Dusty and Dirty Plasmas, Noise, and Chaos in

Space and in the Laboratory

Dusty and Dirty Plasmas, N oise, and Chaos in

Space and in the Laboratory

Edited by

Hiroshi Kikuchi Nihon University

Tokyo. Japan

Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

On file

Proceedings of the URSI Workshop on Dusty Plasmas and Meteorological-Electric Environment with Noise and Chaos, held March 25-26, 1992, in Tokyo, Japan

ISBN 978-1-4613-5740-7 ISBN 978-1-4615-1829-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-1829-7

©1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1994

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1994

AII rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise,

without written permission from the Publisher

FOREWORD

I have been asked by Professor Kikuchi to write a foreword for this interesting book on Dusty Plasmas and other electrical phenomena. This was a somewhat daunting task due to the wide range of topics covered. In what follows I have attempted to summarize most of these topics; for this purpose I have divided them into four groups, namely (a) Dusty Plasmas, (b) The Electrical Environment, (c) Lightning and (d) The Noise Environment. I hope that I have succeeded. in indicating that each section contains much that is of great interest. It is perhaps unnecessary for me to point out that the book contains subjects which are at an exciting and important stage in their development.

(a) Dusty Plasmas

The subject of dusty plasmas is one of great interest. Dust particles in interplanetary space, within comets, in inter-stellar space and at ever greater distances will in general be charged. The plasma environment will ensure this, bombarding electrons will charge up the particle until it assumes a "floating potential," although time variation can occur. Ultra violet radiation can cause photoemission and in certain cases field emission is a possibility. The motion of the particles will be determined by electric and magnetic fields together with gravity. If the density of charged grains becomes sufficiently high the grains will interact with each other and collective behaviour will ensue. This newly evolving subject entails the study of all kinds of plasma waves. These include ion-acoustic waves, shock waves and electromagnetic waves in dusty plasmas. Reflection of radar beams by dust in the polar mesosphere is but one example.

One situation involving charged dust particles is that of Saturn's rings. Current theoretical work concerns the sub division of the rings and the lifetime of the radial features known as "spokes." One model describes these as a kind of soliton in the dusty plasma but shows that they should be "frozen" into the planetary magnetic field. These results can be compared with the observations made by the Voyager spacecraft.

Photographs taken during the solar eclipse of July 11th 1991 have stimulated a new model of the solar corona. This deals with a plasma corona and a dust corona. The banded structure in comet tails is also believed to be caused by dust. Observations much further afield, in the Taurus, Orion and Ophiuchus regions, in the millimetre wavelength region of the spectrum, relate to a large scale distribution of molecular clouds. These measurements were made possible due to the development of high sensitivity detectors using superconducting techniques. Returning to earth, experiments on high altitude chemical releases from spacecraft have been carried out. These concern the production of dusty plasmas in space and their environmental effects. The observations, using the CRRES (Combined Release and Radiation

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Effects Satellite), are of plasma wave activity in the inner part of the magnetosphere. This interest in dusty plasmas is now leading to laboratory work on the

subject. Relevant work concerns plasmas containing negative ions since there is evidence that the latter are important in the formation of dust particles. These experiments have led to the development of new measuring techniques including optogalvanic methods, since the interpretation of Langmuir probe measurements is not easy. In some cases the negative ion density can considerably exceed the electron density. Other laboratory work includes a simulation of the heliosphere, a plasma gun being used to produce a plasma flow. The results show that the ionisation of neutral gas is important; this indicates that the presence of neutrals in the local interstellar medium is a factor which affects the structure of the heliosphere.

(b) The Electrical Environment

A new line of theoretical work is based on the analogy between the reconnection of electric field lines, at null points, and the more familiar case of the reconnection of magnetic field lines in Plasma Physics. In general this work develops the subject of electrohydrodynamics in parallel with that of magnetohydrodynamics, the idea being to exploit the concepts of the latter subject as far as possible. The concept of a critical velocity was also included in this work.

Numerical work has been carried out relating to the triggering of lightning by wire-trailing rockets. This deals with the circulation of charged eddies in a sheared flow. This detailed work shows the formation of electric cusps and represents the first numerical simulation of a model previously suggested in the literature. Another contribution reviews the effects of electromagnetic pulses on fluid flow with reference to the effects of lightning and electromagnetic pulses from nuclear explosions.

