kajjali.
Proportion of Dravyas in Kajjali44
Parada, Gandhaka, Kajjali is used in many of the Yogas.
It forms the base for many of Kupi Pakwa rasayana, Parpati Kalpana and pottali
Kalpana. Accordingly the proportion of Parada, Gandhaka or any other dhatu varies
from one Yoga to another.
It is mentioned that Gandhaka can be taken in the preparation of ¼ th, ½, equal,
double, triple etc., to that of Parada.
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In the present study Kajjali is prepared by adding equal amount of Parada and Shudda
Gandhaka. Trituration was done till all the Kajjali tests are positive.
Tests of Kajjali45:
Krishna Varna : Blackish colour
Slakshntva : Smooth to touch
Sukshmtva : Subtleness like anjana
Rekha purnatva : Settles in between fine lines of finger
Nischandratva : Lusterless a pinch of Kajjali is taken and rubbed with
water. This mixture when exposed to sun, should show absence of any shining
particles
Uses of Kajjali46:
It is Tridosha hara and aphrodisiac.
It is used as sahapana and Anupana to eradicate many disorders
4. Haratala
Many Acharyas considered it under Uparasa
Paryayas47
Haritalam Chitragandham
Talam Vamshapatram
Alam Natabhushanam
Talakam Natamandanam
Mallagandham Dalam
Pinjaram Mallam
Peetanakham Peetam
Shailoosh Pinchak
Bhooshanam Vidalam
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Romaharam Godantam
Vidalakam Kharjaram
Vividha Bhasha Nama48
1. Assami - Harital
2. Bengali - Harital, Hattel
3. English - Orpiment, Yellow Arsenic
4. Farsi - Jarnikhejarde
5. Gujarati - Ardal, Hratal
6. Hindi - Haratal
7. Kannada - Haritala, Ardal
8. Malayalam - Aritaram
9. Marathi - Harital
10. Odiya - Harital
11. Punjabi - Hartal
12. Tamil - Aridaram, Yellikund Pashanam
13. Telugu - Doddipashanam
Latin - Auripigmentum / Arsenii Trisulphidum
Formula—AS2 S3
Praptisthana49
Orpiment is found in India in very small quantities in Almora District near the border
to Bhutan (These mines are not operational). Chitral now a part of Afghanistan is
known for orpiment since pretty long time. Orpiment has been arriving India from
Mines of Irak (Bagdad) which is of superior quality.
The countries like Italy, China, Sisily have the mines of both orpiment and realgar.
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Bheda50
Majority of Rasacharyas have described about 2 types of Haratala as well as the
supermacy of Patra Haratala in all properties.
(1) Patra Haratala & (2) Pinda Haratala
The author of Bhava Prakash has quoted 4 types of Haratala
1. Patra Haratola 3. Godant Haratala
2. Pinda Haratala 4. Vakadal Haratala
The author of Ayurveda Prakasa has quoted 4 types of Haratala
1. Bagdadi
2. Godanti
3. Tabaki
4. Pindatala
Rasapanchakas51
Rasa - Katu
Anurasa - Kashaya
Guna - Snigdha, Ushna
Veerya - Ushna
Vipaka - Katu
Dosha Prabhava - Kapha Vatahara, Raktadoshahara
Karma - Deepana, Krimighna ,Rasayana, Balya,Kantikara,
Vajikarana, Vishahara, Mrtyuhara, Bhutabadhahara
Vyadhi Prabhava - Kushta, Kandu, Visarpa, Vatavyadhi, Kaphavyadhi,
Vatarakta, Raktapitta, Pama,Swasa, Kasa, Jwara, Arsha.
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Doshas of Haratala :
Toxic effects of Haratala if used without proper purification are Daha,
Kampaka, Toda, Kshobha, Pida, Raktadusti, Kushta, Malinikaroti Gatram, Vata
Kapha Prakopatamaka Roga, Mrtyusankakara52.
Chikitsa
Sharkara + Jiraka- for 3 days53.
Shodhana
1. Haratalam boiled in a Dola yantra with juice of Kushmanda or with a solution of
or lime water.54
2. Patra Haratala is purified, if subjected to bhavana for seven times with lime
water.55
3. Haratala is purified, if it is boiled by Dola Yantra for three hours each with
Kanji mixed with lime
Juice of kushmanda
Tila oil and
Decoction of triphala56
Marana
1. Purified Patra Haratala is to be rubbed in mortar for one day with the juice of
Punarnava and made into a lump and dried. Half the portion of earthern vessel is then
to be filled with the Kshara of Punaranava, Upon which is to be kept the lump of
Haratala. The portion up to the neck of the vessel is then to be filled with the Kshara
of Punarnava and the mouth of the vessel to be closed by means of an earthern basin,
the joint being tightly closed in the usual way. The vessel is then to be placed over fire
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and heated continuously for five days, the fire being gradually increased at a uniform
rate the Haratala will thus be incinerated. This is to be use with suitable anupana57.
2. Shodhita Haratala and Shuktika Bhasma is to be taken in equal quantity, rubbed
with juice of Kumari for one prahara and made in a chakrika. Then it is dried in
sunlight. It is subjected to laghuputa58.
Matra
According to Rasatrangini - 1/4 to 1/2 Ratti 59
Pathya 60:
One who takes Haratala should avoid altogether salt, sours, pungents and
exposure to heat or fire and sun. The man who is unable to avoid salt altogather may
take a little of rock salt. Sweets are beneficial to the person who takes Haratala.
Anupana61 : Honey, Ghee, Godugdha or according to diseases.
Haratala (Modern Aspect)62
Orpiment crystallies in monoclinic system and sometimes 'pseudo' -orthorhombic
crystals are small, rarely distinct usually in foliated or columnar masses sometimes
with reniform surface.
Cleavage :
Basal perfect cleavage with vertical striations; sectile; cleavage laminae flexible; in
elastic.
Hardness : 1.5 - 2
Specific gravity : 3.4 -3.5
Optic angle : about 700, optically +ve strong dispersion.
Lustre : Pearly : elsewhere resinous
Colour : Lemon yellow of several shades
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Streak : Lemon - yellow of several shades but paler subtransparent to
subtransluscent
Melting point : 3100C
Boiling point : 7070C
Density : 3460 Kg m-3
Molecular weight : 246.00
Class : Sulphide
The mineral is non- conductor of electricity.
It's sublimate in the closed tube is yellow.
When heated to 1000C it becomes red, it however, resumes its original colour on
cooling but when heated to 1500C the change is permanent.
Artificial preparation
It is found in nature and prepared artificially also by the treatment of arsenic
acid with H2S under high pressure.
4. Manashila
Many Ayurveda scholars considered it under uparasa varga. It is a compound
of arsenic and sulphur, in this two atoms of arsenic are mixed with two atoms of
sulphur. It is available in natural as well as prepared artificially. The best Manashila is
that which is natural orange colour, heavy and can be made into powder easily
Paryayas63
Manashila Nagajivika
Roga Kunati
Shila Kulati
Naipalika Gola
Manogupta Naga mata
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Manogupta Kalyanika
Manohra Rasanctrika
Vividha Bhasha Nama64
Sanskrit : Manashila
Hindi : Mainasila
Bangali : Manchala
Marathi : Manasila
Gujarati : Manasila
Parsi : Jhanokha surkha
English : Realgar
Telagu : Manasila
Kannada : Manasila
Praptistana65
Available in Tuscny, Galicia, Spain, C.I.S. etc Rearely available in
India, at Kumaun hill ranges.
Bheda66
Shyamangi
Kanaveeraka
Khandakhya
Table No--07Ashudda Manashila Sevanajanya Dosha67-70
Doshas RRS AP RT RSS Ashmari + + Mootra krichra + + + + Mandagni + + Malabanda + + + + Mandabala + + Kaantinasha + Sorkara + + Hridruga +
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Table No--08Manashila Shodhana
Reference Method Drugs Kala R.T. 11/109 Nipatana
(Immersion) Choornadaka 2 Days
R.T. 11/170 Pachana (Dolayantra)
Bringaraja swarasa 4 Prahara
RT 11/111 RSS 1/120 (RMr 3/12)
Bhavana Nimburasa 7 Times
RT 11/112 Swedana Jayanti swarasa 4 Mahasa (11 / 114) (RRS 3/96) (RMr 3/12)
Bhavana Agastya patra Swarasa
7 Times
(11/114) (RRS 1/201) (RMr 3/12)
Bhavana Ardraka swarasa 7 Times
RRS 3/97 Swedana Jayanti Bringaraja Raktagastya rasa following Aja mootra Aja mootra
3 + 3 hrs
RSS 1/199 Pachana Jayanti or Bringaraja or Raktagastaya swarasa
1 day
RSS 1/200 Pachana & Kshalana
Ajamootra Prakshalana by kaanji
1 prahara
RSS 1/201 (R 3/12) Bhavana Jayanti swarasa 3 days (RJN 169) Pachana &
Bhavana Aja mootra & Aja pitta
3 days 7 Times
(RJN 200) Bhavana Choornadaka 7 Times
Satwapatana 71
One part of Manashila and 1/8 each of Mandoora, Jaggery, Guggulu and
Ghee are together ground well. The mass is then kept in crulible, which is placed
inside the kosthi & blowed in the fire, extensively to obtain the satva of manashila.
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Rasapanchakas72
Rasa - Tikta katu
Guna - Snigda, Guru
Veerya - Ushna
Vipaka - Katu
Doshagnata - K-V
Karma - Rasayana, Lekhana
Rogagnata - Bootha badha, Agni mandya, Kandu, Kasa & Kshaya Twacha
roga, Jwara
Matra - Accroding to RT - 1/32 -1/16 Ratti
Anupana - According to RT - Pipalichoorna, Nippali moola choorna
Manashila Vikara Shantupaya
According to Rasa Raja Sundara
½ Lit godguda + 250 gm madhu pana for 3 days
Modern aspect of Realgar73
Chemical Composition – AS2 S2
Colour Red or Orange
Properties Transparent transcurent,
Clevage Monoclinic
Streak Ored or orange
Lustre Resinous luster
Sp gravity 3.56
Handness 1.5 – 2.0
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Vatsanabha:
Botanical name – Aconitum ferox wall.
Family – ranunculanceae.
Introduction: 74,75
Vatsnabha is well known to the Ayurvedic pharmacopeia since long ago.
We get reference in Charaka samhita and Sushruta samhita Charaka samihita
classified under sthavara visha and Sushruta classified under Kandavisha and also
explain its effects.
Sharangdhara and Bhavamishra mentioned Vatsnabha in their texts,
along with almost all Nighantus. Though Dhanwantari nighantu posses description of
Vatsnabha, synonyms and properties, most of the texts/Nighantus made little
mentioning. The utility of Vatsnabha has considerably increased after the
development of Rasashastra. Rasataranginikara classified it under visha.
The term aconite refers to the genus aconitum of which there are several species. The
name may be originated form the Greek aconoits (meaning without struggle or
without dust) or from the Greek city acona where naturalist in the third century once
identified plant. Other sources suggest that the name comes from the bill of aconites.
Aconites is Greek word meaning arrows coated with the poison and used for hunting
the animals. Aconitum is of two varieties viz poisonous & non poisonous.
Among the poisonous varities both aconitum ferox and aconitum chasmanthum are
used as vatsanabha in India.
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Synonyms76
Table No--09 Showing the synonyms of Vatsanabha
Sl Names D.N R.N R.T. B.P 01 Vatsnabha + + + - 02 Amruta + + + - 03 Visha + + + + 04 Ugra + + - - 05 Maha oushadha + + - - 06 Garalam + + - + 07 Marana + + - - 08 Naga + + - - 09 Stokakam + + - - 10 Pranaharaka + + - - 11 Sthavaradyam + + - - 12 Kshweda - - + +
Table No—10 Vernacular Names77:
01 Sanskrit - Visha, Vatsnabha 02 Hindi - Bisha,Mithazahar 03 English - Indian aconite 04 Bengali - Katbish/Mithavisha 05 Telugu - Vasanubhi 06 Kannada - Vatsanabi 07 Gujarathi - Vachanag 08 Marathi - Vacha nag 09 Assam - Visha 10 Malyalama - Vatsanabi 11 Malyalama - Vatsanabi 12 Punjabi - Mohari 13 Arab - Bish 14 Parse - Bishmag
Table No—11 Classical Categorization:
Charaka Samihita - Stavara Visha
Sushruta Samhita - Kanda visha
Dhanawanatari nighantu - Misraka varga
Raja nighantu - Misraka varga
Bhavaprakasha nighantu - Dhatvadi varga
Rasatargini - Visha
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Modern Toxicological Categorization:
Cardiac poison.
Different varities of Vatsnabha (BHEDA)78
Table No--12. . Showing the Vatsnabha bheda According to Yogaratnakara
Sl. No. Bheda Varna Guna
01. Brhmana Pandu Rasayana
02. Kshatriya Rakta Deha pustikara
03 Vaishya Peeta Kustaghna
04. Shudra Krishna Dhatukarma
Table No--13 According to Rasatarangani 79
01. Krishna
02. Kapisha
03 Pandu
Kapisha is better than Krishna; Pandu is better than Kapisha Pandu is considered best
for therapeutic uses.
Table No—14 According to Ayurveda Prakasha 80
01. Shukla
02. Krishna
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Identification81
Rasavagbhata mentioned certain characteristics for identification
1. Vatsanabha Panduravarana
2. Roots resembles, navel of calf
3. They are Stoola snigdha, Guru, Nava,
According to Bhavaprakash:
Leaves resembles sindhuvara and roots resemble navel of calf.
Botanical description:
Botanical description: 82
It is a perennial herb
Root – Paired, daughter, tuber ovoid oblong to ellipsoid, 2.5.4 cm long, about
1-1-5 cm thick, with fill form root fibers, dark, brown externally, yellowish on
fracture, another tuber much shrunk and wrinkled with more numerous root fibers.
Stem – Erect, with or without a slender, hypogynous base, simple, 40-90 cm
high covered with short spreading yellow hairs in the upper part and glabrous below.
Leaves – Scattered, distant, glabrous, petioles, slender up to 25 cm, blade or
bicedar-cordate to remiform in out line with rather wide sinus. Planately 5- lobeal.
Inflorescence: - Peduncle straight, bearing flowers on both sides, flowers pale,
blue, brown in a dense, terminal raceme, 10-25 cm long, helmet, volatile with short
shared beak, resembling a pea flower.
Fruit – Carpels 5, tomentose, follicles oblong, 15-20mm long and 4-5 mm
broad, seeds obovoid to obpyramidal, 2,6-3 mm long, winged along with the raphe.
Distribution – Grows solid in the alpine Himalayas, Kashmir at an attitude
of 3,600 m, alpine Himalayas of Nepal.
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Chemical Constituents – Roots contains toxic alkaloids, pseudo aconitine along
with bikha aconitine, chasmacontine, chahnaconitine, indacontine (Loydia 1972,35,
55) Veratroy1)pseudoacontine are diacety1 psedioacontine(manske and Rodrgo)
1979).
Two new alkaloids 2 – (11+) quionolinome and 3,4dihydro – 6 – hydroxy –
2 – (11+) quoinolone (Nat. prod. Lett.) 1993, 227,chem, abortr. 1994, 121,
175, 172b).
A new diterpenoid alkaloid – 14- 0 – acetyl senbasimet, vakagnavime,
chasma contine, crassican line A. flconericine, senbusine B. isoltaltizocline
and aconine are reported (phyto chem, 1994, 36, 1527).
Four lipoalkalaoids Viz veraatrophylpseudaconine, auisolyona- contine,
benzoylida aconine and veratroy bikkaconine are also reported (J. Nat prod
1994, 57, 105)
Need of Vatsnabha Shodhana-83
Ashodhita Vatsnabha causes daha,moha, to avoid these doshas or vikaras it should
undergo shodhana process.
Vatsnabha shodhana84 -
Table No—15 showing the Vatsanabha shodhana according to different authors.
Sl. No.
Shodhana process R. T. R. A. D.G.V Y. R. R. J. N
1 Kept in cow’s urine in strong sunlight for 3 days
+ + - - +
2 Swedana in Ajadugdha for 1 yama
+ + - - -
3 Swedana in Surabhi + + - + -
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payas (cows milk) for 1 or 2 yama
4 Kept in cow’s urine for 3 days then Swedana in a cow’s milk or goat’s milk for 3 hrs
- - + + -
5 Swedana in dolayantra containing Triphala kashaya and Aja ksheera
- - - - +
6 Swedana in dolayantra containing cow’s urine.
- - - - +
Table No—16 Gunakarma 85
Rasa - Madhura
Guna - Ushna
Veerya - Ushna
Vipaka - Madhura
Dosha Karmarma - Vata-kapha
Shamaka
Dhanwantari nighantu classified under Mishrakadivarga. Madhura rasa,ushna guna,
vatakaphahara, it subsides kanthashoola, sannipatagna, pitta samshodhini86
Rajanighantu87 classified under pippalyadi varga. Atimadhura, ushna, vatakaphahara.
It subsides Kantaruja, sannipataghna, pitta santappa Karaka.
According to Rastarangini88 , vatsanabha is katu, tikta,kashaya rasa,ushna guna and
yogavahi. It is rasayana, tridoshahara particularly vata-kaphahara. It increases agni.
It subsides sheeta and brumhana and bala vardhaka. It subsides agnimandya rogas,
pleeha roga,vatarakta, shwasa, kasa, grahani, gulma, pandu, jwara and amavata. It
relieves timira, naktandhyata, netrabhishyanda, netrashotha, karna shoola, gudaroga
and kati vedana. Application of bhahya lepa subsides the aku, vrushika, sarpavisha89
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Diaphoretic, diuretic, antiperiodic, anodyne and antidiabetic, antiphlogistic,
antipyretic in small does. In large does it is virulent poison, narcotic and powerful
sedative. It reduces the frequently and tension of the pulse and paralysis the
respiratory center.
Part used - Dried tuberous root.
Dose 90 - 1/10th ratti to 1/8th ratti
Visha prayoga Nishedha 91
Balaka, atyantavridhha, garbhavati, rugna, atikshinashareera, rajayakshma
laxanayaukta avasta, krodhi, atibhranti, durbalavastha in less quantity and short
duration with precautions
Toxic effects and antidotes;92
Sushruta clearly documented the toxic efforts of Vatsnabha viz Grivastambha and
peeeta vit, mutra, netra.
Antidotes –
Accidental poisoning or over dosage with aconite may produce the toxicsymptoms.
Different antidotes have been mentioned for the management.
Gogrutha is considered as one of the best antidotes for visha.
Tankana (Borax) is considered to be the main antidote.93 It may be administrated
along with Ghee. Arjuna bark is mixed with Honey and Ghee may be another
alternative antidote94
Aconite poisoning and its management in toxicology95
The symptoms of poisoning occur immediately or within a few mines after
consumption or root. First burning sensation is experienced from the mouth to
stomach followed by tingling and numbness in the mouth, tongue and pharynx. This
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is followed by salivation, Nausea, Vomiting and diarrhea. Later dryness of mouth and
polydypsia is developed and the patient will be unable to swallow
Other symptoms include headache, giddiness, pallor, profuse, sweating, subnormal
temperature weakness of limbs and inability to stand or walk. Twitching of muscles,
pain, and cramps and convulsions may occur.
The pupils contract and dilate alternately but remain dilated at the later stage.
Dimness of vision and diplopia may be caused. The pulse becomes slow, feeble and
irregular. Blood pressure will be low and the patient complains of breathlessness.
The mental conduction remains normal but there may be hallucination. Death finally
occurs either due to paralysis of heart or respiratory centers or even both.
Fatal Dose - 1-2 grams of root OR 4-6 mg of acontine
Fatal period - 3 –6 hours.
Treatment –
Gastric levage with warm water and weak solution of potassium
permanganate or with a solution of iodine in potassium iodide or with tannic acid or
strong coffee or strong tea to precipitate the alkaloids.
1. Powdered charcoal to diminish solubility.
2. Atropine –0.5 – 1 mg is useful.
3. Strychnine, artificial respiration, application of heat etc,may also be useful.
4. Symptomatic treatment
Girisindhoora:96
Girisindhoora is well known in ancient days, most of Rasagranthas mentioned
as a Sadharana rasa. But Bhavaprakasha, Rasataranginikara included in Upadhatu.
Some authors are called it is a red oxide of mercury. But Rasataranginikara clearly
mentioned that it is lead oxide and addition to it by seeing the synonyms it is
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originated from Naga. And also it is prepared from the Mriddarshringa (PbO) by
heating 400 to 450C it becomes red colour called Sindhoora. Now a day what type of
Sindhoora available in market is chemically lead proxide
Vernacular name:
Sans - Raktanga, Sindhoora, Nagasambhava etc.
Eng - Read lead, Red oxide of lead.
Arab - Isrenj
Bengali
Gujarat Sindhoora
Kannada
Marathi
Tamilu - Sagappusindhooram
Telagu - Yerrasindhooram
Malayalam - Chinturam
Persi - Suraj-Sang
Hindi - Inglur
Table No—17 Synonyms of Girisindhoora:97-103
Sl.No Synonyms RT RRS RM RJ BP KN MN RD
1 Sindhoora + + +
2 Nagaja +
3 Nagagarbhaja + + + + +
4 Nagarenuka +
5 Mangalya +
6 Bhalasoubhagya +
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7 Ganeshabhoosham +
8 Shringarabhooshana + +
9 Rakarenu + + + + + +
10 Sisaka +
11 Sisaja +
12 Rasagarbha + +
13 Rasasindhoora + +
14 Nagaja +
15 Nagarakta +
16 Sriman + +
17 Vasantamangal + +
18 Raktaraja + +
19 Vanapishta +
Occurrence:
It is found in mineral form. In India, found in Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan.
This is found in small quantities inside rocks in big mountains. It is dry red. This is
compound of lead and other things.
Grahya lakshana:104
Sukshma kanayukta, Snigdha, Guru, Bright in colour, Mrudu, Clear.
Shodhana and Marana:
Most of Authorities are not mentioned Shodhana and Marana because it is in
oxide form. Few authors are mentioned about Shodhana, subjected to bhavana with
Godugdha105 and Amladravya106.
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Guna: 107-111
No were mentioned internal administration, but can be used external only.
Rasa – Katu, Tikta
Veerya – Ushna
Guna – Ushna
Doshaghnata – Tridosha shamaka
Table No-18
Guna of Girisindhoora
Sl.No Text Katu
rasa
Tikta
Rasa
Ushna
Guna
Ushna
Veerya
Dosha
Shamaka
1 RRS + + + + Tridosha
2 DN + - - + -
3 BP - - + + -
4 RN + + - + -
5 RC - - + - -
Table No-19
Rogaghnata, (Indications) of Sindhoora.112-119
Sl.No Disease RRS RT RC BP MN MN KN DN
1 Netra + +
2 Kushta + +
3 Kandu + + +
4 Vruna shodana, ropana + + + + +
5 Bhagna sandhana + + +
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6 Visha + + + + + + +
7 Kshudra kushta +
8 Pama,Sidma Vicharchika +
9 Visarpa + + + + +
Table No-
Description :120
Sindhoora is prepared from lead. For this lead is kept in crucible or iron pan
and heated in an open atmosphere, to get it reached with oxygen and form a red
colour covering on the external surface of lead. This is known as Sindhoora. While
collecting the material initial and last portions should be discarded and remaining
portion is then washed with water and dried. The Sindhoora, which is red, heavy, fine
and smooth, is considered best.
MODERN DESCRIPTION OF RED LEAD : (PB 3O4 )121
It is prepared by heating lead monoxide in a reverberate furnace to a
temperature of 450 0C
2 Pb O+O2 -------- 2Pb 3O4
Properties:
1. It is a mixed oxide and is regarded to be a mixture of lead monoxide and lead
dioxide -2 PbO.PbO2
1. It is bright, orange, red, granular, crystalline powder.
2. On heating it turns violet & then black but regains its original colour on
cooling.