The subject of self-organisation is one of immense interest. The formation of large-scale structures and their relation to small-scale turbulence was reviewed. Applications of this work include the early forecasting of typhoons and cyclones. A further discussion was concerned with the intermittent nature of these structures which results from the interaction of the small-scale random fields. Other theoretical work relates to the formation of structures in the edge plasmas which are of importance in fusion research. Another topic, concerning correlation, was the development of a convolution theorem adapted to cases where variations occur on two distinct time scales. A further contribution proposes a maser action in a turbulent plasma, invoking non-linear processes to transfer energy from lower to higher frequencies.

The westerly jet stream has been modelled and the results found to be consistent with the electric field measurements made using large balloons. Data on the mass distribution of atmospheric ions near the ground were reported. High currents of long duration on the 400 kV power lines in Finland, induced by geomagnetic disturbances have been reported. Theoretical work on Electrohydrodynamics involving vortices has been applied to the intriguing problem of the circular patterns found in cornfields in the South of England. Some caution is required, however, since hoaxers have proclaimed their activity in some cases.

(c) Lightning

The subject of lightning is one of never-failing interest. Measurements of VHF emission, from both cloud to ground and cloud to cloud strokes, have stimulated further theoretical work on the movement of change throughout the flash. Video­camera recordings of lightning strikes to a tower from low thunderclouds have shown upward developing streamers in the majority of cases. Considerable horizontal distances were often observed in these recordings. In general the discharges lower

a negative charge to ground. Work has continued on the triggering of lightning using the rocket launching of wires. In some cases discharges were observed apart from those along the wire. In the laboratory pre-ionisation by a high power laser pulse led to the subsequent breakdown of a long (8.5m) gap on the application of a pulse of 1.2 MV. Other work relates to the magnetic shielding of buildings by copper loops which are assembled as a framework, together with the structural steel bars.

Lightning is not restricted to this particular planet. Voyager measurements have shown strong emission of light from the clouds on the dark side of Jupiter. The same spacecraft has detected whistlers from Jupiter which supports the idea that lightning is occurring there. Other information from Voyager relates to discharges on Saturn and Uranus but shows no activity on Neptune.

New data from Pioneer have been obtained with reference to lightning on Venus. It was pointed out that the electrical noise measurements which have been made may not be due to lightning discharges, but to other causes. One possibility is the interaction of the solar wind with the ionosphere. Optical measurements from Voyager 2 indicate that lightning flashes on Venus must be weak or infrequent. Thunderstorms on Jupiter were confirmed.

Ball lightning continues to exercise the imagination. One model is related to superconductivity and also to cold fusion. In the laboratory fireballs have been produced in a fuel gas or using an aerosol. A 2.45 GHz cavity was employed and some fireballs lasted as long as 2 - 3 sec. Other laboratory work concerned atmospheric discharges, at the same microwave frequency, in a waveguide containing electrodes. A further case of natural ball lightning was reported (1987) in which the fireball, which hit a tree, had a diameter of about 20 ~m.

(d) The Noise Environment

Lightning strokes are a well-known cause of electromagnetic pulses, known as "sferics", which are propagated in the natural waveguide formed by the ground and the ionosphere. Magnetic storms are another source of electromagnetic disturbances. A study of the fluctuations of electric and magnetic field strengths in subauroral zones showed that electrostatic waves were excited below the lower hybrid frequency and electromagnetic waves were excited above that frequency. A global study of low frequency (ELFIVLF) noise showed that it is largely due to lightning although some is caused by magnetospheric activity.

Many studies have been made of whistlers using ground and spacecraft measurements. This information was consistent with the known picture of field­aligned and ducted propagation. Further theoretical work on whistlers might explain the temporal variations of polarization which are observed. Some disturbances due to magnetic storms have been attributed to an ion-cyclotron instability in the region of the equatorial plasmapause.

Electromagnetic phenomena due to seismic activity also exist and laboratory experiments have been carried out on the radio emission from samples of rock, iron and wood subjected to impact tests. Seismic electromagnetic activity usually consists of low-frequency emission, below 100 kHz, but noisy 18 MHz signals were associated with the severe earthquake in Chile in May 1960. Radio emission at 82 kHz was observed prior to a volcanic eruption in Japan in 1986.

Noise is also produced by extraterrestrial sources. The sun is a strong emitter between 50 MHz and 1 GHz. Much information has been obtained on emission from Neptune from the Voyager programme. Bursts and continuing radiation were observed in the medium frequency range. Solar radio bursts will be studied using a system consisting of an array of 84 antennas designed to study radiation at 17 GHz.

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Interplanetary radio bursts have received further attention and some have been attributed to small-scale and sporadic electrostatic shock waves.