3. It is insoluble in water.
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4. On heating to 600 C it decomposes to give lead monoxide.
2 Pb 3O4+O2 6Pb O+O2
5. It is reduced to metallic lead on heating to carbon, carbon monoxide or
hydrogen.
Pb 3O4+4C 3Pb+4CO
Pb 3O4+4CO 3Pb+4CO.
Therapeutic properties122
Absorption:
Lead salts are absorbed in the blood from GIT tract, skin and stored in central
nervous system, kidneys, liver and bone. In the blood 90% is present in RBC’s.
Elimination: Slowly by the urine, sweat and stool.
Uses:
1. Have feeble action on the broken skin.
2. Good astringent, antiphlogistic, local sedative and stimulant, Allays itching
and control excessive discharge.
3. Used as ointment or liniment in eruptive skin disease as eczema, pustular
eruption etc
RASONA123
Botanical Name – Allium sativa lina
Family – Liliaceae
Sanskrit name –Rasona, Lasuna, Yavanesta Ugragandha
Vernacular names- English –Garlic
Hindi –Lasuna
Marathi –lasuna
Punjabi- Thum Thum
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Malayalam - Lahasan
Kannada--- Ballolli.
Description
Glabrous bulbous herb with pungent odour.
Leaves radical some times sheathing the scape. Scapes erect bearing a terminal
umbel of small flowers surrounded by an iguolucre of 2 or 3 thin membranous
bracts. some times united to from a spathe perianth bell shaped or rotate 6 parted
stamens, 6 at the base of the segments, ovary 3 shelled 3 angled, style straight
stigma, minute terminal ovule, few capsule 3 valved seeds 1-2 inches, 5 black
bulbils bulb covered with white or light pinkish papery layer or covering consisting
5-12 bulbils or cloves.
Distribution – Plant is cultivated widely throughout the country.
Photochemistry - Bulb contains an acrid yellow volatile oil which is the active
principal consisting organic sulphur compounds (allyl, propyl disulphide and other).
It also contains starch mucilaginous matter (29% carbohydrate) albumin (56%
protein, 0.1% fat) and calcium, vitamin C and iron, copper.
Pharmaco dynamics
Rasa – Pancharasa Katu (Dominating taste) Amla rahita,Root – Katu,
Leaves – Tikta, Stalk –kashaya, stalktop (valagra)-lavana Seeds –
madhura
Guna – Snigdha, Tikshna, Picchila, Guru, Sara.
Veerya – Ushna
Vipaka – Katu
Doshakarma –Vata Kaphashamaka
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Properties – Vedana, Sthapaka, Vataghna, Shothahara, Depan, Pachana,
Anulomuna, Yakrduuejaka, Hridayottejaka, Mutrajanana, Rasayana
Kothaprashamana, Svedajanana Jvaraghna,
Rogaghnata – Vatavyadhi, Sandhivata, Gradhrasi, Ardita, Manystambha, Shotha,
Vedanayuktavikar, Agnimandhya, Aruchi, Ajirna, Vibhandha, Asthibhagna Jvara
Jeernajvara etc.
Therapeutic uses –
Vedana sthapana (Analgesic), Uttejaka (stimulates), vatahara, It is allaying
provoked vata and kapha dosha. It is appreciated as rasayana and medhya, specially
increasing or promoting functional power of indriya.
Much used for cardiac disorders, chronic fever, gout, ossification of fractured bones.
Anathematic: Aphrodisiac cardiac stimulant and atherosclerosis, High blood
pressure. It is used in anorexia cough, Consumption. Rasona is internally
administered as a single drug and a major ingredient of several formulations and
recipes recommended in a number of disease. The drug is effective in several
disease of nervous. Circulatory, Respiratory, Urinary reproductive, Digestive system
and whole body. Rosona is a major rasayana drug used in geriatrics
Parts used- Bulbis, Tuber. Oil
Dose paste -3-5gm, oil 1-2 drops
Formulations - Lasonadi vati, Rosona panda, Lasunastaka votiyoga,
Rasona staka yoga, Rasona vati Rasonadi kashaya, Rasona pinda Lasunadya ghrta,
Lasuna tail Rasona vataka, Lasona Ksheerapaka
Current research
1. Allin – A change in the mucoprotien levels & ESR was observed by (Sreenivasa
Murthy at 1962)
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Preparation , Physio-Chemical Analysis of Vrana Rakshasha taila and its Clinical Efficacy in Kaphaja Dusta Vrana
50
2. Allisatin (200mg / 100gm / day) showed inhibitory activity against formalin
induced arthritis. (Prasad at 1966)
3. Anti-inflammatory activity (Bhakumi at 1969)
4. Diallyn trisulphide showed antimicrobial activity (Chem. Abst 1981)
TAMRA
Table No-20
Paryayas of Tamra:124
Sl.No Name R.K.
D
R.
Ni
R.T R.J.
N
A.P. Dh
N.
R
mr
B.
P.
1 Ambakam + + +
2 Aravindam + +
3 Arkam +
4 Arkestam +
5 Audumbaram + +
6 Audumbaram +
7 Aunduvaram +
8 Bhaskaram +
9 Brahma Varchasam +
10 Brahmam +
11 Charavindam +
Vividha Bhasha Nama125-126
1. English – Copper
2. Kannada – Tamra, Tambra
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3. Konkani – Tambe
4. Gujarati – Trambu, Tambu, Trambo
5. Tamil – Tampram, Chembu, Sembu, Senabu
6. Telugu – Ragi, Tamramu, Samba
7. Bangla – Tama, Tam, Tamba
8. Bhutani – Jang, Jamgata, Neeltokar
9. Marathi – Tambe, Tamra
10. Malayalam – Chempu, Tamram
11. Latin – Cuppram
12. Hindi – Tamba, Tama, Tamma
Prapthisthana127
As per the classics only two places Nepala and Maleshia are the praptistana’s.
The chief producing areas have been districts of Singhbhum (Bihar), Jhanjhunu,
Alwar and Udaipur (Rajasthan)
Around the World
Copper found in Michigan, corrwall, Siberia, Ural, Austrialia, Chile, etc.
Bheda and their Lakshanas 128
1. Nepal
Character -- Susnigdha, Mrudula, Rakta varna, Ghanaghatakshama, Guru,
Nirvikar, Amla, Swacha Lohangudi rahita, Rasakarma poojita, Guna sresta.
2. Mlecha
Character –Ruksha, Katina, Sitha, Krishana, Aruna Yama, Athivamaka,
Ghanaghataakshama, Kshalitha cha punaha Krishna.
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Rasapanchakas of Tamra
Table No- 21 Rasa of Tamra129-138
Sl.No. References Madhura Amla Lavana Katu Tikta Kashaya
1 Ayurveda Prakasha + + + +
2 Bhava Prakasha + + + +
3 Raja Nighantu + + +
4 Rasa Jala Nidhi + + + +
5 Rasa Kama Dhenu + + +
6 Rasa Ratna
Samucchaya.
+ + + +
7 Rasa Tarangini + + + +
8 Rasamritam + + + +
9 Rasendra Chudamani
+ + + +
10 Siddha Prayoga Sangraha
+ + + +
Table No- 22 Guna of Tamra139-143
Sl no Guna Reference 1 Laghu,Sara,Snigdha. Ayurveda Prakasha, Bhava Prakasha,
Rasa Tarangini, Rasa Jala Nidhi, Rasamrita.
Table No- 23 Virya of Tamra144-148
Sl no Shita virya Ushna virya
1 Rasajala Nidhi Rasendra Chudamani
2 Yoga Rathnakar Rasa Kama Dhenu
3 Ayurveda Prakasha Rasa Tarangini
4 Bhava Prakasha Rasa Ratna Samucchaya
5 Raja Nighantu Rasamritam
6 Sidda Prayoga Sangraha Rasendra Sara Sangraha
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Table No- 24 Vipaka of Tamra149-156
Sl.No Vipaka Reference
01 Madhura Rasendra Chudamani, Rasa Ratna Samucchaya,
Siddha Yoga Sangraha.
02 Amla Sidda Bhesha Manimala
03 Katu Raja Nighantu, Ayurveda Prakasha, Bhava Prakasha, Rasa
Jala Nidhi, Rasa Tarangini,
Table No- . 25
Karma of Tamra157-165
KARMANI R.C R.K.D. RJ.N. R.R.S RT AP BP B R Y.R
Ayushyam + +
Alpa
brimhanam
+
Urdhwadhah
parishodhana
+ +
Kshut karam +
Netryam + + +
Rasayana +
Ruchya + +
Ropanam + + + +
Lekhanam + + + + + + + + +
Saram +
Sarakam + + +
Deepana +
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Tamra Grahya Laxana166
The Tamra, which is snigda, mridu, shona, ghanaghatakshamaka, guru &
nirvikara is Nepal variety & it is considered as shresta Tamra.
Susnigdam suggests by touch it is slimy.
Mridu suggests that the metal is soft.
Shonam suggests the appearance of copper like Rakta ie., Japakusuma Varna
Ghanaghatakshama i.e., by hitting the metal by a hard object it turns into a
sheet like and never breaks.
Guru suggests the heaviness of the metal.
Nirvikara or Vikara rahita suggesting the shudda Tamra.
Best used in Chiktsa is said to be best Tamra, suggestive of high concentrated
copper when taken for clinical trials with a nontoxic dose is best as medicinal use.
Tamra Agrahya Laxana167
The Tamra, which is swetha, krishna or aruna, katina, ativami, and assumes
krishna even when washed off suggests mlechha tamra which is agrahya.
Sita, Krishna, Aruna suggests different colours of copper.
Athi vami: After proper marana of this Tamra leads to severe vomiting.
Kshalitha cha punaha Krishna: After washing of copper again regain black
colour.
Ashta Doshas of Tamra:
In practice, as the improper purification of copper exerts untoward effects
called as ‘ashta dosha’ like bhrama, moorcha, vidaha, sweda, kleda, vanti, aruchi,
chitasantapa so it is first purified by a procedure called general purification. Which is
described later in this chapter.
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Table No- 26 .Ashuddha Tamra Doshas168-178
Sl.
No
Doshas A.P R
T
YR R C BP R
R
S
R
J
N
BR RSS RKD RMr
1 Admana +
2 Aruchi + + + + + + +
3 Ayaragnam + +
4 Balapahatvam + +
5 Bhrama + + + + + + + + + +
6 Bhranti +
7 Chittasantapa + + + +
8 Chittatapa +
9 Daha + + + + + + + + +
10 Dhatushasha +
11 Gatratapa +
12 Kantignatva + + +
13 Kledanam + +
14 Krimi x +
15 Kushtam + + +
16 Medaha + +
17 Moha +
18 Murccha + + + + + + + + + +
19 Shoola + +
20 Shosha + + +
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21 Sweda + + + + +
22 Udara +
23 Utkleda + + + + + +
24 Utklesha + +
25 Vami + + + + + + + + + +
26 Virekah + + + + +
27 Viryapahatwa + +
Also in few contexts of the various texts Tamra is explained as Visha or even more
than a Visha. Henceforth Shodhana is absolutely necessary.
Tamra Shodhana
Before going for Marana, a prime important processing known as Tamra Shodhana is
a must as the available Tamra may have few of adulterants, alloys, foreign bodies etc.
in it which might cause ill effect. So by considering them most of the Acharyas have
mentioned various shodhana processes.
Sodhana is of two kinds: (1) Samanya Sodhana; 2) Vishesha Sodhana
Samanya Shodhana
All Dhatus are heated and quenched for 7 times successively in Taila, Takra,
Gomutra, Aranala and Kulattha Kwatha179.
All Dhatus are heated and quenched for 7 times successively in Taila, Takra,
Gomutra, Konji and Ravidugda180
All Dhatus are heated and quenched for 7 times in the following order as
Takra, Kanji, Gomutra, Tilataila and Kulattha Kwatha181.
All Dhatus heated and quenched for 7 times in Kadalimoola Swarasa182.
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Vishesha Shodhana of Tamra
As per the opinion of many Rasacharaya’s even after Samanya Shodhana it
should be processed with Vishesha Shodhana for enhancing its properties. By
processing with specific media or drugs specific Dosha Nirharana is been explained as
mentioned herewith.
SARSHAPA TAILA183 :-
Kula – Rajika
Family – Crucifereae
Latin – Brassica alba
Sanskrit – Sarshapa, Katuka, Sneha, Tantubha, Kadambak, Siddhartha.
Verities:-
Shweta - Superior
Rakta
Habitat:- All over India.
Chemical Composition:-
Glycocides of arachidic (0.5%), behenic(2-3%), eicosenoic (7-8%), erusic(40-
60%), legnoceric(1-2%), linoleic(14-18%), oleic (20-22%), myristic(0.5-10%)acids.
Properties:
Guna - Snigdha, Laghu
Rasa - Katu, Tikta
Veerya - Ushna
Vipaka - Katu
Dosha - Vatakaphashamaka
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58
Uses:-
Raktashodhaka, Kandughna, Kothaghna, Krimighna, Kushtaghna.
Modern: 184
Research works shows
1.Highly successful in promoting the absorption of scar tissue.
2.Powerful disinfect or antiseptic.
3.Improved epidermal barrier function.
4.Vasodilatation by stimulation of afferent A beta fibers.
5.Antihistamine and anti pruratic.
Historical Review
59
History tells us about the past time. How the time begins, the development and
evolution of the man kind occurs. It helps to reveal hidden facts and ideas of concerned
subject.
The ancient Indian literature is mainly divided in to Prevedic period, Vedic period
and Postvedic period.
Prevedic period:
The Ayurvedic science started in the Prevedic period itself. Brahma is considering
as the profounder of Ayurveda. In the Ayurveda Avatarana it is stated that, Brahma
memorised the Ayurveda which is already present and told it to Daksha Prajaapati. In that
period S`iva is said to be as, the physicians of beings.
Vedic period:
Period between 1500 BC - 600 BC Rugveda and Atharvaveda are the chief
sources of medical information. About Vrana also various references are available. Some
of them are mentioned below.
Rugveda:
In Rugveda Rudra is considered as the Vaidya and we find a verse addressed to
god Rudra, ‘I hear thou art the best of physicians’. He is also described as ‘The
depositary of all sciences’ and ‘The possessor of healing medicins.185
As`vini Kumaaraas are considered as most important physicians in Rugveda.
They are also called as the Deva Vaidya. Various references related to their works are
available. For example, when Vishpala’s (the daughter of king Khela) leg was severed in
battle, the As`vini Kumaaraas substituted an iron leg instead.186 This shows the
development of surgical procedures related to wound.
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60
Atharvaveda:
Atharvaveda is the chief source of Ayurveda. Ayurveda is also considered as the
Upaveda of Atharvaveda. Various references regarding Vrana and Vrana Ropana are
available in Atharvaveda. The Vrana Cikitsaa was dealt in detail in the 2nd Paada.187
Some of the references are as follows;
In case of Sadyo Vrana produced due to Abhighaata etc. S`eeta Jaladhaara
(sprinkling of cold water) is told for stoppage of blood.
Post Vedic period:
Post Vedic period is the one where the Ayurveda developed to a great extent. In
the Puraana, Upanishat, Smruti etc. plenty of references regarding Vrana are available.
Among these references, a few of them are quoted here.
In Mahaabhaarata, in Udyoga Parva, in Bheeshma Parva and during the time of
Kurukshetra Yuddha, various references regarding wound healing are mentioned.
For example, when Bheeshmaacaarya was in S`aras`ayya, Dhuryodhana sent
Vaidya for the treatment of wounds. But Bheeshaacaaryaa refused for treatment and sent
back the Vaidya after giving money for him.
During the incidence of S`is`upaala Vadha, the Lakshana and complication of
Vrana was explained. Sadyo Vrana had pain and haemorrhage, sometimes results in
shock and unconsciousness.
Brahadaaranyaka Upanishat mentioned healing of wound. Healing of wound was natural
or with the help of medicines.
Historical Review
61
Jaatakamala: It also contains various references regarding Vrana. Some of them are as
follows;
a) Ulcers caused after breaking of pustules or vesicles (Vrana S`opha).
b) The contact of the salt with the wound becomes painful.
c) Sometimes ulcers are associated with Kandu and it is considered as
Sukhaabhimaana.
d) There are Dusht`a Vrana full of Pooya which are painful and are carefully opened
and drained.
e) Healing of wound occurs with the help of medicines like In’gudi Taila, Ghruta
etc.
Kaadambari: Some of the references regarding Vrana from Kaadambari are as follows;
a) Arrows were the common weapon for injury in the battles and surgeons had to
face the wounds caused by them.
b) Arrows were dipped in poison to make them more potent. By this the
contamination of wound occurs and delayed in healing and also poisons are life
threatening.
c) Wounds were caused by injury. Sometimes the injury was sever which produced
disabilities in the organs.
d) Constant friction was considered as one of the cause for wound.
Kaalidaasa: He mentioned Vrana in his various Krutis. Some of them are;
a) After the wound was healed up, there remained a scar.
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62
Samhita period: Sus`ruta Samhita and Caraka Samhita are the chief sources of
Ayurveda in the Samhita period.
Caraka Samhita:
Caraka described Vrana and its management in detail in the Dvivraneeya
Adhyaaya in Cikitsaasthaana. It includes the varieties of Vrana, their Lakshana, about
Vrana Sraava, Vrana Gandha, Cikitsa etc.
Bhela Samhita:
Like Caraka the management of Vrana was explained by Bhela in the Cikitsa
Sthaana. Various formulations were explained by him. For example, Vrana Ropana Taila
with Dhaataki, Rodhra, Saman’ga, Madhuka etc.
Sus`ruta Samhita: Detail review of Vrana and its management discussed by Sus`ruta. During this
time the knowledge of wound was its peak level. Being a good surgeon Aacaarya
Sus`ruta knew the importance of wound in the practice.
In the whole Sootrasthaana he explained Vrana, its aetiology, about its Lakshana,
about Vranitaagaara, the method of Vrana Rakshana Vidhi, about various types of Vrana
Sraava, Dusht`a Vrana, S`uddha Vrana in detail.
In the Cikitsaa Sthaana also he explained about the treatment, Dusht`a Vrana
varieties etc.
Kaas`yapa Samhita:
In Kaas`yapa Samhita the description of Vrana is in Dvivraneeya Cikitsaa. He
explained Vrana in this chapter, with the view point of the benefit for children. He
explained Dvivrana as Nija and Aagantu and again classified them in to subvarieties.
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Asht`aan’ga San’graha:
The Vrana and its management were explained in detail by Vaagbhat`a. He
explained Triphala as Vranaropana and Vrana s`odhana.
In the Uttara Sthaana he explained Vrana, Vrana Cikitsa and Sadyo Vrana in the
29th, 30th and 31st chapter.
Asht`aan’ga Hrudaya:
Aacaarya Vaagbhat`a described types of Vrana and its management in
Asht`aan’ga Hrudaya also. The explanations are almost similar to Asht`aan’ga San’graha.
He mentioned Triphala as Vrana Ropaka, S`odhaka and as Sraava Hara.
Bhaishajya Ratnaavali:
In Vrana S`otha Cikitsaa Adhyaaya, various Vrana Ropaka Lepa, Vrana S`odhaka
Kashaaya, Raktamokshana etc. were explained. For Sadyo Vrana Cikitsa a separate
chapter was present. Description of Triphala Guggulu was present in Vrana S`otha
Cikitsaa Adhyaaya.
Maadhava Nidaana:
Type, character and classification of Vrana were described in chapter 41 and
Aagantuja (Sadyo Vrana) in chapter 42. His explanations are almost similar to Sus`ruta’s
explanation.
S`aaran’gadhara Samhita:
S`aaran’gadhara classified Vrana mainly in four groups. They are Aagantu,
Dehaja, S`uddha and Dusht`a. Further they are classified into fifteen varieties.
He also explained various medicines for the treatment of Vrana
Bhaava Prakaas`a: Complete chapter is mentioned regarding Vrana,
Historical Review
64
AYURVEDIC REVIEW Vrana :
About Vrana various references are available.
The names according to different languages are as follows:
Samskruta : Aru188, Kshatam, Vrana
English : Ulcer, Wound
Kannada : Gaaya, Hunnu.
Vyutpatti:
The words derived from the root “Vriya” having the meaning of “to recover”,
which is further suffixed by “ach”189 in the sense of Bhaava. The “Ch” sound is elided
and the form remains “Vran” + “a”, in the sense of “Gaatra Vicoornane”190
Derivation:
“Vrana Gaatra Vicoornane, Vranayati iti Vranaha”.191
“Gaatra” means tissue (body tissue or part of body). “Vicoornane” means
destruction, break, rupture and discontinuity (of the body or tissue).
“The destruction / break / rupture / discontinuity of body tissue / part of body, is
called Vrana.”
Definition:
“Vrunoti Yasmaat Roodhe api Vranavastu na Nashyati
Aadeha Dhaaranaat Tasmaat Vrana ityuccyate budhaihi”192
Historical Review
65
“As the scar of a wound never disappears even after complete healing and its
imprint persisting life long, it is called the Vrana by the wise.”
“The scar of Vrana remains throughout the life, hence called Vrana”.
Classification:
Vrana is mainly classified in to two types according to the causative factors. The
Doshas may get vitiated by their own causative factors or by the external agents.
Vrana: 1) S`aareera caused due to Pavana, Pitta, Kapha, S`onita, Sannipaata
2) Aagantu caused due to Purusha, Pas`u, Pakshi, Vyaala, Sareesrapa,
Prapatana, Peedana, Prahaara, Agni, Kshaara, Visha, Teekshnaushadha, S`akala,
Kapaala, S`ran`ga, Parashu, S`akti, Kunta, Abhighaata.
The S`areeraja Vrana are classified in to Ekadoshaja, Dvidoshaja, Tridoshaja and
Sannipaata Nimittaja. The Lakshana of these Vranas are explained according to the
different Aacaaryaas.
Vaataja Vrana: Sus`ruta explained Vaataja Vrana in both Sootra Sthaana and Cikitsaa
Sthaana. According to Sus`ruta, Vaagbhata, Caraka and Maadhavakara the Lakshanas of
Vaataja Vrana are almost similar.
Historical Review
66
Table No--27 - Lakshanas of Vaataja Vrana
Lakshana Sus`ruta192 Caraka193 M.Ni.194 A.San.195 A.H.196
Color S`yaava or
Aruna
S`yaava
(Krushna)
Krushna
(Blackish)
Blackish, Reddish,
Grayish (Bhasmavat)
other dark color
Dull Blackish,
Reddish, Pigeon
or Bone type
Size Small (Tanu) - - - -
Surface/
Margin
Picchila, S`eeta,
Rough and dry
tendency
Stabdha
and
Kat`hina
Hard and
Rough - -
Granulation
tissue Little - - - -
Associated
signs/
Symptoms
Different types of
pain like cutting,
pricking, etc.
Severe pain
like
stabbing, etc.
- Pricking, Stabbing,
etc. Pain present
Discharge
Like freest, Yogurt,
Kshaarodaka,
Ricewater,
Washing of meat
Manda Sraava Scanty
discharge
Curd, Mastu, Kshaara
type,
Meat washing,
Pulakodaka type
scanty discharge
Mastu,
Maamsa,
Thin type of
Scanty discharge
In Vaataja Vrana pain is one of the important criteria. The pain is like cutting,
piercing type. The discharge is in general thin and scanty discharge.
Pittaja Vrana: The Lakshanas according to Sus`ruta, Vaagbhata, Caraka and
Maadhavakara are as follows
Table No. 28 - Lakshanas of Pittaja Vrana
Lakshana Sus`ruta192 Caraka197 M.Ni.198 A.San.199 A.H.200
Color Yellowish, Bluish - -
Yellowish, Bluish,
Greenish,
Blackish,
Pin’gala,
Ash of S`an’kha,
Yellowish,
Reddish,
Bluish, Kapila,
Dhoosara etc.
Historical Review
67
Oil like etc.
Surface/
Margin Warm - - Warm Warm
Associated
signs/
symptoms
Burning, Smoke coming
out, covering with
burning charcoal, pain as
same Kshaara poured,
suppurating and angry
looks
Thirst, Fever,
Sweating,
Burning
like feeling,
Busting,
Foul smell
Thirst,
Fainting,
Fever,
Klinnata,
Burning,
Foul smell
Similar to Sus`ruta Tendency to
Suppuration
Discharge
Foul discharge, flower
washing, Gomeda, gem,
Gomootra, ash water of
couchshell, Kshara Jala,
oil like etc.
- Foul
discharge -
Warm and
profuse
discharge
The signs and symptoms explained by the above authors are almost similar. In
general the Pittaja Vranas are associated with burning sensation, fever, thirst and they
tend to suppurate early.
Kaphaja Vrana: The Lakshanas of Kaphaja Vrana according to Sus`ruta, Caraka,
Vaagbhata and Maadhavakara are explained below.
Table No. 29 - Lakshanas of Kaphaja Vrana
Lakshana Sus`ruta192 Caraka201 M.Ni.202 A.San.203 A.H.204
Color Pandu S`weta Pandu Pandu Pandu Pandu
Surface/
Margin
Thick margin,
covered with
Stabdha Sira and
Snaayu Jaalas
Frothy, heavy,
Snigdha, cold
with less Kleda,
tendency to
become chronic
Slimy, heavy,
smooth, covered
with wet leather
like less Kleda,
tendency to less
suppuration
Snigdha, thick
margins
Surface thick
and hard
margin
Base Rigid - - Covered with
Net vessels
Net of vessels
and ligaments
Associated
signs/
Severe itching,
mild pain, - - Itching Itching
Historical Review
68
Symptoms numbness,
coldness
Discharge
S`ukla, S`eeta,
Saandra,
Picchila,
Guru,
like Navaneeta,
Kaaseesa,
Majja Pishta,
Tila,
Naarikelodaka,
Varaaha Vasa
- -
Butter like,
Tilapishta,
excessive
whitish,
Naarikelodaka,
Tilapishta,
excessive
whitish,
dense, slimy,
Kledayukta
Narikelodaka
In general the signs and symptoms of Kaphaja Vrana are having Pandu or S`weta
Varna, associated with sever itching and thick, unctuous discharge.
Lakshanas of Dvandvaja, Tridoshaja and Sannipaataja Vrana:
Sus`ruta explained the Lakshanas of Vranas according to their combinations.
Vaagbhata and Maadhavakara also made the similar attempt. The Lakshanas are as
follows.
In Asht`aan’ga San’graha and Asht`aan’ga Hrudaya, the explanations are similar.
In all these Vranas some of the Lakshanas are the combination of the Lakshanas of the
Doshas.
Table No. 30 - Lakshanas of Dvandvaja, Tridoshaja and Sannipaataja Vrana
Type of Vrana
combination. Lakshanas
V+P Burning sensation, dull luster, and yellowish colored discharge.
V+K Persistent pain, itching, dry, hard, frequent scanty discharge.
P+K Burning sensation, hot and yellow discharge.
V+S Dry, thin, pricking pain, loss of sensation, bloody discharge.
Historical Review
69
P+S Ghee smell, soft, spreading, hot, blackish discharge.
K+S Red colored, heavy, itching, yellowish discharge.
V+P+S Throbbing, pricking and burning pain, sensation as fumes come out, thin yellow
discharge.
V+K+S Itching, throbbing type pain, tingling sensation, thick yellowish discharge.
K+P+S Burning, suppuration redness, itching, blood stain yellowish discharge.
V+P+K+S All type of pain, coconut water like discharge.
Lakshana of Sadyo Vrana: (According to shape and severity of the injury)
Sus`ruta in his Cikitsa Sthaana 2nd chapter - Sadyovraneeya Adhyaaya explained
the Sadyo Vrana in detail which comes under Aagantuja Vrana. Maadhava Nidaana’s
explanation is similar to Sus`ruta. Totally six types of Sadyo Vranas are explained here.
They are as follows;
Table No. 31 - Lakshana of Sadyo Vrana
Chinna Bhinna Viddha Kshata Picchita Ghrushta
Extensive cut
injury oblique
or Straight
separation of
parts of body.
Perforation
of Aas`aya
and mild
discharge.
Deep injury
without
perforation
of Aas`aya.
Neither a cut
injury nor a
perforation but
exhibits the
nature of both
uneven shaped.
Crushed injury
extended filled
with Majja and
Rakta
Rub injury skin
gets peeled off,
burning
sensation and
Discharge
Lakshana of S`uddha Vrana:
Before treatment it is important to know about the S`uddha and As`uddhataa of
Vrana. Because of the prognosis and treatment in both of them are different. The S`uddha
Vrana usually does not need treatment and Dusht`a Vrana are difficult to treat. The
Lakshana of S`uddha Vrana according to various Aacaarya’ are as follows;
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Table No. 32 - Lakshana of S`uddha Vrana
Sus`ruta Caraka A.San. A.H. M.Ni.
* Surface of wound is
just like tongue.
* Recent origin.
* Unaffected by the
three Dosha.
* Edges with a slight
blackish colour and
having granulation
tissue.
* Absence of pain.
* Absence of
secretion.
* Even surface
through out the
wound area.
* Slimy surface.
* Regular surface.
* No discharge.
* Color of wound
is reddish black.
* Moderate pain.
* Elevation and
depression are
absent.
* No pain.
* No discharge.
* Color of wound is
blackish.
* Even margins,
slight elevation in
the middle.
* Opposite character
of Dusht`a Vrana.
* Surface of
wound is just
like tongue.
* Soft.
* Surface is
smooth and
normal.
* Absence of
pain and
secretion.
* Wound
surface is just
like tongue.
* Very soft.
* Slimy.
* Painless.
* Not too much
discharge.
In general the S`uddha Vrana should be devoid all the three Doshas, the floor
should be at the surface level. The discharge and pain should be absent. The explanation
according to Sus`ruta and Vaagbhata are almost similar. Caraka also in brief explained
the feature of S`uddha Vrana.
Lakshanas of Dusht`a Vrana: Some of the features of the Dusht`a Vrana are opposite to
S`uddha Vrana. The various Lakshanas of Dusht`a Vrana according to different
Aacaaryas are as follows;
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Table No. 33 - Lakshanas of Dusht`a Vrana
Sus`ruta Caraka A.H. M.Ni. S`a. Sam.
* Extremely narrow or
wide mouthed.
* Too soft.
* Elevated or Depressed
* Black or red or white
colored.
* Too cold or Hot.
* Full of Pooti Pooya,
Sira, Snaayu, Pooti
Pooya Sraavi.
* Upward or oblique
course of suppuration.
* Pus runs in to cavity
and fissures, having
foul smell.
* Burning sensation.
* Redness.
* Itching.
* Pustules crop up
around, secrete with
blood.
* No specific
Lakshanas
mentioned by
Caraka, but by
classification it is
characterized in 12
* White.
* Depressed path.
* Too thick path.
* Too yellow, blue,
blackish, grey.
* Black foul
smelling.
* Wide cavity filled
with pus.
* Narrow mouth.
* Too hard/Too soft.
* Too elevated/ Too
inverted.
* Too hot/Too cold.
* Colour of Vrana is
red/Paandu/ black.
* Severe painful.
* Burning sensation.
* Inflamed.
* Redness and itching
is present.
* Chronic in nature.
* Purulent
profuse
blood stained
discharge.
* Large cavity.
* Foul
smelling.
* Severe pain.
* Opposite
Lakshanas of
S`uddha
Vrana.
* Opposite
Lakshanas of
S`uddha
Vrana.
In total the Dusht`a Vrana is associated with sever pain, profuse discharge having
putrefied smell, having irregular floor and margin. The color of the Vrana is of different
variety.
According the stages of healing Sus`ruta classified the Vrana in to Ruhyamaana
Vrana and Samyak Rood`ha Vrana. The Lakshanas of them are explained below;
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Ruhyamaana Vrana Lakshana
The Lakshanas of Ruhyamaana Vrana are seen in the ulcers which in the stage of
healing. There is granulation tissue seen at the periphery. It is devoid of Kleda
(discharge) and it is Sthira.
Table No. 34 - Lakshanas of Ruhyamaana Vrana
Sus`ruta A.H. M.Ni.
* Absence of any type of discharge.
* Presence of healthy and new
granulation tissues.
* Yellowish colored wound.
* Surrounding area of wound is
hard.
* Done colored without any type
of mucoid secretion.
* Stable.
* Good granulation tissue.
* Blackish white colored.
* Moist less and dry.
* Immobile/stable with
granulation tissue.
Samyak Rood`ha Vrana Lakshana
Maadhavakara’s explanation is similar to Sus`ruta. This is not explained by
Caraka and Vaagbhata.
Table No. 35 - Lakshanas of Samyak Rood`ha Vrana
Sus`ruta M.Ni.
* Edges : Firm.
* Pain : No pain.
* Swelling : Not appears.
* Leaves cicatrices of the same line with the surrounding skin.
* Edges : Even.
* Pain : No pain.
* Swelling : Not present.
Aagantu Vranas: In general the shapes of Aagantu Vrana are as follows: Aayata,
Caturasra, Tryasra, Mand`alina, Ardhacandra and Vis`aala. Sus`ruta also mentioned that,
even though here only 6 types are explained but Vranaakruti are of various types.
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According to Sus`ruta, the Sadyo Vranaas or the Aagantu Vranaas are six in
number, and they are already explained above. According to Astan`ga San’graha,
Aagantu Vrana are totally three. They are further divided in to subtypes. According to
Asht`aan’ga Hrudaya, they are totally eight. The descriptions of them are as follows:
Color of the Vrana:
According to Sus`ruta the color of Vrana according to the involvement of Doshas
are as follows;
Table No. 36 - Color of Vrana
Involvement of Dosha Color (Varna) of Vrana
Vaata Bhasma, Kapota, Asthi, Parusha, Krushna, Aruna Varna
Pitta and Rakta Neela, Peeta, Harita, S`yaava, Krushna, Rakta, Kapila and Pin’gala
Kapha S`weta and Pandu
Sannipaataja Mixed Varna
Vrana Gandha according to Aacaarya Caraka205:
Caraka explained the smell according to various substances like Ghruta, oil etc.
and also some of the body constituents like blood etc.
Table No. 37 - Vrana Gandha
Sl. No. Smell Sl. No. Smell
01. Ghruta 05. Pootika
02. Taila 06. Amla
03. Vasaa 07. S`yaava
04. Pooya 08. Rakta
Sthaana of Vrana according to Sus`ruta and Caraka: According to Sus`ruta “Every
Vrana will occur in certain type of tissues and that is Vranavastu”.
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Table No. 38 - Sthaana of Vrana according to Sus`ruta and Caraka
Sl. No. Sus`ruta
Eight type of Vrana Vastu
Caraka
Sthaana of Vrana
01. Twak Twak
02. Maamsa Siraa
03. Siraa Maamsa
04. Snaayu Meda
05. Asthi Asthi
06. Marma Snaayu
07. Kosht`ha Marma
08. Sandhi Antaraas`raya
Vrana Sthaana and its Lakshanas by Maadhava Nidana:206
Table No. 39 - Vrana Sthaana according to Maadhavakara
Vrana “Sthaana” Vrana Lakshanas according to Sthaana
Maamsa, Sira, Snaayu, Asthi, Sandhi – Vrana Associated with vertigo and delirium
Marma Rahita “Siraadi” Viddha – Vrana Profuse Discharge like “Indragopa”. Reddish
appearance
Marma Rahita “Snaayu” Viddha – Vrana Laxity of body part, severe pain, delayed wound
healing, inactivity of the body part
Marma Rahita “Sandhi” Viddha – Vrana Excessive pain, weakness, inflammation at the
site, completes absence of activities
Marma Rahita “Asthi” Viddha - Vrana Day and night severe pain and not subsides in any
position
Maamsa Marma Viddha – Vrana Loss of tactile sense, discoloration
According to Maadhava Nidaana, the Sthaana of Vrana are similar to the 8 Vrana
Vastu’s of Sus`ruta. But during the explanation of each variety of Sthaana and Vrana
Lakshana, he specially mentioned Marma Rahita. Because Marma are present in all the
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structures and if its involvement is there then the Lakshanas are completely different.
May be that is the reason that of his mention about Marma Rahita.
Shape of Vrana: According to Sus`ruta and Vaagbhata the shape of Vrana are as
follows;
Sus`ruta mentioned 4 normal shapes for ulcer. Others are having irregular shapes
and they are difficult to treat.
Shape of Vrana
According to Sus`ruta According to Asht`aan’ga Hrudaya
Aayata
Caturasra
Vrutta
Triput`aka
It is recognized by
the shape of S`alya/Foreign body
inserted
Vaagbhata’s explanation of shape of Vrana is purely of Aagantuja variety.
Because he told that, the shape is considered according to the shape of S`alya.
Vrana Sraava:
For Dusht`a Vrana, Sraava is one of the important criteria. So Sus`ruta gave more
importance for the description of various types of Sraava i.e. according to the Doshas and
also according to the Asht`a Vrana Vastu.
Vrana Sraava according to the Asht`a Vranavastu:207
According to the
Sthaana/Vranavastu Vrana Sraava
Twak Yellowish, Watery.
Maamsa Thick, Ghee like.
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Siraa Excessive bleeding, after suppuration pus discharge.
Snaayu Thick, mucoid and blood stain discharge.
Asthi Mix discharge with blood and bone marrow (Majja).
Sandhi Discharge less in rest condition but mixed with pus and blood and pus
exudates come out on movement.
Kosht`ha Blood, urine, stool, pus, and watery or serous discharge.
Vrana Sraava according to the Dosha:
Sus`ruta explained Sraava for each type of Doshaja Vrana separately. They are as
follows;
Vrana Sraava according to the Dosha
According to the Dosha
involvement Vrana Sraava
Vaata Rough, blackish, like frost, Yoghurt, Kshaara Jala, washing of meat,
rice water
Pitta Gomeda, gem, cow’s urine, ash powder of conchshell,
astringent water, Maadhveeka Taila
Kapha Like butter, Kaaseesa, bone marrow, rice cake, water of coconut, fat of
pig
Rakta Like Pitta but more bloody discharge
Sannipaataja Water of coconut, vinegar, liver, juice of Mudga
Vrana Sraava according to Caraka:
Caraka explained totally 14 types of Sraava208 in general. They are as follows;
Vrana Sraava according to Caraka
1. Laseeka 2. Jala
3. Pooya 4. Asruk
5. Haridra 6. Aruna
7. Pin`jara 8. Kashaaya
9. Neela 10. Harita
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11. Snigdha 12. Rooksha
13. Sita 14. Asita
Asaadhyata according to Sthaana: The prognosis is decided according to the type of
discharge. It is explained in the below table. When there is involvement of the visceral
structures, then it is considered as incurable.
Asaadhyata according to Sthaana
Prognosis Sraava
Asaadhya
Pulaakodaka like exudates from Pakvaas`aya, Kshaarodaka type of Sraava
from Raktaas`aya, Kalaaya type of Sraava from Aamaas`aya and
Trikasandhi Prades`a
Saadhyaasadhyata:
Characters of Sukha Saadhya Vrana:
1. Vrana arising in only Tvak Adhist`haana.
2. Vrana of rectangular, square, circular and triangular in shape.
3. Vrani follows Pathyaapathya regularly.
4. The Sthaana of the Vrana is easy to dress by Vaidya and Paricaaraka.
Characters of Krucchra Saadhya Vrana:
1. The Sthaana of Vrana is bone, teeth, nose, lateral angle of eye, Srotas, umbilicus,
stomach, suture, buttock, flanks, abdomen, thorax, breast, joints those that secrete
frothy blood/pus with a gurgling sound or contain any foreign matter embedded in
their inside.
2. Vrana of leprosy, diabetes, tuberculosis, poisons etc.
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3. Vrana having foul smell, 16 said complication and with said 24 Vrana Dosha.
Characters of Yaapya Vrana:
1. The Vrana such as Avapaat`ika, Niruddha Prakas`a, Sanniruddha Guda, Visarpa,
Bone fracture, Urah Kshata, Vrana Granthi.
Characters of Asaadhya Vrana:
Those which are elevated like Maamsapinda, those which have copious discharge,
which contain Pooya inside and are painful, some are having the lips like the As`wa
Apaana, Ulcers in Ksheena Maamsastha, having minute openings, like Maamsa Budbuda,
ulcers situated in head and neck from which air escapes making sound are incurable. In
Ksheena Maamsa person the ulcers discharging Pooya and Raktha associated with
Arocaka, Avipaaka, Kaasa, S`waasa like Upadravaas. Bhinna Vrana in S`ira and Kapaala
followed by appearance of Mastulun’ga, features of all the three vitiated Doshas and
S`waasa and Kaasa are incurable.
Ulcers discharging Vasaa, Meda, Majja and Mastulun’ga are curable if caused by
Aagantu Kaarana, otherwise incurable (i.e. caused by Doshas).
Without treatment in proper time, curable wound can be converted into Yaapya,
Yaapya to Asaadhya and Asaadhya may kill the patient.
Nidaana of Vrana:
Sus`ruta mentioned the Dosha (Vaata, Pitta, Kapha and Rakta), and Dooshya
(Vrana Sthaana) separately.
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Dooshya:
The Vrana Vastu or Vrana Sthaana mentioned by Sus`ruta is also known as Vrana
Dooshya.
1. Twak 2. Maamsa
3. Siraa 4. Snaayu
5. Asthi 6. Kosht`ha
7. Marma 8. Sandhi
According to Sus`ruta the Vranas are of two types i.e. S`areeraja and Aagantuja.
The causes for S`areeraja Vranas are same as the causative factors responsible for the
vitiation of Doshas. They are mainly classified in to two types, i.e. Aahaaraja and
Vihaaraja. They are as follows;
Nidaana
Dosha Aahaara Vihaara
Vaata
Laghu, Katu, Lavana Aahaara,
S`ushkas`aaka etc. Vaataprakopaka
Aahaaras.
Balavat Vigraha, over administration of Vamana,
Virecana, Raktamokshana, Vyaayaama and
suppression of Adhaaraneeya Vega, Gaja, Ratha,
Padaaticarya etc.
Pitta
Ushna, Amla, Lavana, Katu, Kshaara,
Teekshna, Laghu,
Vidaahi, Tila Taila, Pinyaaka
Krodha, S`oka, Bhaya, Aayaasa, Upavaasa,
Maithuna
Kapha Heavy, Sweet, Slimy, Sheeta, Lavana,
Maasha, Mahaamaasha Divaaswapna, Avyaayaama, Aalasya
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Management of Vrana:
Ayurveda science has got a peculiarity in the management of either of the
diseases need Cikitsaa Sootra which is mainly based taking in to consideration the
involvement of the body as a whole as well as the locally involved tissue.
The principles of treatment of Vrana are as follows:
Treatment of Vrana
Sl.
No. Sus`ruta Caraka
A. H. and
A. San. Kaas`yapa B.Pr.
1 Apatarpana S`odhana Vamana Apatarpana Lepa
2 Aalepa Paat`hana Virecana Parisheka Parisheka
3 Parisheka Vyadhana Upacaara Upanaaha Vimlaapana
4 Abhyan’ga Chedana Raktamokshana Sneha Rakta
Mokshana
5 Sweda Lekhana Seka Sramsana Paacana
6 Vimlaapana Pracchana Abhyan’aga Bandhana Bhedana
7 Upanaaha Seevana S`ophahara Lepa Utkinna
Prakasalaa S`odhana
8 Paacana Avapeed`ana Swedana Kalka Ropana
9 Visraavana Nirvaapana Sthiras`ophahara
Lepa S`odhana Sramsana
10 Sneha Sandhaaneeya Upanaaha Ropana Vrana
Karanam
11 Vamana Swedana Daarana Savarni Karma ------
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12 Virecana S`amana Peed`ana ------ ------
13 Chedana Eshana Prakshaalana ------ ------
14 Bhedana S`odhanakashaaya Vranas`odhana
Lepa ------ ------
15 Daarana Ropanakashaaya Varti ------ ------
16 Lekhana S`odhana Lepa Dhoopa ------ ------
17 Eshana Ropana Lepa Utsaadana ------ ------
18 Aaharana S`odhana Taila Avasaadana ------ ------
19 Vyadhana Ropana Taila Kshaarakarma ------ ------
20 Vidraavana S`odhana Ghruta Agnikarma ------ ------
21 Seevana Ropana Ghruta Vranaropana
Lepa ------ ------
22 Sandhana Patracaadana
(Baahya)
Vranaropana
Ghruta ------ ------
23 Peed`ana Patraacaadana
(Aabhyantara)
Vranaropana
Taila ------ ------
24 S`onita
Sthaapana Bandhana Avacooranana ------ ------
25 Nirvaapana Pathyaahaara Svarnakarana ------ ------
26 Utkaarikaa Utsaadana Romasan`janana ------ ------
27 Kashaaya Avasaadana ------ ------ ------
28 Varti Kshaarakarma ------ ------ ------
29 Kalka Agnikarma ------ ------ ------
30 Sarpi Kaat`hinyakara ------ ------ ------
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Lepa
31 Taila Kaat`hinyahara
Lepa ------ ------ ------
32 Rasakriyaa Mrudukaralepa ------ ------ ------
33 Avacoornana Dhoopalepa ------ ------ ------
34 Vranadhoopana Varnyakarma ------ ------ ------
35 Utsaadana Ropana ------ ------ ------
36 Avasaadana Lomaapaharana ------ ------ ------
37 Mrudukarma ------ ------ ------ ------
38 Daarunakarma ------ ------ ------ ------
39 Kshaarakarma ------ ------ ------ ------
40 Agnikarma ------ ------ ------ ------
41 Krushnakarma ------ ------ ------ ------
42 Paandukarma ------ ------ ------ ------
43 Pratisaarana ------ ------ ------ ------
44 Romasan`janana ------ ------ ------ ------
45 Lomaapaharana ------ ------ ------ ------
46 Bastikarma ------ ------ ------ ------
47 Uttarabastikarma ------ ------ ------ ------
48 Bandha ------ ------ ------ ------
49 Patraadaana ------ ------ ------ ------
50 Krumighna ------ ------ ------ ------
51 Bramhana ------ ------ ------ ------
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52 Vishaghna ------ ------ ------ ------
53 S`irovirecana ------ ------ ------ ------
54 Nasya ------ ------ ------ ------
55 Kavaladhaarana ------ ------ ------ ------
56 Dhooma ------ ------ ------ ------
57 Madhu ------ ------ ------ ------
58 Sarpi ------ ------ ------ ------
59 Yantra ------ ------ ------ ------
60 Aahaara ------ ------ ------ ------
Sus`ruta’s treatment of Vrana mainly includes the Shasht`hyupakrama, starting
from Apatarpana to Aahaara. In these 60 measures he included all types of treatment i.e.
S`odhana – as local and as general, surgical measures etc.
7 measures of vrana:
1) Vimlaapana 2) Avasecana 3) Upanaaha
4) Paat`hana Kriya 5) S`odhana 6) Ropana and 7) Vaikrutaapaham
In the above seven measures, the first four are the treatment for Vrana S`opha.
The next three are for the treatment of Vrana as S`odhana that is cleansing of the Vrana,
Ropana or healing measures and the last one is the restoration of the normal tissue, which
includes Krushna Karma, Paandu Karma etc.