Neutron stars and black holes represent other sources of radiation, as is well­known, but many observations are still to be explained. A number of observations in the X-ray region were reported, obtained from the satellite Ginga.

J.E. Allen

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PREFACE

This book offers the first monograph exclusively devoted to "Dusty and Dirty Plasmas" that is a completely new addition to the field of plasma physics. Noise, fluctuations, and turbulence in such plasmas are also newly discussed in terms of "Self-Organization" and "Chaos. " The content is based on the updated versions of a lively mixture of tutorials, topical papers, and scientific contribu­tions collected mainly from URSI Workshop on Dusty Plasmas and Meteorol­ogico-Electric Environment with Noise and Chaos held in Tokyo on March 25-26, 1992 and partly from URSI-ICPIG-RIKEN SymposiUm on Dusty Plasmas, Noise, and Chaos held also in Tokyo on August 23-24, 1993. They were sponsor­ed by the International Union of Radio Science (URSI) as an activity ofCommis­sion E Working Group (Chairman: present editor) and by the International Committee on Phenomena in Ionized Gases (lCPIG) as its national activity (National Chairman: present editor) with the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN).

The aim is to provide new basic approaches to a number of newly emerging cosmic, atmospheric, and laboratory phenomena in dusty and dirty environ­ments through an exchange of information and views and to highlight the state of the art in radio and plasma sciences and interdisciplinary areas. A number of papers, covering quite new, novel or unconventional topics besides more tradi­tional or conventional ones, have been grouped into eleven chapters, each of which is composed of several articles similar in content in a unified fashion. So that new ideas and views can be gained as a most valuable addition to current knowledge. This is not only limited to the field of plasma physics, but also ap­plies to a wide range of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary areas such as astronomy, cosmology, space physics, physics of fluids, geophysics, meteorology, etc. Approaches are also interdisciplinary, covering physical concepts, mathe­matical techniques, computer simulation, theoretical and experimental studies. This is one of the major features of this volume that can not be found in any of monographs or proceedings that cover a narrow range oflimited topics. In addi­tion, the book is intended to include even unfinished work and personal rather than established views which may not find their proper place in the literature of the field. This may enable us to exchange infonnation, perhaps broader in scope than in a journal article. This is another feature of this volume. The topics covered are:

(1) Cosmic Dusty Plasmas; (2) Laboratory Dusty Plasmas; (3) Meteorologico-Electric Environment and ERD; (4) Self-Organization and Turbulence; (5) Lightning Discharges and Laboratory Simulation;

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(6) Atmospheric Electricity and Noise; (7) Magnetospheric Noise and Pulsations; (8) Planetary and Solar Noise and Plasmas; (9) Galactic Noise and Plasmas;

(10) Fluctuations, Chaos, Reconnection, and Acceleration; (11) Ball Lightning and Microwave Discharges.

Many thanks are due to the contributors for their prompt preparation and excellent presentation. In addition, Professor J.E. Allen, University of Oxford, has kindly reviewed the reports of these Workshop and Symposium and offered the "Foreword" for this book. The editor appreciates it very much indeed. Special thanks are due to the staff of Plenum, New York, particularly to Ms. Patricia M. Vann for their conscientious and patient collaboration in editorial work. It has been greatly appreciated indeed.

The editor is grateful to Professor F.L.H.M. Stumpers, Honorary President and past Vice-President ofURSI and my predecessor as Chairman ofURSI Com­mission E, for his encouragement and support during all phases of this activity; to Professor J. Van Bladel, Secretary General of URSI, Dr. J. Hamelin, past Chairman of URSI Commission E, and Professor V. Scuka, Chairman of URSI Commission E for their support as one ofURSI Symposia; to Dr. A.H. Guenther, past Chairman ofICPIG (International Scientific Committee on Phenomena in Ionized Gases) for his encouragement and support as a national activity of ICPIG; to Professor A. Kimpara, past President of National URSI, for his open­ing addresses of welcome and for his keynote address at the reception party; to Professor S. Takeda, past National Chairman ofICPIG for his encouragement and support as a national activity ofICPIG; to Professors M. Oda and T. Sata, President and past Vice-President ofRIKEN for their support as ajoint RIKEN Symposium; to Professor M. Morimoto, past Chairman of National Commission J of URSI for his keynote address at the reception party; to Professor M. Hayakawa, Vice-Chairman ofURSI Commission E for his assistance in prepar­ing the technical program; to Professor M. Sato, my colleague for research grants from the Ministry of Education, for his conscientious collaboration; and to Professors and Drs. S. Alfas, R.R. Anderson, R. Bentley, N.S. Erokhin, W.H.G. Lewin, D.A. Mendis, S.S. Moiseev, A. Piel, P.K. Shukla, J.W. Warwick, and A. Watson, who served as session chairmen during the Workshop and Symposium and contributed greatly to success by conducting their sessions in a most engag­ing and stimulating manner. In addition, Dr. H. Amemiya, Co-Chairman ofthe URSI-ICPIG-PIKEN Symposium, made conscientious collaboration in organiz­ing the Symposium and preparing the technical program. It has been greatly appreciated.