S`odhana:
S`odhana (as Vrana S`odhana) is one of the important therapy in the management
of ulcer. Among sixty methods Kwaatha, Varti, Kalka, Ghruta, Taila, Rasakriyaa,
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Avacoornana are the different methods for S`odhana. Chedana, Bhedana, Lekhana,
Aaharana, Eshana, Vyadhana, Visraavana, Seevana are the eight types of surgical
methods.209
After S`odhana different types of Lepa i.e. Pralepa, Pradeha, Aalepa has to be
applied over the Vrana and then Bandhana should be done for the protection of the
wound. In the 18th chapter of Sootra Sthaana, Sus`ruta explained them in detail.
Ropana:
Ropana drugs are the one which helps in the healing of the Vrana. It is indicated
usually after the S`odhana of the Vrana. For the Ropana various Kashaaya, Rasakriyaa,
Varti, Lepa,Taila, Avachoornana etc. are mentioned.210
Parisheka:
Parisheka is one among the Shasht`hyupakrama. The Doshaagni S`amana occurs
by Parisheka like the Agni becomes S`aanta by pouring of water.
In Vaataja Vrana Sarpi, Taila, Dhaanyaamla, Maamsarasa, Vaatahara Aushadha
and Kwaatha in As`eeta form should be used for Parisheka.
For the Vrana produced due to Pitta, Rakta, Abhigaata and Visha, Ksheera, ghee,
honey, sugar water, sugarcane juice, Madhuraushadha, Ksheeri Vraksha Kashaya in
Anushna form should be used for Parisheka.
In case of Kaphaja Vrana Taila, Mootra, Kshaarodaka, Suraa, S`ukta, Kaphaghna
Aushadha Kashaya in As`eeta form should be used for Parisheka.
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Kashaaya:
In case of Vrana associated with Durgandha, Kleda and Picchilata Kashaaya is
indicated for S`odhana using various drugs.
Pathyaapathya:211
Along with other measures Pathyaapathya is one of the important therapies
according our classics.
Vrana patient should not consume Nava Dhaanya, Mastu, Sarshapa, Kalaaya,
Kulattha and Nis`paava. He also avoids food materials prepared out of Haritaka S`aaka,
Amla, Lavana, Katu substances, dry meat, dry vegetables, goats flesh, sheep, and aquatic
animals, fatty substances, very cold water, Kras`ara, Dadhi, milk etc.
He should avoid Vaata, Aatapa, Raja, Dhooma, Avas`yaaya, heavy meals and also
harmful articles of diet, unpleasant noises and scenes, jealousy, rage, fear, grief,
meditation, Raatri Jaagarana, irregular food habits, sleeping on an uneven bed,
Lan’ghana, heavy exercise, standing for a long time , Adhyas`ana, Ajeerna etc.
Patient of Vrana should eat diet consisting of old rice and boiled S`aali rice, not
extremely liquefied and Snigdha and taken with cooked meat of animals of Jaan’gala
species soon get rid of the disease. A diet consisting of boiled rice, Tand`uleeyaka,
Jeevanti, Vatsaka, Moolaka, Pat`ola, Kaaravella, fried with Saindhava and mixed with the
juice of Daad`ima and Aamalaka. Mudgha soup treated as above is also prescribed.
Barley powder, Vilepi, Kulmaasha and boiled water should also be given to the patient
for food and drink.
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Vrana patient should perform protective measures against effecting stars and
spirits. He should strictly follow the Yama and Niyama. All these right performances
help in early healing of Vrana.
Upadrava:212
In case of Vrana specially in Dusht`a Vrana complications are most common.
Some of these complications are as follows;
Upadrava are mainly classified as:
1. Vranasya Upadrava
2. Vranitasya Upadrava
Table No. 40 - Upadrava
Sl. No. Vranasya Upadrva Vranitasya Upadrava
1 Gandha Jvara
2 Sraava Atisaara
3 Varna Moorchaa
4 Vedanaa Hicca
5 Aakruti Chardi
6 ------ Arocaka
7 ------ S`waasa
8 ------ Kaasa
9 ------ Avipaaka
10 ------ Trushna
The Vrana Upadrava includes Gandhaadi Panca i.e the abnormality in them. For
e.g. some of normal shapes are told for Vrana. Other than these are considered as
abnormal shapes or Upadrava. According to Caraka, Upadrava are totally 16.
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MODERN ULCER
Definition:
“An ulcer is a break in the continuity of the covering epithelium –skin or mucous
membrane. It may either follow molecular death of the surface epithelium or its traumatic
removal.”213
WOUND “Wound is a discontinuity or break of the surface. A wound is simple when only
skin is involved. It can be a complex wound when it involves underlying nerves, vessels,
tendons etc.”
Classification:214
Ulcer can be classified in to two types mainly: I. Clinically,
II. Pathologically
I. Clinically ulcer is classified into 1. Spreading
2. Healing
3. Callous
1. Spreading ulcers: When the surrounding skin of the ulcer is inflamed and the floor is
covered with slough without any evidence of granulation tissue.
2. Healing ulcers: When there is granulation tissue in the floor of the ulcer, the
surrounding skin is not inflamed and the edge shows bluish outline of growing
epithelium, moreover, there is slight serous discharge.
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3. Callous ulcer (chronic ulcer): When there is pale granulation tissue in the floor, there
is considerable induration at the base, edge and surrounding skin. This ulcer shows no
tendency towards healing.
Table No. 41 - Clinical classification of Ulcer
Spreading Healing Callous
No granulation tissue, Plenty
of discharge, Excessive
slough, Surrounding area
inflamed and oedematous,
Purulent smell present.
Red granulation tissue, Minimal
serous discharge, slough absent,
signs of inflammation are minimal,
Purulent smell is absent.
Pale granulation tissue, serous
discharge, slough present,
Indurations at the base, edge and
surrounding area, Purulent smell
can be present.
II. Pathologically ulcer is classified into: 1. Non specific ulcers
2. Specific ulcers
3. Malignant ulcers
1. Non specific ulcers: There are various causes of such ulcers. According to the cause
these ulcers are classified as below;
a) Traumatic ulcers: According to cause these are;
(i) Mechanical – Dental ulcers of the tongue from jagged tooth, from pressure
of a splint.
(ii) Physical – Electrical or x-ray burn.
(iii)Chemical – From application of caustics
b) Arterial ulcers: As occurs in atherosclerosis, Buerger’s disease and Raynaud’s
disease (primary and secondary).
c) Venous ulcers: E.g. Venous ulcer in post-phlebitic limb.
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d) Neurogenic ulcer.
e) Infective ulcer: Pyogenic ulcers are included in this group.
f) Tropical ulcer: These ulcers occurring in the legs and feet of the people in the
Tropical countries. Infection by Vincent’s organism, in a small abrasion may
cause such ulcer. Ulcers associated with mal-nutrition, anemia, avitaminosis and
rheumatoid arthritis are also included in this group.
g) Cryopathic ulcer: Ulcers due to chilblains and cold injury are included in this
group.
h) Martorell’s ulcer (hypertensive ulcer).
i) Bazin’s ulcer (erythrocyanoid ulcer).
j) Diabetic ulcer.
k) Miscellaneous ulcer: Ulcer may be associated with (i) polycythemia, (ii)
leukaemia, (iii) systemic sclerosis, (iv) ulcerative colitis, (v) poliomyelitis, (vi)
arteriovenous fistula, (vii) Acholuric jaundice, (viii) various collagen disorders
and (ix) chronic lymphoedema. Cortisone ulcers are also included in this group.
2. Specific ulcers are seen tuberculosis, syphilis, soft sore and actinomycosis.
3. Malignant ulcers: e.g. epithelioma, rodent ulcer and malignant melanoma.
Traumatic ulcer:
According to the cause of trauma, the ulcer may be situated anywhere in the body.
But these ulcers occur more commonly where the skin is closely applied to bony
prominencas e.g. shin, maleoli and back of the heel.
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These are small, painful and circular ulcers. These ulcers heel quickly and do not
become chronic unless supervened by infection or ischaemia, which may turn this ulcer
to chronicity. The typical example of such ulcer is the ‘footballer’s ulcer’.
Arterial ulcers: These ulcers are caused by inadequate skin circulation. Impaired circulation
usually occurs in the extremities (arms and legs), especially on the top of the foot, and is
signaled by lack of pulse; cool or cold skin; skin that appears shiny, thin, and dry; loss of
skin hair; and delayed capillary return time.
Ischaemic leg ulcer:
An ischaemic leg ulcer is usually localized to the foot or the outer side of the
lower leg. There are usually other signs of compromised arterial supply, such as atrophy
of the skin of the toes. The ischaemic ulcer is often more painful and has less discharge
than a venous ulcer.
Venous ulcers:
The basic cause of venous ulcer is abnormal venous hypertension in the lower-
third of the leg, ankle and dorsum of the foot. They are shallow, not too painful, and may
have a weeping discharge.
Diabetic ulcers:
Diabetics have impaired wound healing and impaired resistance to infection. The
disease leads to changes of the walls in small and medium arteries with impaired blood
flow. The thickening of capillary membrane will impair passage of leucocytes to the
wounded tissue. The leucocytes function is also impaired. Diabetic neuropathy with loss
of protective reflexes renders the diabetic patient more prone to injuries.
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Pressure ulcers:
Also known as bedsores, pressure ulcers are very common in older and immobile
persons. When too much pressure is placed on them, cells do not get enough oxygen.
The risk of pressure ulcers can be reduced by enhancing mobility, maintaining
skin and general health, ensuring good nutrition, and monitoring weight.
Tropical ulcer:
The most characteristic feature of this ulcer is its callousness towards healing. Its edge
slightly raised and exudes copious serosanguineous discharge. Every effort should be
made to detect the cause behind the ulcer and to treat accordingly. Otherwise it may
retain its existence or even spread rapidly.
Tuberculous ulcer: Such ulcer usually develops due to bursting of cold abscess. This
cold abscess may form–(i) from matted lymph nodes;(ii) from tuberculosis of bone and
joint;(iii)from submucous lesions e.g. intestinal tuberculosis or tongue tuberculosis.
Syphilitic ulcers:
Ulcers due to syphilis are seen in all the three stages of this disease.
In primary syphilis: A hard chancre or hunterian chancre is seen. This usually develops at
the site of entry of the treponemes in about 3 to 4 weeks after exposure. The sites are
external genitelia, but it may occur at extragenital sites e.g. lip, tongue, nipple, perianal
region etc.
In secondary syphilis: Ulcer may develop in the form of mucous patches, snail-track ulcer
or more so in the form of condylomas.
Mucous patches – these are white patches of thickened epithelium.
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Rodent ulcer:
It is usually confined to the upper part of the face above the line joining the angle
of the mouth to the lobule of the ear, occurring frequently near the inner canthus of the
eye.
Some varieties of wounds according to different types of injuries are as follows:215
1. Incised wounds: They are caused by sharp objects like knife or blade. Tissue injury
is small, loss of tissue minimal and contamination usually limited. Primary suturing is
ideal for such wounds, as it gives a neat and clean scar.
2. Lacerated wounds: Wound in which the tissues are torn with ragged confused edges
provides many avenues for infection underlying soft tissue is pulped blood vessels being
torn. These wounds are treated by wound excision and primary suturing provided they are
treated within six hours of injury.
3. Penetrating wounds: They are not common nowadays. Stab injuries of abdomen are
very notorious. It may look like an innocent injury with a small, one or two cm long, cut.
But intestinal organs like intestine, liver, spleen or mesenteric blood vessels might have
been damaged.
4. Crushed or contused wounds: They are caused by blunt trauma due to run over by
vehicle, wall collapse, earth quakes or industrial accidents. These wounds are dangerous
as they may cause sever haemorrhage, death of the tissues and crushing of blood vessels.
Examination of an Ulcer:216 The examination of the ulcer is as follows;
History: Mode of onset: It includes the causes of ulcer
1. Duration: Ulcers may be acute or chronic. Incubation period is also important in
syphilitic or chancroid ulcers. e.g. syphilis – 3-4 weeks, chancroid – 3-4 days
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2. Pain: Ulcers associated with inflammation will be painful. Painless ulcers e.g.
syphilitic and tropic ulcers. Tubercular ulcers are slightly painful. Malignant
ulcers are absolutely painless to start with and never become painful unless they
infiltrate structures supplied by pain nerve endings.
3. Discharge: Smell, colours, quantity is also important contents of the discharge can
be blood, serum or pus, this may be purulent or non purulent.
Physical examination: Before going to the local examination the patient has to be
examined for his general health for the evidence of malnutrition or diseases like diabetes,
tuberculosis, syphilis or any neurological diseases.
Local examination:
I. Inspection
a) Site or position: Different types of ulcers are confined to different parts of the
body. They can be roughly shown as:- Gummatous ulcers-Vicinity of the knee,
subcutaneous bones such as sternum, tibia or skull. Rodent ulcers - Upper part of
the face above a line joining angle of mouth, the ear, frequently occurring near the
inner canthus of the eye. Varicose ulcers- Medial aspect of the lower half of the
leg.
b) Number- Ulcers may be single or multiple as indicative of some diseases like
tuberculosis or syphilis.
c) Size and shape- Tuberculous ulcers are oval or having irregular cresentic bodies.
Syphilitic ulcers are usually circular or semi-lunar, may unite resulting a
serpinginous ulcer. Varicose ulcers are oval vertically. Malignant ulcers are
irregular in size and shape.
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d) Floor- Observation of floor is very important in noting the healing of an ulcer.
Red and pinkish granulation tissue is indicative of an healthy healing ulcer and
pale, smooth granulation of a slow healing ulcer. Membranous or slough cover
floor is seen in gummatous ulcer. Malignant ulcer- posses fungation or
cauliflower appearance in squamous cell carcinoma, ulcerating black mass in
malignant melanoma.
e) Edge- Ulcer edge will be inflamed and oedematous in spreading condition but
while healing shows red granulation tissue, blue and white zone at the periphery.
(i) Undermined edge- e.g. Tuberculous ulcers
(ii) Punched out edge- e.g. Gummatous ulcer, deep trophic ulcer
(iii)Sloping edge- e.g. Venous ulcers or in healing traumatic ulcers
(iv) Raised and pearly – white beaded edge- e.g. Rodent ulcer
(v) Rolled out (Everted) edge- Squamous – celled carcinoma or ulcerated
adenocarcinoma.
f) Surrounding area: on examination the surrounding area is hard and pigmented in
varicose ulcers, red, glossy and oedematous in acute inflamed ulcers.
g) Discharge: Smell, quantity and colour of the discharge is to be assessed.
Spreading ulcers usually having purulent discharge, healing ulcers- scanty and
serous discharge.
II. Palpation:
A) Tenderness: While examining an ulcer one should note down position and degree
of tenderness. An acutely inflamed ulcer is always exquisitely tender. Chronic
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ulcers such as Tuberculous and syphilitic ulcers are slightly tender. Varicose
ulcers may or may not be tender. Neoplastic ulcers are generally not tender.
B) Edge and margin: Marked induration of the edge is characteristic feature of a
carcinoma. A certain degree induration or thickness is expected in any chronic
ulcer, whether it is a gummatous ulcer or a syphilitic or a trophic ulcer.
C) Base: Slight induration of the base is expected in any chronic ulcer, but marked
induration base is an important feature of squamous celled carcinoma and
hunterian chancre.
D) Depth: Trophic ulcers may be as deep as to reach even the bone.
E) Bleeding: Healthy granulation and malignant ulcer will bleed during palpation.
F) Relations with deeper structures: The ulcer is made to move over the deeper
structures to know whether it is fixed to any of these structures. A gummatous
ulcer over a subcutaneous bone is often fixed to it. Malignant ulcers will
obviously be fixed to the deeper structures by infiltration.
G) Surrounding skin: Increased temperature and tenderness of the surrounding skin
indicates the ulcer to be of acute inflammatory origin. The mobility of the
surrounding skin is examined. Fixity to deeper structures indicates the malignant
nature of the lesion.
Examination of lymph nodes: In acutely inflamed ulcers the regional lymph nodes
become enlarged, tender and show the signs of acute lymphadenitis, later on, the nodes
become soften to form an abscess. In Tuberculous ulcer the lymph nodes become
enlarged, matted and slightly tender.
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Investigations:
a. Complete blood picture – HB%, TC, DC, ESR, Peripheral smear. Low HB% is
found in chronic ulcers. High total count indicates infection.
b. Urine and blood examination to rule out diabetes.
c. Pus for culture and sensitivity.
d. Biopsy – non healing or malignant ulcers.
General principles of management of ulcer:
The aim of ulcer management is to ensure the quickest and the most durable form
of healing with a minimal scar.
(a) Debridement: Removal dead and devitalized tissues are essential to prevent
bacterial growth.
(b) Topical agents: A wide variety of topical wound cleaning agents being available
and bacteriostatic agents being promoted for local wound application. The
properties of some agents are:
(i) Povidine Iodine: Strong bactericidal for Gram positive and Gram negative.
Gradual releasing of Iodine.
(ii) Chlorhexidine: Bactericidal mainly for Gram positive. Repeated use leads to
build up of activity.
(iii)Hydrogen peroxide: No specific reason for use. Can cause haemolysis.
Delays wound healing by separating granulations.
(c) Protecting adjacent skin is important as a moist environment promotes
maceration.
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(d) Filling dead space: Dead space promotes anaerobic infection. In order to achieve
healing from the base of a large cavity, insert packing which prevents cavity
collapse but does not add to the wound tension.
(e) Treatment of the underlying disease.
Treatment of different types of ulcers:217 It can be discussed under following headings;
1. Treatment of spreading ulcers: After obtaining pus culture or sensitivity report,
appropriate antibiotics are given. Many solutions are available to treat the slough, like
hydrogen peroxide or eusol.
2. Treatment of healing ulcers: Regular dressings are done for few days with antiseptic
creams like liquid iodine, zinc oxide or silver sulphadiazine preparation. A swab is
taken to rule out the presence of streptococcus haemolyticus which is a
contraindication for skin grafting. If the ulcer is small, it heals by itself with
Epithelialisation, from the cut edge of ulcer. If the ulcer is large, free split skin graft is
applied as early as possible.
Wound Healing
Wound is the loss of continuity of tissue due to injury. The restoration of this
continuity is a complex biological response. Many researchers have studied this complex
response. The surgeon’s effort should be to prevent, minimize and eliminate those factors
that retards wound healing. Healing on the other hand is the body response to injury in an
attempt to restore normal structure and function.
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In human beings the regeneration is limited to epithelium and liver. Most of the
tissues heal by repair resulting in scaring. Following injury wound healing is an active
dynamic process with no intervening lag period. It has been arbitrarily divided in to
stages while in reality it is a continuum with various stages coexisting at the same time.
The process of healing involves two distinct processes.
Regeneration: Replacement of lost tissue by similar type of tissue. This takes place by
proliferation of parenchymal cells and results in complete restoration of original tissues.
Repair: Replacement of lost tissue by granulation tissue followed by fibrosis and scar
tissue formation. This occurs when the surrounding specialized cells do not posses the
capacity to proliferate. Some times both processes take place simultaneously.
Regeneration and Repair can be accomplished in one of the following two ways:
Healing by first intention (primary union): It occurs in a clean incised wound such as a
surgical incision where in there is only a potential space between the edges. It produces a
clean, neat, thin scar.
Healing by second intention (secondary union): It refers to a wound which is infected,
discharging pus or wound with skin loss. Such wounds heal with an ugly scar. An ulcer
also heals in the same way.
The 4 basic processes in wound healing are: A. Inflammation
B. Wound contraction
C. Epithelialisation
D. Granulation tissue formation
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Although all wounds heal by the same basic processes, yet their application is
different in closed and open wounds.
A. Inflammation: Immediately after disruption of tissue integrity either by accidental
trauma or by surgeon’s knife, inflammation starts.
Platelets:
The earliest circulating cell or cell fragment detected in the injury site is the
platelet. Platelets contain three types of organelles involved in haemostasis and initiation
of the inflammatory phase.
Lymphocytes:
B lymphocytes may be absent from the wound site. However, helper T cells are
activated following injury, when they recognize any foreign antigen on the surface of
antigen-presenting cells, e.g. Langerhans cell in skin, and certain types of macrophage.
B. Wound contraction: It is an important feature of secondary healing, not seen in
primary healing. It has been noticed in open wounds with tissue loss for centuries. The
wound contraction does not begin immediately and that about 3-4 days elapse before
movement of the edges become measurable. This period, when no wound contraction is
noticed, is called the initial ‘lag period’. After this period there is a period of rapid
contraction, which is completed by the 14th day. At this time the wound is reduced to
approximately 80% of its original size.
C. Epithelialisation:Epithelial cells are important in the inflammatory phase as well as
in the later repair aspect of wound healing. In skin wounds, the epidermis immediately
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adjacent to the wound edge begins thickening on the first day. Marginal basal cells loose
their firm attachment to the underlying dermis, enlarge and begin to migrate into the
wound.
D. Granulation tissue formation: The haematoma within the wound is soon replaced by
granulation tissue, which consists of a loose matrix of fibrin, fibronectin, collagen,
glycosaminoglycans, particularly hyaluronic acid, containing macrophages, fibroblasts
and ingrowing blood vessels. Granulation tissue formation is preceded by two phases.
I. Phase of traumatic inflammation
II. Phase of demolition.
The granulation tissue is mainly formed by proliferation and migration of the
surrounding connective tissue elements. It is in fact composed of in the first instance by
capillary loops and fibroblasts with a variable number of inflammatory cells. So initially
it is a highly vascular tissue, it gradually turns into an avascular scar tissue. The two
stages are considered in this process.
Tensile strength: The strength of a healing wound is of great practical importance to the
surgeon. It acts as the main safeguard against wound dehiscence. Experimentally it may
be estimated by measuring the force necessary to disrupt the wound. In the first few days
the strength of a wound is only that of the clot which cements the cut surfaces together.
Later on various changes takes place in the wound healing process and at the end the
tensile strength of the wound corresponds to the increase in amount of collagen present.
Complications of wound healing:
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1. Implantation cysts
2. Painful scars
3. Cicatrisation – it often produces various deformities
4. Keloid formation
5. Neoplasia – squamous cell carcinoma has been seen to develop from the edges of
healing wounds. This may be due to uncontrolled growth with invasive
potentiality of the surrounding epithelial cells which are concerned with
epithelialisation. In these cases there is not only mitosis, but there is
pleomorphism, disorganization and loss of polarity.
Factors influencing wound healing:223 These can be divided in to two groups;
I. General factors:
1. Age – wound healing is fast in the younger, but it is normal in old age, unless
associated with debilitating diseases or ischaemia or diabetes etc.
2. Nutrition – (i) protein deficiency – it causes the impairment of granulation tissue
and collagen formation. It should be noted that it is not always due to inadequate
intake, but may be due to excessive loss e.g. Nephrotic syndrome, chronic
inflammatory conditions etc.
(ii) Vitamin – C deficiency
(iii) Vitamin - A – is required for proper epithelialisation
(iv) Zinc, calcium, copper and manganese deficiency – zinc is an essential
component of many enzymes which are involved in protein synthesis. There is
some failure of granulation tissue formation in case of zinc deficiency. Others are
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essential minerals which are also required for proper wound healing. These may
be depleted in intestinal fistulas and burns.
3. Hormones – (i) cortoicosteroids
(ii) desoxycorticosterone acetate and anabolic steroids like testosterone are also
concerned with increasing the speed of wound healing.
The conditions like uraemia, anaemia, diabetes, jaundice, blood dyscrasias,
malignant disease and cytotoxic drugs delays or hamper the quality of wound healing.
II. Local factors:223
1. Position of skin wound – the skin wounds which are parallel to the lines of Langer,
heals faster. These lines of Langer are due to arrangements of collagen bundles in the
dermis.
2. Blood supply – wounds with poor blood supply heals slowly. E.g. wounds of pre
tebial region, wounds in ischaemic limbs, and wounds of leg in patients with varicose
veins.
3. Tension – If the wound is in tension, its healing will be jeopardized. Haematoma and
infection increases tension.
4. Infection – Once infection occurs wound healing is always delayed. It may be
considered as the most important factor that delays healing. Due to infection, fibroblasts
face tough time to persist as they have to compete with inflammatory cells and bacteria
for oxygen and nutrients. So proper granulation tissue formation and collagen formation
becomes affected.
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Wound infection:
It has been recognized that despite aseptic techniques wounds can become
infected by;
(i) Initial contamination, for example by skin clostridia and Gram-positive organisms
and
(ii) Hospital ward infections spreading from other infected wounds (cross infection)
Fatal infections with Staphylococcus aureus, haemolytic streptococci
(Streptococcus pyogens) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, particularly affecting patients in
burns and trauma units, continue to occur.
Some Principal Organisms of sepsis (mainly responsible for wound infection) are
discussed below:
Spread of infection:
Cellulitis: Cellulitis is inflammation spreading along the subcutaneous or a fascial plane
often as the result of infection with Strep. Pyogens, which has entered the tissue through
an accidental wound, graze or scratch, or following surgical incisions. Unchecked, this
may lead to septicaemia after a rapid spread within the tissues. Initially red and itchy at
the site of the inoculation, the skin swells and becomes tender, frequently being shiny.
There may be local gangrene.
Localized infection will spread by lymphangitis to local or regional lymph nodes
and by bacteraemia to distant organs.
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Bacteraemia and septicaemia: Bacteraemia implies the presence of organisms in the
blood, which may be transient. Septicaemia implies overwhelming bacterial proliferation
and toxins in the blood.
The clinical features include a source of infection, hypotension, pyrexia and often
rigors. Hepatic involvement and acute cortical necrosis of the kidneys may be associated
with septicaemia, also peripheral circulatory collapse. Intravascular coagulation defects
frequently accompany the later stages.
Abscess formation: An abscess is a collection of pus. Bacteria which cause pus
(Pyogenic bacteria) reach the infected area.
Pus: Pus is a collection of polymorphonuclear leucocytes from which the proteolytic
enzyme causes liquefaction of the tissues.
5. Movement: It delays wound healing. So rest is essential for healing. Delicate capillary
loops of granulation tissue, delicate epithelium gets damaged due to movement
6. Exposure to ionizing radiation: Previous X –Irradiation may affect vascularity of the
part. It also causes delay in the formation of granulation tissue. But most important is that
it inhibits wound contraction
7. Foreign bodies: These include tissue reaction and inflammation. If sutures are kept for
longer period, it may cause aseptic abscess.
8. Adhesions to bony surfaces: cause delay in wound healing by preventing proper
wound contraction. This is seen particularly in wounds over tibia.
9. Necrosis: this obviously retards healing.
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10. Lymph drainage: Impairment of lymph drainage causes oedema of the part which
jeopardizes the process of wound healing. Elevation of such limb often facilitates
healing.
11. Ultraviolet light: has been confirmed experimentally to increase the rate of healing.
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METHODOLOGY
PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
Collection of drugs used in the preparation of vrana rakshasa taila:
All the raw drugs needed for the preparation for the compound are
collected from local market and some drugs are collected from college garden as well
as pharmacy section of DGMAMC GADAG. Every drug was identified according to
Ayurvedic standards.
Practical study:
The things, which are mentioned in Ayurveda, are better understood by
getting the knowledge in two ways i.e. theoretical study and Practical. Because as
saying, as doing is very difficult task. This theory is especially applicable to
Rasashastra, because the drugs, which are mentioned in Rasashastra, are considered as
visha or they have visha guna, but after processing some processes those drugs
become ‘Amruta’. So this denotes the importance of practical knowledge. The
processes, which are mentioned in the Rasagranthas, seem to be very easy, but they
will prove difficult during the practical.
A detailed description of the steps taken to prepare the trial formulations
includes different processes like Shodhana & Taila kalpana.
Practical no.1:
Name of the preparation : Parada shodhana
Date of commencement : 17 – 01– 2007
Date of completion : 24 – 01– 2007
Reference : R.S.S. 1/30
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Apparatus : Kalva yantra, Oordwa patana yantra, measuring jar,
Gas stove, Cloth, cold water pad, Multani mitti, Thread,
Physical balance, Tray.
Drugs: - a. Ashudha Parada - 600gms
b Haridara Choorna - 600gms
c. Kumari swarasa - QS
d. Jala - Q.S
Procedure: Mentioned quantity of Parada and Haridra Choorna were taken in Kalva
yantra, for this required quantity of Kumari swarasa was added and started mardana.
Mardana was continued for three days and then made chakrikas, dried them. Dried
chakrikas were placed in Oordhva patana yantra. This yantra placed over fire. The
upper part was kept cold by means of wet cloth. The heating was continous for 8
hours. Then it was allowed for swangasheeta and with proper care two pots were
separated. Parada was collected by scrapping from upper part and filtered twice with
four folded cloth.
Observation
a. Parada was not mixed immediately with Haridra Choorna.
b. Parada became fine particle but visible after the first day of mardana.
c. Parada mixed Homogeneously with Haridra Choorna and Kumari rasa after
third day mardana.
d. Chakrikas size in beginning was 4 cms, after getting dried its size was 3 cms.
e. Chakrikas were having Haridara gandha.
f. After commencement of heating within 30 min smell of Gandhaka was
observed.
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g. After completion of heating and separation of pots, it was observed to be
covered with a grey coloured substance with black spots. In the inner surface
of the upper pot.
h. The black powder from upper pot when squeezed through cloth yields Parada
in globules form.
i. Precautions
a. Mardana was done carefully to avoid spillage.
b. Fresh Kumari swarasa was used.
c. Mardana was continuous with uniform pressure.
d. General precautions mentioned for Sandivandana were followed.
e. In order to maintain coolness on upper pot, cloth pad dipped in cold water was
placed and changing of cold pad was done reputedly.
f. To avoid wastage of Parada squeezing of black powder was done.
Result
Ashudda Parada - 600gms
Shodhita Parada - 540gms
Total loss - 60gms
Reason for loss - Evaporated during Oordwapatana
and lost during Prakshalana.
Practical No. 2
Name of Practical : Gandhaka Shodhana
Date of Commencement : 27 -01- 2007
Date of Completion : 27 -01- 2007
Reference : R. T 8/8-12
Apparatus : Mortar with pestle, steel vessels, stove, cloth, holder.
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Drugs:
1. Ashudha Gandhaka : 1000 g
2. Goghrita : QS
3. Godugdha : 3 liters
4. Jala : QS
Procedure:
Ashudha Gandhaka was taken and powdered. Goghrita was melted in steel
vessel to that powdered Gandhaka was added. Then Godugdha was taken in another
vessel and a cloth was tied on the mouth of vessel. Mandagni was given to the vessel
containing mixture of Goghrita and Gandhaka .When Gandhaka was totally melted
with Goghrita, the mixture was slowly and immediately poured into the big vessel
containing Godugdha through the cloth. The solid mass of Gandhaka was washed
thoroughly in hot water and kept for drying and repeated for 3 times.
Observation
a. When Gandhaka was totally melted it forms homogenous mixture.
b. The successive timings for melting was lesser.
c. Some physical impurities like clay, threads etc were observed on the cloth
tied over the Dugdha containing vessel.
d. After pouring melted Gandhaka into the milk, Ghrita was observed
floating over the surface of milk and colour of it was yellowish.
e. After purification, Gandhaka was obtained as a mass at the bottom of the
vessel containing milk. At that time the appearance was oily, dull
yellowish and in the central region crystals like structure was observed.
Some part of Gandhaka was obtained as granules.
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f. After washing with hot water and totally drying, the colour changes to
bright yellow.
Precautions
a. Mandagni was maintained.
b. The mixture of Gandhaka and Goghrita was constantly stirred while heating.
c. When Gandhaka was totally melted and homogenous mixture was formed, it
was immediately but slowly and cautiously poured into milk vessel.
d. Gandhaka mass was clearly washed with hot water and dried.
e. The completely dried Gandhaka mass was powdered well and then taken for
next purification.
Result:
Result of Gandhaka Shodhana
Batch Gandhaka
(grams)
Milk
(liters)
Obtained Gandhaka
(grams)
Loss
(grams)
1stShodhana 1000 1 960 40
2ndShodhana 960 1 950 10
3rdShodhana 950 1 940 10
Total loss: 60gms
Reasons for loss
1) Evaporated during heating.
Practical No. 3
Name of Practical : Haratala Shodhana
Date of Commencement : 28 -01- 2007
Date of Completion : 28 -01- 2007
Reference : R. T 11/19-20
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Apparatus : Gas stove, dolayantra, cloth, Physical balance etc.
Drugs:
1. Ashudha Haratala : 200gms
2. Kooshmanda swarasa : QS
3. Jala : QS
Procedure : Coarse powder of Ashudha Haratala was tied in a cloth and made pottali.
This pottali was immersed in Dolayantra containing Kooshmanda swarasa. Then heat
was given for 1 yama kala. After swanga sheeta it was washed, dried and powdered.
Observations
a. Haratala was hard to pound.
b. During swedana Kooshmanda gandha was observed.
c. After shodhana it was comparatively brittle.
Precautions
a. Haratala was not to be converted into fine powder.
b. Pottalli was made in 4 folded cloth.
c. Mandagni was maintained.
d. Swarasa was added during the process for continuous contact of Kooshamanda
swarasa with Haratala.
Results
Ashudha Haratala : 200gms
Shodhita Haratala : 195gms
Loss : 5gms
Reason for loss : Dissolved in swarasa
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Practical No. 4
Name of Practical : Manashila shodhana
Date of Commencement : 29 -01- 2007
Date of Completion : 31-01- 2007
Reference : R. T. 11/109
Apparatus: Kalva yantra, Steel vessels, spoon, Physical balance etc.
Drugs
1. Ashudha Manashila : 100gms
2. Choornodaka : QS
3. Jala : QS
Procedure : Ashudha Manashila was taken in Kalva yantra, and made powder.
Choornodaka was added in sufficient quantity and kept it for 2 days.washed with
water, allowed to dry.
Observations
a. Initially Manashila was yellowish red, after adding Choornodaka it turned to
deep orange colour.
b. When it was washed with water some part of it get dissolved with water.
Precautions
a. Mardana was done carefully to avoid spillage.
b. Fresh, Choornodaka was taken .
Results:
Ashudha Manashila : 100gms
Shodhita Manashila : 90gms
Loss : 2gms
Reason for loss : lost during prakshalana
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Practical No. 5
Name of Practical : Preparation of Kajjali
Date of Commencement : 03 -02-2007
Date of Completion : 15-02 -2007
Reference : R.T 6/107
Apparatus : Khalva Yantra, Tula yantra, Spatula, etc.
Drugs:
1. Shodhita Parada : 540gm
2. Shodhita Gandhaka : 540gm
Procedure: In a Khalva Yantra, Shodhita Parada and Shodhita Gandhaka was taken
in equal quantity. Then Continuous mardhana was done. As mardana was continued
up to seven to eight hours daily for three days. The whole mixture converts into a
fine, Black, smooth, lusterless powder and it was collected carefully.
Observation
a. After 2 hours of trituration, the colour of Gandhaka started transforming into
blackish yellow.
b. After 48 hours, Parada particles almost disappeared and the mixture turned
into dark black colour. But, when rubbed between the fingers, small particles
of Parada were seen.
c. But after 96 hours of trituration, there was no Parada particles observed when
rubbed between the fingers. Kajjali attained Nischandratva quality but still this
Kajjali was not satisfying the test of flame test and on rubbing it on Tamra
Patra discolouration was seen.
d. After 120 hours of trituration, the prepared Kajjali fulfilled all the criteria even
the flame test and Tamra Patra test, too were positive.
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e. This prepared Kajjali was fulfilled the even test of Varitara and Rekha
purnatva too.
f. The entire powder became lime, black, smooth, lusterless and Kajjalabhasa.
Precautions
a. Khalva Yantra should be clean and dry before starting the process.
b. Shodhita Gandhaka was finely powdered, before adding to Shodita Parada.
c. Mardana was done carefully and in uniform speed to avoid spillage.
d. The pestle was moved entire length of Khalva Yantra in clockwise / Anti
clockwise direction.
e. Intermittently water was sprinkled to avoid spillage.
f. Kajjali was collected after the completion of Lakshanas.
Results
Total weight of before the practical – 1080gms
Total weight of Kajjali obtained – 1070gms
Weight loss – 10gms.
Reason for loss:
a. Spilling of mixture during mardana.
b. Some fine particles of Kajjali remained adherent to Khalva which were
difficult to collect.
c. Some quantity of Kajjali was lost during performing the confirmatory test
of the product.
Weight loss – 95gms
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Practical No.6
1.Name of the preparation :- Shodhana of Girisindhoora in Nimbu swarasa for 3
times.
Date of commencement : - 25 -3 -07
Date of completion :- 26-3 -07
Reference :– RJ -3
2. Equipments:-Khalvayantra, spoon
3. Drugs: - a. Girisindhoora – 200 gms
b. Nimbu swarasa –100ml
4. Procedure:
a. Girisindhoora was taken in the Khalva yantra.
b. Nimbuswarasa was added in the Khalva yantra.
c. Initially Mardana was done slowly to avoid the spillage of material.
d. When it attained semisolid consistency the mardana was carried out
continuously until it becomes powder form.
e. Girisindhoora was once again subjected above said procedure for 2 more times.
5. Observations:-
a. After 1 hour material was become semisolid consistency.
b. Girisindhoora completely turned into fine powder form after six hours.
c. The colour of Girisindhoora turned into bright red.
6. Precaution:-
a. Care should be taken while doing the Mardana for avoids the wastage.
7. Result:
Initial weight of Girisindhoora – 200 gms.
Final weight - 230 gms
Weight gained - 30 gms.
Final product – 1180 gms.
Name of the preparation: Tamra samanya shodhana in Tila taila.
Date of commencement : 27 – 03 - 2007
Date of completion : 27-03 - 2007
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Reference : R.R.S. 5/29
Equipments: Steel vessel, Holder, Measurement jar, Gas stove, Cloth, Physical
Balance.
Drugs: 1) Asudda Tamra patra : 1000gms
2) Tila taila : 7 ltr
Procedure: Tamra patra was taken and kept on fire till it turns red hot. Then it was
immersed immediately in Tila taila .Then Cooled metal was taken out, washed with
hot water to remove the oiliness & wiped with cloth. Same was repeated for 7 times.
Observations:
a. In the initial phase of heat treatment, it took 20 min to turn red hot but later it
was reduced in respect to time. It was 16 – 18 min in the later heat Treatments.
b. Hissing sound during immersion.
c. Each time the Tamra quenched in Taila there was a blackish discoloration of
Tamra & reddish tinge was observed in Taila.
d. Tamra would catch fire & extinguish on its own sometimes.
Precaution:
a. The order of Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Aranala and Kulattha was to follow in
this order itself.
b. In each media of liquids, Tamra was quenched for 7 times.
c. After quenching Tamra in Tila taila, it was allowed to be in it for 20 – 30min
and again heat treatment was given.
d. For every time of heat treatment it was made sure that Tamra gets intensively
heated on fire, Tamra was heated until Red hot.
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Result:
Result of Tamra Samanya shodhana in Tila taila
SL.No Drug Initial Wt. Final Wt.
Wt Loss Observed changes
1 Tamra 1000 gms 985 gms 15 gms Tamra became soft and
blackish discolouration.
2 Taila 7000 ml 6650 ml 350 ml Dirty red colour
Reason for loss
1. Tamra - Some part of its coat got burnt away.
Some part got lost in Takra
Loss Name of the preparation : Samanya shodhana of Tamra in Takra.
Date of commencement : 29 –03 –2007
Date of completion : 29 –03 – 2007
Reference : R.R.S 5/29
Drugs: - a. Taila shodita Tamra – 985 gms
b. Takra - 7 lit
c. Jala -- Q.S
Procedure: Taila shodita Tamra patra was taken and kept on fire till it turns to Red
hot. Then it was immersed in Takra. Cooled metal was taken out, washed with hot
water & wiped with cloth and same was repeated for 7 times.
Observation:
a. Blackish tinge was observed in Takra
b. There would be watery break up of Takra, curdy part would settle at the
bottom.
c. While dipping sound comes loudly compared to Taila.
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d. Tamra appeared black but the degree of blackness was less compared to Taila
shodita Tamra.
e. Some part of Tamra turned to choorna & was collected at the bottom.
Precaution: a. Madhyamagni was maintained.
b. For every time of heat treatment it was made sure that Tamra gets
Intensively heated on fire.
c. Each time fresh Takra was taken for the procedure.
d. Each time washing and wiping is compulsory.
Result:
Result of Tamra Samanya shodhana in Takra
SL.No Drug Initial Wt. Final Wt.
Wt Loss Observed changes
1 Tamra 985 gms 970 gms 15 gms Soft, thin, very little
amount changed to
choorna
1. Tamra - Some part of its coat got burnt away.
Some part got lost in Takra
Practical no. 7
Name of the preparation : Samanya shodhana of Tamra in Gomootra
Date of commencement : 30 –03 – 2007
Date of completion : 30 – 03–2007
Reference : R.R.S 5/29
Equipments: - Steel vessel, Holder, Measurement jar, Gas stove. Cloth, Physical
balance.
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Drugs: - a.Takra shodita Tamra – 970 gms
b Gomutra - 7 lits
c. Jala -- QS
Procedure: Takra shodita Tamra patra was taken and kept on fire till it turns red hot.
Then it was immersed immediately in Gomutra. Then cooled metal was taken out,
washed with hot water & wiped with cloth and same was repeated for 7 times.
Observation
a) Each time the Tamra quenched in Gomutra there was a lot of smoke.
b) Tamra was heated to red hot & was dipped in to Gomutra
c) Tamra became brittle, the shining of metal was reduced.
d) Part of patra turned to choorna and was collected at the bottom.
e) Blackish ting in Goumutra, appeared greay colour.
Precaution: Madhayamagni was maintained.
Each time fresh Gomutra was taken.
Tamra was heated until Red hot.
Result of Tamra Samanya shodhana in Gomutra
SL.No Drug Initial Wt. Final Wt.
Wt Loss Observed changes
1 Tamra 970 gms 950 gms 20 gms Shining reduced and
became brittle.
2 Gomutra 7000 ml 6870 ml 130 ml Gray coloured with
blackish tinge.
Reason for loss
1. Tamra - Some part of its coat got burnt away.
Some part got lost in Gomutra
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Practical no. 8
Name of the preparation : Samanya shodhana of Tamra in Aranala.
Date of commencement : 4 -04 – 2007
Date of completion : 4– 04 –2007
Reference : R.R.S 5/29
Equipments: - Steel vessel, Holder, Measurement jar, Gas stove. Cloth, Physical
balance.
Drugs: - a. Gomutra shodita Tamra – 950 gms
b Aranala - 7000 ml
c. Jala - QS
Procedure: Gomutra shodita Tamra patra was taken and kept on fire till it turns red
hot. After it was complete immersed immediately in Arnala. Then cooled metal was
taken out, washed with hot water & wiped with cloth and same was repeated for 7
times.
Observation:
a. Each time the Tamra quenched in Aranala there was a sound.
b. Tamra patras were torned at periphery & became thin & brittle.
c. Blackish tinge in Aranala.
d. Choornita Tamra was collected at the bottom.
e. Comparatively Tamra was less black than previous
Precaution:
a. Madhayamagni was maintained.
b. Each time fresh Aranala was taken.
c. Tamra was heated until Red hot.
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Result
Result of Tamra Samanya shodhana in Aranala
SL.No Drug Initial Wt. Final Wt. Wt Loss Observed changes
1 Tamra 950 gms 935 gms 15 gms Thin, brittle and choornite
2 Aranala 7000 ml 6865 ml 135 ml Black disclouration with
less amla gandha.
Reason for loss
1. Tamra - Some part of its coat got burnt away.
Some part got lost in Aranala
Name of the preparation : Samanya shodhana of Tamra in Kulatha Kwatha.
Date of commencement : 06 - 04 –2007
Date of completion : 06 – 04 - 2007
Reference : R.R.S 5/29
Equipments : Steel vessel, Holder, Measurement jar, Gas stove.
Cloth, Physical balance
Drugs: - a. Aranala shodita Tamra – 935 gms
b Kulatha Kwatha - 6 ltr
c. Jala -- QS
Procedure: Aranala shodita Tamra patra was taken and kept over fire till it turns to
red hot. Then it was immersed immediately in Kulattha kwatha. After that cooled
metal was taken out, washed with hot water & wiped with cloth and same was
repeated for 7 times.
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Observation
a. A typical sound during Nirvapa of Tamra patra in Kulattha kwatha
b. Tamra appeared progressively black with each Nirvap then the previous.
c. Tamra became thin and more brittle.
d. Kualatha kwatha appeared blackish red.
Precaution
a. Madhayamagni was maintained.
b. Each time fresh Kulattha kwatha was taken.
c. Tamra was heated until Red hot.
Result
Result of Tamra Samanya shodhana in Kulattha kwatha
SL.No Drug Initial Wt. Final Wt.
Wt Loss Observed changes
1 Tamra 935 gms 915 gms 20 gms Blackish, Brittle, thin
part of it choornita
2 Kulattha
kwatha
6000 ml 5870 ml 130 ml Quantity reduced
appeard black
Reason for loss
1. Tamra - Some part of its coat got burnt away.
Some part got lost in Kulattha kwath
Practical No. 9
1.Name of the preparation :- Vrana rakshasa Taila
Date of commencement : 10 -4 -08
Date of completion :- 20 –5-08
Reference :– B.R –47 /71-73
2. Equipments :- Vessel, Cloth, Spoon etc.
3. Drugs :- a. Parada – 20 gms
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b. Gandhaka - 20 gms
c. Haratala - 20 gms
d. Manashila - 20gms
e. Vatsanabha - 20gms
f. Lashoona - 20gms
g.Girisindhoora -20gms
h. Tamra choorna -20gms
i.Sarshapa taila -3200ml
j.Water -10lit 250ml.
4. Procedure:
a. With Parada and gandhaka kajjali is prepared.
b. Haratala,manashila are added to it .
c. Vatsanabha,lashoona,girisindhoora are added .
d. The whole kalka and dravadravya are mixed together.
e. Sarshapa taila was then added, stirred continuosly.
f. It is kept in sun light for 40 days,in a open glass vessel.
g. After getting the Snehasiddi lakshana, Sneha was filtered at hot stage
through the cloth.
5. Observation:
a. The colour of taila became brown colour.
b. Taila paka was completed in 40 days.
6. Precaution:
a. During Sneha paka stirring was done continuosly for avoided kalka is
adhering the vessel.
b. Taila paka should be prepared in sun light only.
c. Kalka should be squeezed.
7. Result: Final weight of product – 3000 ml
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ANALYTICAL STUDY
The metallic and mineral preparation of Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia should be
analyzed for physical and chemical properties to confirm the genuinely & safety
before administration to the patients. Hence it is essential to adopt modern analytical
methodology for better understanding and interpretation of physico - chemical
changes occurred during the process.
Organoleptic characters and Physico chemical analysis done by Pharmacy
college Bagalkot like Acid insoluble ash of vrana rakshasa taila , Specific gravity,
Refractive index, Loss on drying at 1100c, Acid value and Saponification value.
Determination of PH
The PH value of an aqueous liquid may be defined as the common
logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in
grammes.
The pH value of a liquid is determined potentiometrically by means of a
glass electrode and a suitable PH meter.
METHOD
Operate the PH meter and electrode system according to the manufactures
instructions.standardise the meter and electrodes,if necessary,with M/20
potassium hydrogenpthalate(PH 4.00) when measuring an alkaline solution.