Direct financial support was offered the Workshop and the Symposium by Research Grants from the Ministry of Education, Inoue Science Foundation, International Communications Foupdation, Telecommunications Advancement Foundation, Toshiba, Sumitomo, and NEC Corporations under the support of the URSI and ICPIG, the Physical Society of Japan, the Japan Society of Applied Physics, the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, and the Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research, and this is gratefully acknowledged.

Tokyo

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H. Kikuchi Chairman URSI Working Group; National ICPIG

CONTENTS

Introduction ......................................................... 1 H. Kikuchi

1. COSMIC DUSTY PLASMAS

1.1 Cosmic Dusty Plasmas: Some Recent Results ............... . . . . . . . . 1 D. A. Mendis, M. Rosenberg, and V. W. Chow

1.2 Parametric Excitation of the Low-Frequency Oscillations in the Dusty plasma of Planetary Rings ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

P. V. Bliokh and V. V. Yaroshenko

1.3 Spokes in the Saturn's Ring as Solutions in Dusty Plasma P. V. Blikoh, S. 1. Khankina, and V. V. Yaroshenko

1.4 Effects of the Charged Dust in a High Energy Electron Beam M. Niimura and H. Amemiya

29

33

1.5 Plasma Tail and Dust Tail of Comets ............................... 55 T. Saito, Y. Kozuka, K. Saito, and S. Minami

1.6 CRRES Plasma Wave Observations during Quiet Times, during Geomagnetic Disturbances, and during Chemical Releases 73

R. R. Anderson

2. LABORATORY DUSTY PLASMAS: THEORY AND EXPERIMENT

2.1 Coherent Structures in Low-Temperature Dusty Plasmas P. K. Shukula and N. N. Rao

2.2 Electron-Free Plasma H.Amemiya

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111

2.3 Measurement of Electric Carge of Dust in a Plasma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 123 T. Tuziuti and Y. Nakamura

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2.4 Effects ofIntersteller Neutral Wind on the Structure of the Heliosphere - Laboratory Simulation ................... 129

S.Minami

3. METEOROLOGICO-ELECTRIC ENVIRONMENT AND EHD

3.1 EHD and EHMD Transport Processes in Dusty and Dirty Plasmas 139 H. Kikuchi

3.2 The Mechanism of Electrohydrodynamic Wind Generation in a Lower Atomosphere .................................... 149

A. Watson andJ. S. Chang

3.3 Verhulst Dynamics and Fractal Streching of Transi tion Layer Vorticity .................................. 163

G. C. Dijkhuis

3.4 The state of Matter FIELD and Its Property - A New Basic Approach to the Understanding of Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Electomagnetic Environment ................ 177

S. Alfas and S. Ipavec

4. SELF-ORGANIZATION AND TURBULENCE

4.1 Self-Organization Processes in Turbulent Atomosphere and Methods for Their Study ................................ 197

A. A. Lazarev and S. S. Moiseev

4.2 Studying of Helical Turbulence Self-Organization Based on 3D-Generation of Hasegawa-Mima Equation ............... 211

N. S. Erokhin, W. Horton, and S. S. Moiseev

4.3 Quantum Aspects of Self-Organization in Dynamically Random Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 225

A. A. Berezin

4.4 Self-Organization in Plasmas ..................................... 241 N.Bekki

4.5 Plasma Maserin Turbulent Media ................................. 249 M.Nambu

4.6 A Statistical Theory of Turbulence ................................. 265 Y.Kaneda

4.7 Two-Time Fourier Convolution Theorem and Its Applications ........ 273 H.Akama

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5. LIGHTNING DISCHARGES AND LABORATORY SIMULATION

5.1 A New Model of Lightning ........................................ 285 J. W. Warwick

5.2 Acoustic -based Real Time Reconstruction of Lightning Discharge Channel Using Parallel Processing ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. 295