Refractive Index:
The Refractive index (n) of a substance is the ratio of the velocity of
light in a vacuum to its velocity in the substance. It varies with the wavelength of
the light used in the measurement.
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It may also be defined as the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence
to the since of angle of refraction. Refractive indices are started in terms of
sodium light of wavelength 9893A at a temperature of 200 unless otherwise
specified.
Loss on drying at1100:
One gram of Yashada bhasma accurately weighed, heated on electric oven up
to 1100 c and again weighed. The difference in weighed was calculated & the
result is attached.
Acid Value:
The Acid value of an oil or fat is defined, as the number of milligrams
of Potassium hydroxide required neutralizing the free acid in one gram of the
sample.
Method :
Mix 25ml Ether with 25ml alcohol (95%) and 1ml of 1%
phenolphthalein solution and neutralize with N/10 alkali (few drops). Dissolve
about 5gm of the fat or oil. Accurately weighed, in the mixed neutral solvent, and
titrate with N/10 Potassium hydroxide, and shaking constantly until a pink colour
which persists for 15seconds is obtained.
The titration should preferably not exceed about 10ml.
No. of ml of N/10 alkali used X 5.61
Acid value =
Weight of sample in gm.
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The free fatty acid content is also express as FFA, calculated as oleic acid%
(1ml. N/10) alkali = 0.028 gm oleic acid.
Saponification value:
The saponification value of an oil or fat is defined as the number of
milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the fatty resulting acids
from the complete hydrolysis of 1 gram of the sample.
Alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide:
Dissolve 35-40 g. potassium hydroxide in 20 ml of water and dilute to one liter with
alcohol (95%) Allow standing overnight and decanting off the pure liquid
Method:
Weight 2g. of the oil or fat into a conical flask and add exactly 25ml of the alcoholic
potassium hydroxide solution. Attack a reflux condenser and heat the flask in boiling
water for one hour, shaking frequently. Add 1 ml of phenolphthalein (1%) solution
and titration the excess alkali with N/2 hydrochloric acid (titration=a ml) carry out a
blank at the same time (titration=b ml).
(b-a) x 56.1
Saponification value =
Wt. In g. of sample
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IODINE VALUE
The iodine value of an oil or fat is the weight of iodine absorbed by 100 parts
by
weight of the sample,when determined by one of the fallowing methods.
METHOD
Place the sample,accurately weighed,in a iodine flask of 250ml capacity,add 10 ml of
carbon tetrachloride,and dissolve.add 10 ml of chloroform and 20 ml of iodine
monochloride solution,insert the stopper,previously moistened with potassium iodine
solution and allow to stand in a dark place at a temperature of about 17c for thirty
minutes.add 15 ml of potassium iodine solution and 100ml of water shake and titrate
with N/10 sodium thiosulphate using starch mucilage as indicator. Note the number of
ml required a.at the same time carry out the operation in exactly the same manner,but
with out the sample being tested,and note the number of ml.N/20 sodium thiosulphate
required.
Calculate the iodine value from the formula
Iodine value= (b-a)*0.01269*100/wt in gm of sample.
If b-a is greater than b/2 the test must be repeated using a smaller of the sample.
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CLINICAL STUDY
This clinical study was conducted after proper understanding of classical
explanations, observations and management of kaphaja dusta vrana. For this clinical
study clinical symptoms and the management of kaphaja dusta vrana are taken into
consideration.
The materials are studied as under:
Patients: The patients with confirmed diagnosis of kaphaja dusta vrana were
selected from the O.P.D. Section of P.G.R.C.D.G.M. Ayurvedic medical college
hospital Gadag randamly.
Methods of collection of data:
a. criteria for Inclusion:
a) Patients with Kaphaja Dusta Vrana lakshanas aged between 10-50
years.
b) The patients which are having the signs and symptoms of Kaphaja
dusta vrana were taken for the clinical trial.
c) Clinical assessment of the classical signs and symptoms of kaphaja
Dusta Vrana were be assessed based on grading.
a) Criteria For Exclusion :
1) Patients below 10 years and above 50 Years of age.
2) The Patients with systemic complications like Kshaya (Tuberculosis)
Kotha, Vataraktha, Bhagna will be excluded from the study.
b) Criteria of Diagnosis:
Diagnosis were made on the basis of classical signs and symptoms as mentioned in Ayurvedic texts, like Kandu, Srava, Vedana etc.
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c) Study Design:
Clinical efficacy of the Vrana Rakshasa Taila were assessed with the help of
changes in the signs and symptoms of vrana and also on the basis of statistics as
paired ‘t’ test.
Sample size:
Minimum of 20 patients of Kaphaja Dusta Vrana of either sex were taken after the dropout of patients in a single group trial.
g) Posology: Only for external application.
a) Dosage: As required depending size, shape & site of the wound.
Study Duration: - Total duration of study is 30 days It is divided into
a) Application of the taila to the vrana for 15 days
b) Follow up – 15days
h. Assessment of results:
i) Criteria for the assessment of Results :
Assessment of results before and after treatment were made on the basis of
subjective and objective parameters by grading. As Gandha, Vedana,
Varna,Srava,Akruti, and also on the basis of paired ‘t’ test. Pictorial representation of
the case is done.
a) Subjective parameters:
1) Vedana.
Gradings – 0-- No vedana
01--Vedana when the wound site is disturbed (dressing)
02--Vedana when patient moves the affected part and relives at rest
03--Vedana continuously present & not relived by rest requires
medications
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2) Kandu.
Gradings – 0--No Kandu
01--Occasionally when the attention is drawn towards the
wound
02--Present continuously & relived by scratching
03-Present continuosly
b) Objective parameters:
1) Gandha.
O - No Gandha
1 - Mild Gandha when we removed the bandage.
2 - Moderate Gandha when we can smell from a 2 feet distance.
3 - Severe Gandha, we can perceive it from 10 feet distance.
2) Varna.
0--Normal skin colour
01--Red
02--Bluish
03--Moist with pus
04--Moist with pus with blood discharge
3) Srava.
0 - No Srava
1 – Rakta yukta Srava
2 – Pooya yukta Srava
3 – Pooya & Rakta yukta Srava
4) Akruti.
0 – Irregular Wound is 1.5cms to 2cms - 01
1 – Circular Wound is 2.5cms to 3cms - 02
2 – Trangular Wound is 3cms and above - 03
3 – Rectangle
4- Others
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Fallowing investigations were done
A. Lab Investigations:
1) Hb% 5) ESR 9) Culture & Sensitive (if required)
2) TC 6) Blood sugar
3) DC 7) Urine Routine
4) BT 8) CT
B. Interventions:
1. The patients were assessed before and after treatment as per assessment
criteria.
2. The nature of the study explained to the patients in detail and pretreatment
consent was taken.
3. The patients have full right to withdraw from the study at any time.
4. The data were maintained confidentially.
Over all Assessment of results:
The overall assessments of results in the present study were done.
Observation and Results
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OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
The present clinical study was meant for evaluation of efficacy of vrana
rakshasa taila in the management of kaphaja dusta vrana Total 20 patients were
randomly selected for the above mentioned study. The entire patients were assessed
before and after treatment. Both subjective and objective changes were recorded
according to the proforma of case sheet. The collective data is grouped into 8
categories.
1. Observation based on age.
2. Observation based on sex.
3. Observation based on education.
4. Observation based on marital status.
5. Observation based on religion.
6. Observation based on occupation.
7. Observation based on economical status.
8. Observation based on Vrana lakshanas
Observation of demographic data:
Table No :42 showing the distribution of patient’s according to age
Age
In years
No.of patients
Percentage
10-20 01 5
20-30 04 20
30-40 10 50
40-50 05 25
Total 20 100
In this 10-20years patients are only one, 20-30 years 04 patients, 30-40 years 10 patients,
40-50 years 05 patient.
Observation and Results
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Fig No :01 showing the distribution of patient’s age group
Table No : 43 showing the distribution of patients according to sex
Sex No of Patients Percentage Male 15 75% Female 05 25%
Fig No : 02showing the distribution of patient’s sex group:
In this male patients are 15 in number,female patients are 05 in number.
Table No: 44showing distribution of patients by Religion
Religion No of Patients Percentage Hindu 17 85% Muslim 03 15% Oters 00 00.00% Present study explains Hindu, Muslim are reported with problem of Vrana. It does not mean that others are not having this problem. Hindus are 17 in number, 03 muslim patients are reported. Fig No: 03showing the distribution of patient’s Religion: 0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0 Hindu
Muslim
Christian
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14Pour
Middle class
Higher class
0
5
10
15
Male
Female
Observation and Results
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Table No-45 Observations of patients based on Education
Education No.of patients % Percentage
Educated 10 50
Un-Educated 10 50
Total 20 100
Fig N0--04 Even though there is no specific relation to the disease, but awareness to the
Ayurvedic treatment and faith is observed in this study. It explains that educated 10
patients (50) and uneducated 10 patients (50) are reported.
Table No-46 Observations of patients based on marital rates:
Fig No-05 In this study many are married i.e.13 patients (65) and unmarried
are rest of 7 patients
Marriage No. of patients %
Percentage
Married 13 65
Un-Married 07 35
Total 20 100
0
2
4
6
8
10
Educated
Un-Educated
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Married
Un-Married
Observation and Results
Preparation , Physio-Chemical Analysis of Vrana Rakshasha taila and its Clinical Efficacy in Kaphaja Dusta Vrana
135
Table No—47 Observations of patients based on Occupation
Occupation No.of patients Percentage
Agriculture 04 20
Student 03 15
Housewife 05 20
Employee 01 5
Business 04 20
Labour 03 15
Total 20 100
Fig No--06 In this study we consider the 5 categories of occupation for the convenience of studies. Out of 20 patients 5 patients (25 %) belongs to the housewife, 4 patients (20%) belongs to the agriculture, 4 patients (20%) belongs to business, 1 patients belongs to the employee,3 patients (15) are the student
Table No—48 Observations of patients based on Economical status Status
No.of patients
Percentage
Pour 03 15
Middle class 13 65
Higher class 04 20
Total 20 100
0
1
2
3
4
5 Agriculture
Student
Housewife
Employee
Business
labour
Observation and Results
Preparation , Physio-Chemical Analysis of Vrana Rakshasha taila and its Clinical Efficacy in Kaphaja Dusta Vrana
136
It refers to the physical and psychological status of an individual patient. Out
of 20 patients 13 patients (65%) belong to middle class, 03 Patients (15%) belong to
poor class and 4 patients belong to higher class.
Table No-49 Observations based on Vrana lakshanas Symptoms B.T Percentage A.T Percentage
Gandha 16 80 05 25
Varna 20 100 07 35
Srava 16 80 06 30
Akruti 20 100 10 50
Vedana 09 45 01 5
Kandu 20 100 08 40
Daha 09 45 01 5
The above table shows the number, percentage of the patients complaining the
Vrana lakshana before & after the treatment. Before the treatment 20 patients have the
complaint Varna, , Akruti ,Kandu. After the treatment 7, 10& 8 patients are having
the same.
Before the treatment 16 patients have the complaint Srava and 06 after treatment.
Gandha16 patients, after treatment 05 & Daha before treatment 09 & after
treatment 01.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14Pour
Middle class
Higher class
Observation and Results
Preparation , Physio-Chemical Analysis of Vrana Rakshasha taila and its Clinical Efficacy in Kaphaja Dusta Vrana
137
Showing the grades of Gandha before & after treatment
Table No-50
Showing the grades of Srava before & after treatment Table No-51
Showing the grades of kandu before & after treatment No. of patients Group Grade
0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 %
20 B.T 0 0 13 65 5 25 2 10 0 0
20 A.T 12 60 8 40 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table No--52
No. of patients Group Grade
0 % 1 % 2 % 3 %
20 B.T 4 20 11 55 3 15 2 10
20 A.T 15 75 5 25 0 0 0 0
No. of
patients
Group Grade
0 % 1 % 2 % 3
%
4 %
20 B.T 0 0 14 70 4 20 2 10 0 0
20 A.T 13 65 7 35 0 0 0 0 0 0
Observation and Results
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138
Showing the grades of Varva before & after treatment No. of patients Group Grade
0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 %
20 B.T 4 20 9 45 6 30 1 5 0 0
20 A.T 14 70 6 30 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table No-53 Showing the grades of Vedana before & after treatment No. of patients 0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 %
20 B.T 11 55 7 35 1 5 1 5 0 0
20 A.T 19 95 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table No-54 Showing the grades of Daha before & after treatment No. of patients Group Grade
0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 %
20 B.T 11 55 8 40 0 0 1 5 0 0
20 A.T 19 95 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table No --55 Showing the grades of Akruti before & after treatment No. of patients Group Grade
0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 %
20 B.T 0 0 5 25 8 40 6 30 1 5
20 A.T 10 50 10 50 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table No-56
Observation and Results
Preparation , Physio-Chemical Analysis of Vrana Rakshasha taila and its Clinical Efficacy in Kaphaja Dusta Vrana
139
RESULTS
20 patients were studied in each group. patients treated with vrana
rakshasa taila. The results obtained were assessed on the basis of Varna, Kandu,
Akruti, Srava and Vedana, Daha.
Analysis of Subjective parameters
Table No.-57
When compare the mean effects after the treatment, all parameters show
significant. The Kandu shows highly significant (P < 0.001).
Individual parameters shows highly significant, but over all performance is
better than in all the parameters except vedana.
In subjective parameters (as P< 0.01 by comparing t - value), the parameter
Akruti, Kandu, shows more significant after the treatment. The parameter Vedana
shows less effect . (By comparing t – value, p – value, mean and SD)
Parameters
Mean S.D S.E T.Value P.Value Remarks
Gandha
0.41 0.344 0.076 11.18 < 0.001 H.S
Varna
0.29 0.365 0.081 12.96 < 0.001 H.S
Srava
0.42 0.484 0.108 7.407 < 0.001 H.S
Akruti
0.54 0.344 0.076 21.71 < 0.001 H.S
Vedana
0.55 0.576 0.128 4.296 < 0.001 H.S
Kandu 0.25 0.155 0.034 30.88 <0.001 H.S
Daha 0.55 0.368 0.082 6.09 <0.001 H.S
Observation and Results
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140
Overall Assessment of therapeutic response
“Evaluation of efficacy of vrana rakshasa taila in the management of kaphaja dusta
vrana” has the following data of result assessed on the basis of subjective and
objective parameters. Statistical evaluation is done carefully. The final result in the
study is declared. For the declaration it is classified as
OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF CLINICAL RESPONSE:
1. Good Response-76-100% Improvement in Subjective and Objective parameters.
2. Moderate Response-51-75% Improvement in Subjective and Objective parameters.
3. Mild response-26-50% Improvement in Subjective and Objective parameters.
4. Poor response-1-25% Improvement in Subjective and Objective parameters.
5. No Response-0% No Change in Subjective and Objective parameters.
Showing the result of the study
Result Patients percentage
Good response 10 50
Moderate response 09 45
Mild response 01 05
Poor response 00 00
No response 00 00.00
Total 20 100
Table No.-58
In the present study among 20 patients, 10(50%) patients have shown Good
response, 09 (45%) patients were shown Moderate response and 1(5%) patient shown
Mild response. Fig N0-07
0
2
4
6
8
10 Good response
Moderate response
Mild response
Poor response
No response
Discussion
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141
DISCUSSION
The study entitled “ Preparation, physico chemical analysis of vrana rakshasa
taila and its clinical efficacy on kaphaja dusta vrana” is presented in 4 parts.
1. Literary study
2. Pharmaceutical study
3. Analytical study
4. Clinical study
1. Literary study:
In drug review ingredients of vrana rakshasa taila are discussed according
to Ayurvedic as well as modern concept.
Parada—It is well known from ancient periods,It acts as
Vrunaropaka and Vruna Shodhaka, Krimigna (Antimicrobial, insecticide).
Doshaprabhava – Tridoshaghna. Vyadiprabhava – Krimi, Kushta,
Gandhaka---
It is well known from ancient periods ,It is very much effective in the skin disorders.
Stands next to Parada in importance as it is believed to impart many desirable
properties and reduces toxic effect of parada. The Gandhaka which is clear, yellow
in colour just like Shukapiccha, transparent and as smooth and glistening as butter
known as “Amlasar Gandhaka” recommended for Rasakarma is selected for
shodhana. Practically pure sulphur may contain traces of selenium, tellurium and
arsenic sometimes mixed with bitumen and clay. According to Rasa texts, Pashana
and Visha if these impurities are not removed before use, Gandhaka is likely to
produce many diseases. Hence, Shodhana is adopted prior to its use for therapeutic
purpose.
Haratala--- It is well known from ancient periods.
Rasa -- Katu Anurasa -- Kashaya
Guna -- Snigdha, Ushna Veery -- Ushna Vipaka -- Katu
Dosha Prabhava -- Kapha Vatahara, Raktadoshahara
Discussion
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142
Karma -- Deepana, Krimighna ,Rasayana, Balya,Kantikara,
Vajikarana, Vishahara, Mrtyuhara, Bhutabadhahara
Vyadhi Prabhava --Kushta, Kandu, Visarpa, Vatavyadhi, Kaphavyadhi
Manashila--- It is well known from ancient periods.
Rasa - Tikta katu Guna -Snigda, Guru
Veerya - Ushna Vipaka -Katu
Doshagnata - K-V Karma -Rasayana, Lekhana
Rogagnata - Bootha badha, Agni mandya, Kandu, Kasa,
Kshaya ,Twacha roga, Jwara,etc.
vatsanabha---
It is known to Ayurvedic pharmacopoecia .
Charaka classified it under sthavara visha,Susruta considered it under Kanda visha.
Amrit synonym of vatsanabha,quoted by Rasatarangini & Dhanvantari Nighantu.
Tt may be act quick in the body if it is administer after proper shodhana & with
proper dose,precaution it is highly benificial to the body.
Grhya vatsanabha is sthoola,snigdha,guru,naveena as explained by taranginikara.It
is indicated in Swasa,Kasa,Kaphaja vikaras.It may be due to its krimihara proparty.
Girisindhoora---
Girisindhoora is well known to ancients and they included it in
sadharanarasa, where as Bhavaprakasha and Rasataranginikara consider it as a
upadhatu. By this it may be argued that Girisindhoora might be the derivative of the
metal and even chemical analysis also proved that it is lead pro oxide.
Sindhoora found in mineral form, but most of the authorities not
mentioned shodhana and Marana. But some authorities mention bhavana with
godugdha or amlavarga dravya. It may be due to its external limitation.
Discussion
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143
Tamra---
Information available on Tamra from vedic period to till today indicates its
importance throughout, past present & future, in beginning it was used to made
utensils, ornaments & coins. From samhita period & on wards it was using in
chikitsa. It is given in the form of bhasma & many yoga’s of tamra bhasma are also
available. In Rasa texts detail description about guna, dosha, shodhana, marana,
amrutikarana & etc are explained.
Guna—laghu, Rasa---katu,tikta, veerya---ushana, vipaka---katu.
Doshakarma—kapha nashaka,krimihara.
By this property only it acts as krimihara,kaphanashaka .
Sarshapa taila--- It is well known from ancient periods.
Sarshapa are used as a traditional medicine in various conditions.
It is Katu,Tikta rasa,ushana veerya,doshaprabhava is kapha,vata shamaka so it is
used in kaphaja dusta vrana.
2. Pharmaceutical study.
In sidhaoushadha sangraha they explained that we have to take
Ashodhita drugs for the preparation of Vrana Rakshasa Taila. Because we are
preparing the taila in surya tapi vidhana. In this we are keeping the drugs in a glass
vessel and keeping it in sun light up to the evoparation of the water.In classics they
mentioned that keep it up to the evoparation of water,but it is a time consuming
process and it will spoil due to dust,moisture .so we have to process all the
ingrideants with the water and keeping in sun light is beneficial one.
Various types of Taila kalpanas mentioned in the classics. In that vrana rakshasa taila
in bhishajya ratnavali used sarshapa taila because it mitigates the vata and kapha, it
is best Raktashodhaka, Kandughna, Kushtaghna, Kothaghna and Krimighna.
Kajjali is a combination of Parada & Gandhaka,it acts as a
krimighana,Kandughana,yogavahi proparty.
Discussion
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144
Haratala & Manashila are the arsenic group of drugs.These are vshana
veerya,kapha shamaka guna,acts as krimighana,kandughana.
Vatsanabha is ushana veerya, it dose the kapha,vata shamana.krimi,kandu nashana
action.
Girisindhoora is Tridoshashamaka, Kushtaghna, Kandughna, Vrunaropana and
shodhana. Even modern science also used in various ointments and liniments,
which are indicated in eczema, eruptive skin disease, ulcers etc.
The intention is the preparation of taila of the above combination might be to store
the active principle of compound drug and make it suitable for application.
Rasona is having pancha rasa,ushana veerya it acts as deepana,shothahara.
It is vedana stapaka.
Tamra it is ushana veerya,does the shamana of the kapha vikaras.It acts as
krimighana.
The colour of vrana rakshasa taila was changed might be due to chemical reaction.
3. Analytical study.
1. To know the concentration of saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, compound is
subjected to “Acid value test and Saponification test”, and then it comes to
know that the compound has Acid value 0.025mg\gm i.e. unsaturated fatty
acid concentrations and Saponification value 19.28mg\gm that is saturated
fatty acid. So this taila only indicated externally then also it will not produces
any free radicals by the absorption. There by it is confirmed that classically
prepared this taila is samyak siddha taila, because by this procedure
unsaturated taila is converted into saturated fatty acid.
2. To confirm either taila is highly viscid or the clear solution, compound is
subjected to “Refractive index test”, the value of this test is 1.4646 . By this it
is confirmed that taila is very clear and not viscid, their by is absorbed very
quickly.
Discussion
Preparation , Physio-Chemical Analysis of Vrana Rakshasha taila and its Clinical Efficacy in Kaphaja Dusta Vrana
145
3. When the compound is subject to the test “Loss on 1100c”, the value of this
test is 6.2% w/ w . So it is confirmed that taila is free from water molecule and
no chance of microorganism growth.
4. Clinical study.
In this clinical study out of 20 patients were selected for the treatment of
vrana rakshasa taila in the management of KAPHAJA DUSTA VRANA.
The demographic data shows that most of the patients come under middle age
group (70%) and male patients (75%), which suggests that it was seen more in
middle age and males.
All the 20 patients presented with subjective symptoms like Varna, Kandu and
. Out of 20 patients, 16 patients have srava and 09 patients have vedana of
varying degree before and after the treatment.
Vrana rakshasa taila was found highly significant with P<0.001. 50% of the
patients completely relieved from Akruti, 40% were relieved from Kandu, 35%
from Varna,30% from Srava &25% from Gandha, and 05% were relived from
Vedana,Daha.
In this group out of 20 patients 10 patients (50%) responded well, 09 patients
(45%) have been moderately responded, 01 patients (05%) have been mild
responded, and no patients were found doesn’t responded.
Probable mode of action of vrana rakshasa taila.
In the present study an effect has been made to discuss the probable mode of
action of vrana rakshasa taila on kaphaja dusta vrana.The pharmacodynamic
properties of
Parada
Karma --- Yogavahi, Vrunaropana and Vruna Shodhana, Krimigna
Discussion
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146
Gandhaka---
Rasa – Madhura, Katu, Tikta,Kashaya Guna – Sara, snigd
Veerya – Ushna Vipaka - Katu/ Madhura
Doshaghnata - Vatakapha Nashaka
Haratala
Rasa ---- Katu Anurasa ---- Kashaya
Guna---- Snigdha, Ushna Veery--- Ushna Vipaka --- Katu
Dosha Prabhava --- Kapha Vatahara, Raktadoshahara
Karma----- Deepana, Krimighna ,Rasayana, Balya,Kantikara
Manashila
Rasa - Tikta katu Guna -Snigda, Guru
Veerya - Ushna Vipaka -Katu
Doshagnata - K-V Karma -Rasayana, Lekhana
Rogagnata - Bootha badha, Agni mandya, Kandu, Kasa & Kshaya Twacha
roga, Jwara.
vatsanabha
rasa-madhura guna—ushana veerya---ushana
vipaka---madhura doshaprabhava----vata,kapha shamaka.
Rasona
Rasa – Pancharasa Katu Guna – Snigdha, Tikshna, Picchila, Guru,
Sara.
Veerya – Ushna Vipaka – Katu
Discussion
Preparation , Physio-Chemical Analysis of Vrana Rakshasha taila and its Clinical Efficacy in Kaphaja Dusta Vrana
147
Girisindhoora is
Rasa – Katu, Tikta Guna – Ushna
Veerya – Ushna Doshaghnata – Tridosha shamaka
Karma – Vrunaropaka & shodhaka, Kushtaghna, Kandughna etc
It is a local stimulant and indicated in eczema, eruptive skin disease, ulcers
etc
Tamra
Guna—laghu, Rasa---katu,tikta, veerya---ushana, vipaka---katu.
Doshakarma—kapha nashaka,krimihara.
Sarshapa:
Guna –Snigdha laghu Veerya – Ushna
Rasa- Katu, Tikta Vipaka – katu
Doshaghnata – Vatakaphashamaka
Karma - Raktashodhaka, Kandu & Kothaghna, Krimighna, Kushtaghna.
By observing these properties all drugs are having kapha shamaka and
Kushta, Kandu and shothahara etc properties. So this yoga is best in the kaphaja
dusta vrana, which is Kapha pradhana vyadhi.
DISCUSSION ON CLINICAL STUDY
This clinical study on Kaphaja dusta vrana by observing above all data and
by statistical result it is proved that, the formulation,VRANARAKSHASA TAILA is
having significant effect over Kandu, Varna,Akruti and less effective in daha and
vedana of Kaphaja dusta vrana.
Preparation , Physio-Chemical Analysis of Vrana Rakshasha taila and its Clinical Efficacy in Kaphaja Dusta Vrana
148
CONCLUSION
1. Rasaushadies are more potent for curing the vyadhis and it is proved on
Vrana.
2. Shodhita drugs definitely regulate the action of drug; so that it is made suitable
for further procedure and induce the disease curing property.
3. Most of the drugs in vrana rakshasa taila are ushana,teekshana in nature,
by this it cures the kaphaja dusta vrana.
4. By physico – chemical analysis it is proved that vrana rakshasa taila is very
clear and not viscid, there by it is absorbed very quickly.
5. This formulation is mentioned in Bhishajya ratnavali in the context of Vrana
chikitsa.
SCOPE FOR THE FURTHER STUDY
Sample size is small, taking big size sample with different types of vrana can
be carried out.
Summary
Preparation , Physio-Chemical Analysis of Vrana Rakshasha taila and its Clinical Efficacy in Kaphaja Dusta Vrana
149
SUMMARY
The present study entitled “ preparation and physico-chemical analysis of
vrana rakshasa taila and its clinical efficacy on kaphaja dusta vrana.”
In this study an attempt was made to prepare genuine vrana rakshasa taila by
following the classical procedures, its genuinity was confirmed by physico-chemical
analysis, and its clinical efficacy was evaluated by clinical study.
1. In the introduction Aims & objectives of the Rasashastra, importance of Taila
kalpanas, description of Vrana & necessity for the assortment of this research
work is explained in brief.
2. Aims & Objectives of the present study are mentioned in the Objective chapter.
3. Review of Literature is dealt in two main headings i.e. Drug review and Disease
review and Procedure review.
a) The chapter Drug review deals about the ingredients of the Tailakalpana both
in ayurveda & modern view, i.e about the first reference, its material,
occurrence, synonyms according to different authorities, grahya & agrahy
lakshana, classification, pharmacological properties and pharmaceutical
processes according to different acharyas i.e shodhana, including its
indication in different diseases explained in detail.
b) Disease review deals about etomology, definition of Vrana, direct and indirect
references including its historical background, nidana, roopa, samprapti and
Summary
Preparation , Physio-Chemical Analysis of Vrana Rakshasha taila and its Clinical Efficacy in Kaphaja Dusta Vrana
150
line of treatment according to various authorities.
c) In the same chapter next part deals about the modern concept of Vrana i.e.
wound starting from definition, causative factors, signs & symptoms and
treatment.
4. METHODOLOGY:-
It deals about pharmaceutical, analytical & clinical study.
a. In pharmaceutical study detail explanation about parada shodhana,
Gandhaka shodhana, Haratala and Manashila shodhana, preparation of
vrana rakshasa taila is explained.
b. The analytical study deals about chemical analysis of vrana rakshasa
taila carried out in pharmacy Bagalakot.
c. In clinical study, The patients of KAPHAJA DUSTA VRANA after the
complete diagnose were selected. The clinical study was done by
application of vrana rakshasa taila in one groups for 15 days and the
patients were accessed for the same.
5. Results:
Patients were observed on the basis of various angle i.e. demographic
and various disease relevant points. The patients were assessed according to the
subjective & objective parameters criteria and results are drawn with the help of
statistical values P & S.D etc.
Summary
Preparation , Physio-Chemical Analysis of Vrana Rakshasha taila and its Clinical Efficacy in Kaphaja Dusta Vrana
151
6. Discussion: First drug & disease discussion has been done in both the view i.e
ayurvedic as well as modern aspect. In the part of pharmaceutical discussion,
rationalities behind shodhana, taila kalpana were discussed appropriately. In
analytical discussion role of physico-chemical analysis of taila kalpana is
discussed and in clinical discussion, discussion about the kaphaja dusta vrana patients
as well as probable mode of action of vrana rakshasa taila in kaphaja dusta vrana
is explained.
7. Conclusion: The essence of the research work has been reported.
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19. Dr.K.M.Nadakarni, Indian Materia Medica, Volume II, 3rd Edition, Bombay, Popular Prakashana, Reprint 1996, PP 67 - 68.
20. Vaidya Vasudeva Mulashankar Dvivedi, edited Parada vignaniyam, 2nd Edition, Varanasi, Sharma Ayurveda Mandira, 1978, Chapter No 1, PP 02.
21. Bhavamishra,Bhava Prakasha Nighantu, Editor Dr.G.S.Pandey, 6th Edition, Dhatvadivarga, Sloka No 87 - 88,Varanasi, Chaukhambha Orientalia, 1982, PP 613.
22. Acharya Yashodhara, Rasaprakash Sudhakara, Siddi Nandanmishra, 3rd Edition, Chapter No 1, Sloka No 16 - 21 Varanasi, Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2004, PP- 05.
23. Chandrabhushan Jha, Ayurvediya Rasashastra, Chapter No 5, 1st Edition, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishthan, 1994, PP120 – 122.
24.Sri Sadanand Sharma, edited Rasatarangini, Kashinath Shastri, Chapter No 5, Sloka No 27-30, 11th Edition, Varanasi, Motilal Banarasi Dass, 2004, PP79.
25.IBID, Sloka No 31, PP 80.
26.IBID, Sloka No 34 & 35, PP 81.
27.Acharya Madhava, edited Ayurveda Prakasha, Editor Sri Gulrajsharma Mishra, Chapter No 1, Sloka No 165, 2nd Edition, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Reprint 1999, PP92.
Ayurvediya Rasashastra by Siddinandana Mishra, 14th edition, Choukambha orientalia, Varanasi; Parada prakarana, 2004 PP 211-214.
Vaidya Vasudeva Mulashankar Dvivedi, edited Parada vignaniyam, Chapter No 1, 2nd Edition Varanasi, Sharma Ayurveda Mandira, 1978, PP 27.
Sri Gopalkrishnabhat, Rasendra sara Sangrah, Indradev Tripathi, Chapter No 1, Sloka No 9, 3rd Edition, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2003, PP 3.
Indradev Tripati, Rasarnava, Chapter No 18, Sloka No 131,4th Edition, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series, 2001, PP 337.
Acharya Dundukunath, edited Rasendra Chintamani, Editor Siddhinandan Mishra, Chapter No 3, Sloka No 218 & 219, 1st Edition, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2000, PP 55
33.Indradev Tripati, edited Rasarnava, Chapter No 18, Sloka No 118-123,4th Edition, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series, 2001, PP 336.
34.P.L.Soni, Textbook of Inorganic chemistry, Delhi, Sultan Chand & sons, Reprint , Elements of Group IInd B, 2002,PP 3.326 – 3.327.
35.Ibid.
36.Yadavji Trikamji , Achary-Rasamrta, Dr. Damodhar Joshi, 2nd Chapter, Edition-1st, Choukambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi; 1998 , PP 29.
37.Ibid.
38. Gopalkrishnabhatta-, Rasendra Sara Sangraha, Dr. Ashok Satpute, 1st Chapter, Edition 1st, Choukambha Krishnadasa Acedamy, Varnasi; 2003, PP60.
39.Yadavji Trikamji Acharya- Rasamrta, Dr. Damodhar Joshi, Chap2 Sholka 2 Edition-1st, Choukambha Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi,1998 Page 30.
40. Sri Sadanandarsharma, Rasa Tarangini, 8thTaranga, sloka 39, 11th Edition, edited by Kashinathan shastri, New Delhi, Motilal Banarasidas publications, 2000. P.182.
41.Acharya Madhava, Ayurveda Prakasha, 2ndChapter, Sloka 49-50, edited by Sri Gulraj Sharma Mishra, 2nd Edition, Varanasi Chaukamba Bharat Academy –1999. P.268.
42. Gopalkrishnabhatta- Rasendra Sara Sangraha, Dr. Ashok Satpute Chapter 1 Edition 1st Choukambha Krishnadasa Acedamy Varnasi 2003 Page61.
43 Sri Rasavagbhata, edited Rasaratna Samuchaya, 8thChapter, sloka 5, edited by Indra Dev Tripati, 2nd Edition Varnasi Chaukamba Sanskrit Prakashan 2003. P.145.
44.Sri Sadanandarsharma, edited Rasa Tarangini, 6thTaranga, sloka 110-111, edited by Kashinathan shastri, 11th Edition, New Delhi, Motilal Banarasidas publications, 2000. P.125.
45. .a. Sri Sadanandarsharma, edited Rasa Tarangini, 6thTaranga, sloka 112, edited by Kashinathan shastri, 11th Edition, New Delhi, Motilal Banarasidas publications, 2000. P.176.
b. Yadavji Trikrmji Acharya, edited Rasamrutham, 1stChapter, sloka 18,edited by Sri Damodar Joshi, Ist Edition, Varanasi, Chaukamba Sanskrit Prakashan, 1998. P.14.
46. Sri Sadanandarsharma, edited Rasa Tarangini, 6thTaranga, sloka 112, edited by Kashinathan shastri, 11th Edition, New Delhi, Motilal Banarasidas publications, 2000. P.126.
47. Sadananda Sharma,Rasatarangini edited by Kashinath Shastri 11th Taranga Sloka-1 -311th ed. New Delhi: Motilala Banarasidas Publication; 2004 Page -244.
48.Yadavji Trikamji Achary- Rasamrta. Dr. Damodhar Joshi Chap 4 Edition-1st Choukambha Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi, 1998, Page 113.
49.A text book of Rasashastra by Dr. Vilas A.Dole & Dr. Prakash Paranjpe, Chap-13, Reprint Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthan Delhi,2006, Page 234.
50.Acharya Somadeva. Rasendra chudamani edited by Siddinandana Mishra Chap 11 Sloka-30-33,Edition -1st,Choukambha orientalia, Varanasi,1984 Page 175.
51.Ibid Sloka 34 Page 176.
52.Sadananda Sharma, edited Rasatarangini edited by Kashinath Shastri 11th Taranga Sloka- 13-15, 11th ed. New Delhi: Motilala Banarasidas Publication; 2004 Page. 46
53. Bhudeb mukharji edited Rasajala nidhi vol 2, 3rd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Publishers; Chapter 2 Haratala prakarna page No-193.
54.Vagbhata, Rasaratna samuchachaya, edited by Kapil Deo, 3rd chapter shloka
74,1st Edn Varaanasi Choukmba samskrita bhavan:1988, P.33.
55. Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini edited by Kashinath Shastri 11th Taranga Sloka- 25 ,11th ed. New Delhi: Motilala Banarasidas Publication; 2004,Page. 248.
56. Bhudeb mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2, 3rd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Publishers; Chap 2 Haratala prakarna page No-161.
57.Ibid Page No-164.
58.Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini edited by Kashinath Shastri 11th Taranga Sloka- 39-41 11th ed. New Delhi: Motilala Banarasidas Publication; 2004 Page. 250.
59. Ibid, Sloka 56 Page 253.
Bhudeb mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2, 3rd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Publishers; Chap 2 Haratala prakarna page No-194.
Ayurvediya Rasashastra by Siddinandana Mishra, 14th edition Choukambha orientalia, Varanasi Haratala prakarana, 2004 Page 149.
Rasashastra By Dr. Damodar Joshi A.M.S.H.P.A. Phd, Edited By Dr. K.P. Sree Kumari Amma M.D. (Ayu) Chap 4, I edition Publication division Ayurveda college, Trivandrum.1986 Page- 144-145.
Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini edited by Kashinath Shastri 11th Taranga Sloka- 104-105 11th ed. New Delhi: Motilala Banarasidas Publication; 2004 Page. 260-261.
64.Yadavji Trikamji Achary-Rasamrta. Dr. Damodhar Joshi Chap2,Edition-1st Choukambha Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi,1998.
65.Gopalkrishnabhatta-Rasendra Sara Sangraha, Dr. Ashok D. Satpute, Chapter 1 I Edition , Choukambha Krishnadasa Acedamy Varnasi, 2003 Page 105.
66. Vagbhatacharya, Rasaratna samuchachaya, edited by Kapil Deo, Chap 3 Sloka
91 ,1st edition, Choukmba samskrita bhavan Varaanasi 1998, Page. 35.
67.Ibid Sloka – 95 Page 35.
68. Acharya Madhava- Ayurveda Prakasha, Sri. Gulrajsharma Mishra. Chap 2. Sloka- 17Edn, 2nd reprint , Choukambha Bharti Academy Varnasi 1999 Page 304.
69. Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini edited by Kashinath Shastri 11th Taranga Sloka- 107-10811th ed. New Delhi: Motilala Banarasidas Publication; 2004 Page. 261.
70. Gopalkrishnabhatta-Rasendra Sara Sangraha, Indradev Tripathi, Chapter-1 Sloka 198-199, Edition 3rd Choukambha Krishnadasa Acedamy Varnasi 2003 Page 50.
71.Vagbhatacharya,Rasaratna samuchachaya,edited by Kapil Deo,Chap 3 Sloka
98, 1st edition, Choukmba samskrita bhavan Varaanasi 1998, Page 35.
72. Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini edited by Kashinath Shastri 11th Taranga Sloka- 115-116, 11th ed. New Delhi: Motilala Banarasidas Publication; 2004 Page. 263.
73. Gopalkrishnabhatta-Rasendra Sara Sangraha, Dr. Ashok D. Satpute, Chapter 1 Edition 1st Choukambha Krishnadasa Acedamy Varnasi 2003 Page 105.
74.Agnivesha, Charaka samhita, chikitsasthana, 23rd chapter, shloka 11-12, editor Kashinatha Shastri and Gorakhanatha Chaturvedi, 12th edition, Varanasi: Choukhamba Bharatee Academy, 1996, p. 625.
75. Sushruta, Sushruta samhita, Kalpasthana, chapter 2, shloka 5, editor Ambikadatta Shastri, 11th edition, Varanasi: Choukhamba Saskrit Samsthana, 1997, p. 17.
76 a. P.V.Sharma, Dhanwantari Nighantu, Mishrakadi Varga, Sloka 111, edited by Guruprasad Sharma, 3rd ed. Varnasi Chaukamba Orientalia, 2002. P.280.
b. Pandit Narahari, Raja Nighantu, PippalyadiVarga, Sloka 222, edited by Indradev Tripati , 2nd ed, Varanasi , Krishnadasa Academy, 1998. P.179.
c. Sri Sadanandarsharma, Rasa Tarangini, 24th Taranga, sloka16, edited by Kashinathan shastri, 11th Edition, New Delhi, Motilal Banarasidas publications, 2000. P.651.
d. Bhava mishra Bhava prakash Nighantu, Datwadi Varga sloka 1edited by G.S. Pandye, 7th ed., Varnasi Chaukamba Bharatiya Academ
77. Bhava mishra Bhava prakash Nighantu,Dhatwadi Varga ,edited by G.S. Pandye, 7th ed., Varnasi Chaukamba Bharatiya Academy, 1984.P.629.
78.Yogaratnakara, Yogaratnakara, Poorvardha, shloka 2, edited by Laxmipati Shastri, 5th edition, Varanasi, Choukhamba Sanskrit Samsthana, 1993, p. 165.
79. Sri Sadanandarsharma, Rasa Tarangini, 24thTaranga, sloka15, edited by Kashinathan shastri, 11th Edition, New Delhi, Motilal Banarasidas publications, 2000. P.650.
80. . Acharya Madhava , Ayurveda Prakasha, 6thChapter, Sloka 17, edited by Sri Gulraj Sharma Mishra 2nd Edition, Varanasi Chaukamba Bharat Academy –1999. P.48.
81. .a. Sri Sadanandarsharma, Rasa Tarangini, 24thTaranga, sloka10-11, edited by Kashinathan shastri, 11th Edition, New Delhi, Motilal Banarasidas publications, 2000. P.649. b. Bhava mishra Bhava prakash Nighantu, Datwadi Varga sloka 19, edited by G.S. Pandye, 7th ed., Varnasi Chaukamba Bharatiya Academy, 1984.P.630.
82. . JLN Shastri, Dravyaguna Vignana, 1st edition, Varanasi : Choukhamba Orientalia, 2004, p. 452.
83. Sri Sadanandarsharma, Rasa Tarangini, 24thTaranga, sloka18, edited by Kashinathan shastri, 11th Edition, New Delhi, Motilal Banarasidas publications, 2000. P.651. 84. 78a.Sri Sadanandarsharma, Rasa Tarangini, 24thTaranga, sloka19-25, edited by Kashinathan shastri, 11th Edition, New Delhi, Motilal Banarasidas publications, 2000. P.625. b.Vaidya Yadavaji Trikamji Acharya, Rasamritam. Edited by Damodar Joshi, 1st edn. Varanasi: Choukamba Sanskrit Sansthana ; 1998. Rasayo vignaneeyam. p. 282-283. c.Prof. P.V. Sharma, Dravyaguna vignana, Vol- II. 1st edn. Varanasi: Choukambha Bharati Academy ; 1981. p.110 d.Yogaratnakara. Edited by Shri Laxmipati Shastry. 5th edn. Varanasi: Choukamba Sanskrit Sansthana; 1993. p. 241. e.Bhudeb Mookarje, Rasajalanidhi Vol-II, 2nd edn. Varanasi : Shri Gokul Mudranalaya ; 1984.Vatshanabha. p.339.
P.V.Sharma, Dravyaguna Vignana Vol-II, 1st edition, Varanasi : Choukhamba Bharateeya Academy, 1981,2nd chapter, p. 107.
86.P.V. Sharma, Dhanwantari Nighantu, Mishrakadi varga, shloka 11-12, editor Guruprasada Sharma, 1st edition, Varanasi: Choukhamba Orientalia, 1982, p. 280.
87.Pandita Narahari, Rajanighantu, Pippalyadivarga, shloka 223, edited by Indradeva Tripathi, 2nd edition, Varanasi: Krishnadasa Academy, 1998, p. 180.
88.Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini, 24th Taranga, shloka 26-31, edited by Kashinatha Shastri, 11th edition, Varanasi: Motilala Banarasi Das, 1979, p.653.
89.K.M. Nadakarani, Indian Materia Medica, Vol - I, editor A. K. Nadakarni, 3rd edition, Bombay: Popular Prakashana Private Limited, 1982, p. 23.
90. Sri Sadanandarsharma, Rasa Tarangini, 24thTaranga, sloka 64-66, edited by Kashinathan shastri, 11th Edition, New Delhi, Motilal Banarasidas publications, 2000. P.659.
91. Sri Sadanandarsharma, Rasa Tarangini, 24thTaranga, sloka 61-63, edited by Kashinathan shastri, 11th Edition, New Delhi, Motilal Banarasidas publications, 2000. P.659.
92.Sushruta, Sushruta samhita, Kalpasthana, 2nd chapter , shloka 12,editor Ambikadatta Shastri, 11th edotion, Varanasi : Choukhamba Saskrit Samsthana, 1997 p. 20.
93. Bapalala Bahisha, Nighantu Adarsha, Poorvardha, 1st edition, Varanasi: Choukhamba Vidyabhavana, 1981, Vatsanabha varga, p. 4.
94. Vagbhatacharya, Rasaratna Samucchaya, editor Ambikadatta Shastri, chapter 29th, shloka 145,9th edition,Varanasi: Choukhamba Ambarabharati Prakashana,1998,p-602.
95. Krishnan Vij., Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 12th chapter,2nd edition, Delhi B. Chirchill’s Livingstone Private Limited, 2002, p. 940-942.
96. Shri Sadhanandha sharma Rasatarangini 21st chapter shloka 148-149, Kashinath shastri 11th edition, Varanasi; Motilal Bhanarasidas; 2000 pp-547.
97.Rasa vagabhata Rasa ratna Samuchchaya 3rd chapter shloka 145, Pandit Dharmanandha Sharma 2nd edition, Varanasi; Motilal Banarasidas; 1996 pp-41.
98.Jadavaji Trikamaji Rasamritam 18th chapter shloka 108, Dr Damodara joshi 1st edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha samskrit bhavan; 1998 pp-76.
99.Budheva mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2. 3rd chapter, Siddhinandana mishra 2nd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Samskrita bhavana; 1998 pp-222.
100.Sri Bhavamishra Bhavaprakasha Nighantu 7th chapter shloka 76, Sri Brahmashankar mishra 6th edition, Varanasi; chawkhambha Sanskrit samsthana ; 1984 pp 611.
101.Kaidevacharya Kaideva nighantu 2nd chapter shloka 66-67, Proff.P.V.Sharma 1st edition, Varanasi; Choukumba orientalia; 1979 pp-284.
102.Nrupaadanapala Madanapala nighantu 4th chapter shloka 35, Khemraj Krishnadas, Mumbai; Sarvadhika prakashana; pp- 103.
103.Bajandas swami Dadupant Rasadarpana voll 1st 6th chapter, 3rd edition, Rohatak; Nath pustak bhandar; pp-139.
104.Shri Sadhanandha sharma Rasatarangini 21st chapter shloka 150, Kashinath shastri 11th edition, Varanasi; Motilal Bhanarasidas; 2000 pp-547.
105. Rasa vagabhata Rasa ratna Samuchchaya 3rd chapter shloka 157, Pandit Dharmanandha Sharma 2nd edition, Varanasi; Motilal Banarasidas; 1996 pp-42.
106.Budheva mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2. 3rd chapter, Siddhinandana mishra 2nd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Samskrita bhavana; 1998 pp-224.
107. Rasa vagabhata Rasa ratna Samuchchaya 3rd chapter shloka 146, Pandit Dharmanandha Sharma 2nd edition, Varanasi; Motilal Banarasidas; 1996 pp-41.
108.Shri Dhanvantari Dhanvantari nighantu 3rd chapter shloka 98, Dr. P.V.Sharma 1st edition, Varanasi; Choukumba orintalia; 1982 pp-108.