K. Nakamura, T. Manik, and K. Horii

5.3 Forecast of Winter Thundercloud of by Frequency Analysis of Atomospheric Pressure ................................... 305

N. Takeuchi, K. Narita, and Y. Goto

5.4 Fundamental Experiments Concerning Laser Triggered Lightning ... 313 D. Wang, Y. Shimada, S. Uchida, E. Fujiwara, Z-I. Kawasaki, K. Matsuura, Y. Izaka, and C. Yamanaka

6. ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY AND NOISE

6.1 Jet Stream Electrodynamics T.Ogawa

323

6.2 Fading Patterns on on the Sonagram of Atomospherics .... . . . . . . . . .. 329 S. Yano, T. Ogawa, H. Hagino, and K. Kawakami

6.3 Mobility Distributions and Mass Distributions of Atomospheric Ions near the Ground .......................... 341

K. Nagato and T. Ogawa

7. MAGNETOSPHERIC NOISE AND PULSATIONS

7.1 Local Time Dependence of Wave Characteristics ofPi2 Pulsations Observed at Synchronous Orbit ................... 347

H. Takeuchi, T. Saito, and H. Matsuoka

7.2 Solar Cycle Variation of Local Time Dependence in Frequency of Occurrence ofPi2 ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 369

Y .Kozuka, T. Saito, H. Takeuchi, and T. Takahashi

7.3 Magnetospheric VLF Waves Observed by DE-1 T. Ondon and Y. Nakamura

7.4 The Experimental Results of triggering Chorus Emissions from Monochromatic Wave Components in the Hiss Band in the

379

Outer Magnetosphere ...................................... 395 K. Hattori, M. Hayakawa, D. Lagoutte M. Parrot, and F. Lefeuvre

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7.5 ANew Direction Finding Method of Magnetospheric VLFIELF Radio Waves Using the Linear Regularization and Generalized Cross Validation ........................................... 405

M. Yamaguchi, K. Hattori, N. Iwama, and M. Hayakawa

8. PLANETARY AND SOLAR NOISE AND PLASMAS

8.1 Non-Auroral Lights on Jupiter's Dark Side ......................... 415 J. W. Warwick

8.2 Venus Plasma Noise Studies: A Lesson from Flawed Analysis and Intepretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 421

H. A. Taylor, Jr.

8.3 Beaming Geometry of the lo-Related Decametric Radiation .......... 435 K.Maeda

8.4 Yohkoh Observations from the Onset of Several Flares .............. 435 R. D. Bentley and Yohkoh Team

8.5 Plasma Corona and Dust Corona of the Sun ......................... 449 T.Saito, S.-I. Akasofu, Y. Kozuka, S. Minami, and S. Tuneta

9. GALACTIC NOISE AND PLASMAS

9.1 An Overview of Observations with X-Ray Astronomy Satellite GINGA ................................ 477

F.Makino

9.2 X-Ray Emission from Compact X-Ray Sources and the Dust near or surrounding the Sources ............................. 487

M.Matsuoka

9.3 A Systematic Study of Dense Cloud Cores and Star Formation ........ 493 A. Mizuno and Y. Fukui

10. FLUCTUATIONS, CHAOS,RECONNECTION, AND ACCELERATION

10.1 Chaos in Plasmas: A Case Study in Thermionic Discharges .......... 501 A. Piel, F. Greiner, T. Klinger, H. Klostermann, and A. Rohde

10.2 Fluctuational and Intermittent Chaos: Wave-Turbulent and Wave-Fluctuation Amplification Processes in Geophysical Hydrodynamics ................................ 523

V. A. Buts, P. 1. Kolykhalov, S. S. Moiseev, and V. G. Pungin

10.3 Electric Reconnection and Chaos in Dusty and Dirty Plasmas H.Kikuchi

xiv

535

10.4 Pre-Earthquake Ionospheric Effects and their Possible Mechanisms ....................................... 545

S. A. Pulinets, A. D. Legen'ka, and V. A. Alekseev

10.5 Plasma-Based Particle Acceleration Y. Nishida

11. BALL LIGHTNING AND MICROWAVE DISCHARGES

11.1 A Novel Method to Induce Atmospheric Microwave Discharges

559

by Moderate Powers ........................................ 569 M.Kando

11.2 Nature of Fireballs Produced by Microwave Interference ............ 577 Y. H. Ohtsuki and H. Ofuruton

11.3 Considerations ofInternal Mechanism of Ball Lightning-Based on the simulation experiment of damages on the tree which were seemed to be produced by ball lightning ........... 581

Y.Nagai

Index ............................................................... 589

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