109.Sri Bhavamishra Bhavaprakasha Nighantu 7th chapter shloka 77, Sri Brahmashankar mishra 6th edition, Varanasi; chawkhambha Sanskrit samsthana ; 1984 pp-- 611.
110.Narahari Rajnighantu 13th chapter shloka 52, Indradev tripati 2nd edition, Varanasi; chawkhambha Sanskrit series; 1998 pp 439.
111.Acharya somadheva Rasendra chudamani 10th chapter shloka 106, Dr Siddinandan mishra 2nd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha orientalia; 1999 pp-195.
112.Rasa vagabhata Rasa ratna Samuchchaya 3rd chapter shloka 146, Pandit Dharmanandha Sharma 2nd edition, Varanasi; Motilal Banarasidas; 1996 pp-41.
113.Shri Sadhanandha sharma Rasatarangini 21st chapter shloka 151, Kashinath shastri 11th edition, Varanasi; Motilal Bhanarasidas; 2000 pp-548.
114.Acharya somadheva Rasendra chudamani 10th chapter shloka 106, Dr Siddinandan mishra 2nd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha orientalia; 1999 pp-195.
115.Sri Bhavamishra Bhavaprakasha Nighantu 7th chapter shloka 77, Sri Brahmashankar mishra 6th edition, Varanasi; chawkhambha Sanskrit samsthana ; 1984 pp 611.
116.Nrupaadanapala Madanapala nighantu 4th chapter shloka 36, Khemraj Krishnadas, Mumbai; Sarvadhika prakashana; page 103.
117.Jadavaji Trikamaji Rasamritam 18th chapter shloka 109, Dr Damodara Joshi 1st edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha samskrit bhavan; 1998 pp-77.
118.Kaidevacharya Kaideva nighantu 2nd chapter shloka 67-68, Prof. P.V.Sharma 1st edition, Varanasi; Choukumba orientalia; 1979 pp-284.
119.Shri Dhanvantari Dhanvantari nighantu 3rd chapter shloka 98, Dr. P.V.Sharma 1st edition, Varanasi; Choukumba orintalia; 1982 pp-108.
120.Jadavaji Trikamaji Rasamritam 18th chapter, Dr Damodara joshi 1st edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha samskrit bhavan; 1998 pp-77.
121. B.S.Bowl and G.D.Sharma Modern approach alimentary inorganic chemistry chapter 2nd edition, New delhi;S.Chand and company;1980 pp-293-94
122. R.Ghosh’s Pharmacology Materia medica and therapeutics 5th chapter, S.S.Senagupta 23rd edition, Culcutta;Hilton and company;1976 pp-889.
123. Acharya P.V.Sharma edited Dravyaguna Vijnana Vol-2, Chapter-1st, Reprint edition , pub: Chowkhambha Bharati Academy Varanasi, 2005 P-72-73.
124.Vyadhyavara Shri Choodamani Rasakamadhenu, Yadavaji Trikamaji Chap 1, Sl-305,306 Edn Varanasi, Choukambha Orientalia, Upakarana pada, 1990 P. 157. a.Panditha Narahari of Raja Nigantu Dr. Indradeo Tripathi 3rd Edn.Varanasi Choukambha Krishnadas Academy Suvarnadivarga Sl-18 2003 P.432. b.Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini Kashinath Shastri 17th Taranga Sl-1,2 11th Edn. New Delhi: Motilala Banarasidas Publication; 2004 P. 408. c.Bhudeb mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2, 3rd Edn, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Publishers; Chap 4 Tamra prakarna P.273. 125.Dr.K.M Nadakrani – Indian Materia Medica Volume II – A.K Nadakarni Edition 2nd Reprint Popular Prakashana Bombay ,1992 Page 47. 126.Yadavji Trikamji Achary-Rasamritam. Dr. Damodhar Joshi chp-3 Edition-1st Choukambha Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi 1998 Page 44. 127.Mellors Modern Inorganic Chemistry revised and edited by G.D. Parkes, M.A. D.Phil, Longmans, Green & Co Ltd. London. 1961 edition Page 646 & 647.
128.Vagbhata, Rasaratna samuchachaya, edited by Kapil Deo, 5th chap shloka
43,1st Edn Varaanasi Choukmba samskrita bhavan:1988, P.57. 129.Acharya Madhava- Ayurveda Prakasha, Sri. Gulrajsharma Mishra. Chap3. Sloka- 145 Edn 2nd reprint , Choukambha Bharti Academy Varnasi 1999 Page 373 130.Bhavamishra Bhavaprakash Nihgantu Edited by Dr. G.S.Pandey Dhatwadi varga sloka 26,27 9th edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Bharathi Academy; 1993 page No 605. 131.Panditha Narahari of Raja Nigantu Edited by Dr. Indradeo Tripathi Suvarnadivarga sloka-19 3rdEdn. 2003.Varanasi Choukambha Krishnadas Academy 2003 Page-432. 132.Bhudeb mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2, Chapter – 4th Tamra prakarna 3rd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Publishers; page No-275. 133.Vyadhyavara Shri Choodamani Rasakamadhenu, Yadavaji Trikamaji Upakarana pada, Chap 1, Sl-310 Varanasi, Choukambha Orientalia, Upakarana pada, 1990 P. 158. 134.Vagbhata, Rasaratna samuchachaya, edited by Kapil Deo, 5th chap shloka 46, 1st Edn Varaanasi Choukmba samskrita bhavan:1988, P.57.
135.Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini edited by Kashinath Shastri 17th Taranga Sloka-45 11th ed. New Delhi: Motilala Banarasidas Publication; 2004Page No-419. 136.Yadavji Trikamji Achary-Rasamritam. Dr. Damodhar Joshi Chap 3 Sloka-35 Edition-1st Choukambha Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi 1998 Page 44 137.Acharya Somadeva. Rasendra chudamani edited by Siddinandana Mishra Chap 14 Sloka-69Edition -1st , Choukambha orientalia, Varanasi 1984 Page 246. 138.Rasatantra sara va Sidda Prayoga sangraha edited by shri Krishna Nandaji Maharaja Edition 16th Krishna gopal Ayurveda Bhavan Page 100
139.Acharya Madhava- Ayurveda Prakasha, Sri. Gulrajsharma Mishra. Chap3. Sloka- 145 Edn 2nd reprint , Choukambha Bharti Academy Varnasi 1999Page 373 140.Bhavamishra Bhavaprakash Nihgantu Edited by Dr. G.S.Pandey Dhatwadi varga sloka 26 9th edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Bharathi Academy; 1993 page No 605. 141.Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini edited by Kashinath Shastri 17th Taranga Sloka-45, 11th ed. New Delhi: Motilala Banarasidas Publication; 2004 Page No-419. 142.Bhudeb mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2, 3rd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Publishers; Chapter – 4th Tamra prakarna page No-275. 143.Yadavji Trikamji Achary-Rasamritam. Dr. Damodhar Joshi Chap 3 Sloka-35,36 Edition-1stChoukambha Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi 1998 Page 44,45
144.Bhudeb mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2, Chapter – 4th Tamra prakarna 3rd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Publishers; page No-275. 145.Yoga Ratnakara Purvardh Vaidya Laximipati Shastri Edition 4
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150.Vagbhata, Rasaratna samuchachaya, edited by Kapil Deo, 5th chap shloka 46, 1st Edn Varaanasi Choukmba samskrita bhavan:1988, P.57. 151.Rasatantra sara va Sidda Prayoga sangraha edited by shri Krishna Nandaji Maharaja Edition 16th Krishna gopal Ayurveda Bhavan Page 100 152.Panditha Narahari of Raja Nigantu Edited by Dr. Indradev Tripathi Suvarnadivarga sloka-19 3rdEdn.Varanasi Choukambha Krishnadas Academy 2003 Page-432. 153.Acharya Madhava- Ayurveda Prakasha, Sri. Gulrajsharma Mishra Chap3. Sloka- 145.Edn 2nd reprint , Choukambha Bharti Academy Varnasi . 1999 Page 373 154.Bhavamishra Bhavaprakash Nihgantu Edited by Dr. G.S.Pandey Dhatwadi varga sloka 26, 9th edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Bharathi Academy; 1993 page No 605. 155.Bhudeb mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2, Chapter – 4th Tamra prakarna 3rd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Publishers; page No-275. 156.Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini edited by Kashinath Shastri 17th Taranga Sloka-45 11th ed. New Delhi: Motilala Banarasidas Publication; 2004 Page No-419. 157.Acharya Somadeva. Rasendra chudamani edited by Siddinandana Mishra Chap 14 Sloka-69 Edition -1st 1984, Choukambha orientalia, Varanasi Page 246. 158.Vyadhyavara Shri Choodamani Rasakamadhenu, Yadavaji Trikamaji Upakarana pada, Chap 1, Sl-311 Edn Varanasi, Choukambha Orientalia,1990 P. 158. 159.Bhudeb mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2, 3rd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Publishers; Chapter – 4th Tamra prakarna page No-275. 160.Vagbhata, Rasaratna samuchachaya, edited by Kapil Deo, 5th chap shloka 46, 1st Edn Varaanasi Choukmba samskrita bhavan:1988, P.57. 161.Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini edited by Kashinath Shastri 17th Taranga Sloka-45-4711th ed. New Delhi: Motilala Banarasidas Publication; 2004 Page -419-420. 162.Acharya Madhava- Ayurveda Prakasha, Sri. Gulrajsharma Mishra. Chap3. Sloka- 145 Edn 2nd reprint , Choukambha Bharti Academy Varnasi 1999 Page 373 163.Bhavamishra Bhavaprakash Nihgantu Edited by Dr. G.S.Pandey Dhatwadi varga sloka 26-27 9th edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Bharathi Academy; 1993 page No 605
164.Govindadas, Bhaishajya Ratnavali edited by Ambikadatta Shastri chapter 2 sloka 110.12th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrita Samsthan; 1996, Page 20 165.Yoga Ratnakara Purvardh Vaidya Laximipati Shastri Edition 4 Choukambha Vishawabharti Varanasi Dhathu Varga 1988 page 132 166.Vagbhata, Rasaratna samuchachaya, edited by Kapil Deo, 5th chapter shloka
44,1st Edn Varaanasi Choukmba samskrita bhavan:1988, P.57. 167.Vagbhata, Rasaratna samuchachaya, edited by Kapil Deo, 5th chap shloka 43, 1st Edn Varaanasi Choukmba samskrita bhavan:1988, P.57. 168.Acharya Madhava- Ayurveda Prakasha, Sri. Gulrajsharma Mishra. Chap3. Sloka- 115-117 Edn 2nd reprint 1999, Choukambha Bharti Academy Varnasi Page 368 169.Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini edited by Kashinath Shastri17th Taranga Sloka-10-11 11th ed. New Delhi: Motilala Banarasidas Publication; 2004Page -410. 170.Yoga Ratnakara Purvardh Vaidya Laximipati Shastri Dhathu Varga Edition 4 Choukambha Vishawabharti Varanasi 1988 page 132. 171.Acharya Somadeva. Rasendra chudamani edited by Siddinandana Mishra Chap 14 Sloka-44Edition -1st Choukambha orientalia, Varanasi 1984 Page 241. 172.Bhavamishra Bhavaprakash Nihgantu Edited by Dr. G.S.Pandey Dhatwadi varga sloka 28 9th edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Bharathi Academy; 1993 page No 605 173.Vagbhata, Rasaratna samuchachaya, edited by Kapil Deo, 5th chap shloka
47,48,1st Edn Varaanasi Choukmba samskrita bhavan:1988, P.57. 174.Bhudeb mukharji Rasajala nidhi vol 2, 3rd edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Publishers; Chapter – 4th Tamra prakarna page No-276. 175.Govindadas, Bhaishajya Ratnavali edited by Ambikadatta Shastri chapter 2 sloka 106-107.12th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrita Samsthan; 1996, Page 108 176.Gopal krishnabhatta-Rasendra Sara Sangraha, Indradev Tripati, Chapter 1 sloka-277-278 Edition 3rd Choukambha Krishnadasa Acedamy Varnasi 2003 Page 73. 177.Vyadhyavara Shri Choodamani Rasakamadhenu, Yadavaji Trikamaji Upakarana pada, Chap 1, Sl-312-313Edn Varanasi, Choukambha Orientalia, 1990 P. 158. 178.Yadavji Trikamji Achary-Rasamritam. Dr. Damodhar Joshi Chap 3 Sloka-47Edition-1st Choukambha Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi 1998 Page 48
179. Vagbhata, Rasaratna samuchachaya, edited by Kapil Deo, 5th chap shloka
29,1st Edn Varaanasi Choukmba samskrita bhavan:1988, P.55. 180.Nityananda Siddha, Rasaratnakara Riddhi Khanda, Commentator, Swaminath Mishra, Edition -1st Choukhamba orientalia, Varanasi Chap 3 Sloka 105, Page 37 181.Acharya Bindu Rasa paddati edited by Siddinandana Mishra, Edition 1st, Choukhamba orientalia Varanasi, Loha prakarana, Sloka -49 Page 62. 182.Vaidhyavara Shri choodamani, Rasakamadhenu, Commentator Yadavaji Trikamaji , chap 1, Sloka 10, Choukamba orientalia Varanasi, Upakarana pada, 1990 Page. 129. 183.Vaidya V.M.Gogate Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal plants, Shri Ramakrishnan 1st edition, Mumbai;Bharatiya vaidya bhavana; 2000 pp-736. 184.Internet PMID,12113324, 11731065, 6526069 ( indexed for medicine) 185.H H Wilson,bhasya of sayanacarya edited Rugveda vol 2 sanskrit
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187.W.D.Whitney edited Atharvaveda english translated second khanda 3shukti-2004edition vol1 published parimal publication Delhi 2. 3. 2 to 6
188.S`abdakalpadhruma-Raja radhakanta deva edited S k Dhurama
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189. Kaviraja Ambika Datta Shastry edited Sushrutasamhita, Chiktsasthana, Chapter- 1/6, Reprint edition , pub: Chaukhambha Orientalia
Varanasi, 2006 p-03.
190 Kaviraja Ambika Datta Shastry edited Sushrutasamhita, Sootrasthana, Chapter- 21/40, Reprint edition , pub: Chaukhambha Orientalia Varanasi,2006 p-
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191 Kaviraja Ambika Datta Shastry edited Sushrutasamhita, Chiktsasthana, Chapter-1/5, Reprint edition , pub: Chaukhambha Orientalia Varanasi,2006 p-02.
192 Kaviraja Ambika Datta Shastry edited Sushrutasamhita, Chiktsasthana, Chapter-1/7, Reprint edition pub: Chaukhambha Orientalia Varanasi,2006 p-03. 193 Agnivesha Charaka samhita,edited Kashinath shastri, Chikisasthana,Chapter- 25|11 eight edition Varanasi Chawkhambha Sanskrit samsthana;2004 p-616.
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Case Sheet
A CLINICAL TRIAL ON VRANA RAKSHASA TAILA IN MANAGEMENT OF KAPHAJA DUSTHA VRANA
1
SPECIAL CASE SHEET FOR KAPHAJA DUSHTA VRANA Post Graduate Research and Studies Center (Rasashastra)
Shree D.G.M Ayurvedic Medical College, Gadag. A CLINICAL TRIAL ON VRANA RAKSHASA TAILA IN MANAGEMENT OF KAPHAJA DUSTHA VRANA
Guide : Dr. M.C.Patil P.G. Scholar : Ravindra G. Nandi
MD (Ayu).
Atura charya Food Vihara Nidra
Anubandha vedanaGandha Akruti Adhistana
Diwaswapna
Raatrijagarana
Prakruti VP: VK: KP: D:
Family history
Veg: masha
Dadhi
Dugdha
Mixed:
Mala Pravruti Prakruta
Vibandha
Sara:
Treatment History Habit
Anala: Desha:
Name: Age/sex: Occupation: Religion: Place: Socio economic: status OPD/IPD No. Address:
Pradhana vedana 1.Vedana
2.Srava
3.Kandu
4.Daha
5.H/O
previous
attack
Antibiotics Surgery
Smoking Alcohol Tobacco Tea/Coffee
Samagni : Mandagni Teekeshnagni : Vishamagni :
J
S
A
Case Sheet
A CLINICAL TRIAL ON VRANA RAKSHASA TAILA IN MANAGEMENT OF KAPHAJA DUSTHA VRANA
2
c
Hygienic history
Allergic history
Gen. Examination
Local examination
Systemic
Investigations:
BP : Pulse : Temp R.R : Nails : Conjuctiva : Tongue : Weight:
Size of the Wound Surface of Wound
R.S: C.V.S: C.N.S
Hb% TC DC ESR Culture and sensitivity HPE
EXAMINATION OF THE WOUND:
Samanya Pareeksha
Dars`ana Pareekshaa:
Aakruti:
San’khyaa:
Sthaana:
Varna of the Vrana:
Sraava: Present/Absent
Consistency:
Colour:
Gandha(smell)
Margin of the Vrana:
Edge of the vrana
Floor of the wound Varna of the surrounding area
Shotha of the surrounding area
Sparsana pareekshaa Size of the wound: Length: Floor : Rough/smooth Hard/soft : present/ absent Bleed on touch : present/ absent Tenderness : present/ absent
Case Sheet
A CLINICAL TRIAL ON VRANA RAKSHASA TAILA IN MANAGEMENT OF KAPHAJA DUSTHA VRANA
3
ASSESSMENT
After treatment
S.L Signs and symptoms
Before treatment
Day Follow up
Investigation B.T A.T
1 Gandha 01 04 07 10 12 14 15
2 Varna
3 Srava
4 Akruti
5 Vedana
6 Kandu
7 Daha
Hb% T.C D.C E.S.R B.T C.T FBS PPBS RBS Culture
Case Sheet
A CLINICAL TRIAL ON VRANA RAKSHASA TAILA IN MANAGEMENT OF KAPHAJA DUSTHA VRANA
4
INFORMED CONSENT
I Son/Daughter/Wife of am exercising my free will, to participate in above study as a subject. I have
been informed to my satisfaction, by the attending physician the purpose of the clinical evaluation and nature of the drug treatment. I am also aware of my right
to opt out of the treatment schedule, at any time during the course of the treatment.
EzÀÄ £Á£ÀÄ ²æÃ/²æêÀÄw _______________________ £À£Àß ¸ÀéEZÉÒ¬ÄAzÀ PÉÆqÀĪÀ aQvÁì ¸ÀªÀÄäw. ¥Àæ¸ÀÄÛvÀ £ÀqÉ¢gÀĪÀ aQvÁì ¥ÀzÀÞw0iÀÄ §UÉÎ £À£ÀUÉ aQvÀìPÀjAzÀ
¸ÀA¥ÀÇtð ªÀiÁ»w zÉÆgÉwzÀÄÝ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ 0iÀiÁªÁUÁzÀÄgÀÄ aQvÀì¬ÄAzÀ »AwgÀÄUÀ®Ä ¸ÁévÀAvÀæ÷å«zÉ JAzÀÄ w½¢gÀÄvÀÛ£É.
gÉÆÃV0iÀÄ gÀÄdÄ / Patient's Signature
INVESTIGATORS:
1).Scholar Signature: 2).Signature of Guide:
SHLOKA
Preparation of Vrana rakshasa taila:
xÉÔiÉMÇü aÉlkÉMÇü iÉÉsÉÇ ÍxÉlSÕUgcÉ qÉlÉ:ÍzÉsÉÉ | UxÉÉålÉgcÉ ÌuÉwÉÇ iÉÉqÉëÇ mÉëirÉåMÇü MüwÉïqÉÉWûUåiÉç || MÑüQûuÉÇ xÉwÉïmÉÇ iÉæsÉÇ xÉÉkÉrÉåiÉçxÉÔrÉïiÉÉmÉiÉ: | lÉÉQûÏuÉëhÉgcÉ ÌuÉxTüÉåOÇû qÉÉÇxÉuÉëÑ̬ ÌuÉcÉÍcÉïMüÉqÉç | SSìÓMÑü¹ÉmÉÍcÉMühQÕûqÉhQûsÉÉÌlÉ uÉëhÉÇxiÉjÉÉ | uÉëhÉUɤÉxÉlÉÉqÉåSÇ iÉæsÉÇ WûÎliÉ aÉSÉlÉç oÉWÕûlÉç ||
(pÉæ.U 71-73)
Master chart
Lab investigation
RBS Hb% ESR TC DC (E) S.L NO O P D
BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT
1 225 170 140 13 13.2 20 16 7000 6900 2 2
2 1533 160 140 13 13 24 22 9200 8300 3 2
3 1668 140 120 15 15 30 28 6000 5400 3 3
4 2225 120 110 10 10.3 35 32 7500 6000 4 3
5 2627 110 110 12 12 40 40 7000 6600 3 2
6 2865 140 120 11 11 33 32 7500 7000 3 2
7 3032 130 120 10.5 11 40 20 8000 7800 5 3
8 3245 100 100 12.5 12 30 24 6200 5600 2 1
9 4305 110 110 12 12.3 26 24 6500 5900 4 2
10 4309 120 120 11 10 28 22 8000 7500 5 4
BT-Before Treatment, AT-After Treatment
0 – Normal, 1 – Mild, 2 – Moderate, 3 - Severe
Lab investigation
BT-Before
Treatment, AT-
After Treatmen
t
0 – Normal, 1 – Mild,
2 – Moderate, 3 - Severe
Sl.No O P D RBS Hb% ESR TC DC (E)
BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT
11 4410 130 120 10.5 11 32 24 7200 7000 3 2
12 4567 140 130 11.5 11.6 34 22 10000 9300 1 2
13 4568 110 110 12 12.2 27 20 6800 6300 2 2
14 4590 120 120 12.5 12.5 40 24 6000 5800 4 3
15 4637 130 130 12 12.2 42 28 10000 9000 4 5
16 4846 120 120 11 11 38 30 7000 6800 2 2
17 5277 140 130 10 10.2 36 26 6300 6200 2 2
18 5371 130 120 13 13.3 34 22 7500 7300 5 4
19 5766 150 120 12 12.3 34 22 7000 6800 3 3
20 6075 130 130 11 11.2 36 22 6700 6300 5 4
Assement of subjective& objective parameters. Sl.No OPD GANDHA VARNA SRAVA AKRUTI VEDANA KANDU DAHA B.T A.T B.T A.T B.T A.T B.T A.T B.T A.T B.T A.T B.T A.T 1 225 01 00 01 00 03 01 02 00 00 00 03 01 00 00 2 1533 02 01 02 01 02 01 01 00 02 01 01 00 01 00 3 1668 01 00 01 01 02 01 02 01 00 00 01 00 00 00 4 2225 01 00 01 01 02 01 03 01 00 00 02 01 00 00 5 2627 01 00 01 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 01 01 00 6 2865 00 00 01 00 00 00 04 01 00 00 02 01 01 00 7 3032 00 00 01 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 01 00 00 8 3245 01 00 03 00 02 01 03 01 01 00 01 00 00 00 9 4305 03 01 02 01 02 01 01 00 01 00 01 00 00 00 10 4309 01 00 01 00 02 01 01 00 00 00 01 01 01 00 11 4410 00 00 01 00 01 00 03 01 00 00 01 00 01 00 12 4567 01 00 02 01 01 00 02 01 00 00 01 00 00 00 13 4568 01 00 01 00 01 00 03 01 00 00 01 00 00 00 14 4590 01 00 03 01 01 00 02 00 01 00 01 00 00 00 15 4637 01 00 01 00 00 00 02 01 01 00 02 01 00 00 16 4846 02 01 01 00 01 00 01 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 17 5277 01 00 01 00 01 00 02 00 01 00 01 00 01 00 18 5371 03 01 01 00 01 00 01 00 03 00 03 01 03 01 19 5766 02 01 01 00 01 00 03 01 01 00 01 00 01 00 20 6075 00 00 02 01 00 00 03 01 01 00 01 00 01 00