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%d;whk; gUtk;

nghUslf;fk;

capupay;

1. jhtuq;fspd; mikg;Gk; nray;ghLfSk; 2. mbikahjYk; eytho;Tk; 3. khRgLjYk; XNrhd; rpijtiljYk;

Ntjpapay; 4. jdpkq;fspd; Mth;j;jd tifg;ghL 5. Ntjpg;gpizg;Gfs;

,aw;gpay; 6. Ntiy> jpwd;> Mw;wy; 7. ntg;gk;> thA tpjpfs;



capupay;

1.jhtuq;fspd; mikg;Gk; nray;ghLfSk;

gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;: 1. caphpdq;fspd; mikg;G> nray; gw;wp mwpAk; mwptpaypd; xU gphpNt nry; caphpay; vdg;gLk;.

2. nry;ypd; ntspg;Gw mLf;F nry;Rth; vdg;gLk;. ,J nry;Yf;F tbtj;ijAk; ghJfhg;igAk; nfhLf;fpwJ.

3. irl;Nlhgpshrj;ijAk; Ez;ZWg;GfisAk; #o;e;J fhzg;gLtJ gpsh];khrt;T vdg;gLk;.

4. GNuhl;Nlhgpsh];l; vd;gJ gpsh];khrt;T> irl;Nlhgpshrk;> cl;fU Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.

5. nry;fshy; Md njhFjp jpR vdg;gLfpwJ. jhtuj;jpR Mf;Fj; jpR> epiyj;j jpR vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

6. Edp Mf;Fj; jpR jhtuj;jpd; jz;Lfs;> Nth;fspd; Edpfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J jhtu ghfj;jpd; ePsj;ij mjpfhpf;fpwJ.

7. ngUk;ghYk; xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; ,iyfspd; mbg;gFjpapYk;> fZtpilg;gFjpapYk; ,ilMf;Fj; jpRf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fZtpilg;gFjp ePl;rp miltjpy; ,it JizGhpfpd;wd.

8. jhtuj;jpd; FWf;fsit mjpfhpf;fr; nra;a gf;f Mf;Fj; jpRf;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd.

9. Mf;Fj; jpRf;fspd; nry;fs; Nfhs> Kl;il> gyNfhz my;yJ nrt;tf tbtpy; fhzg;gLk;.

10. mlh;j;jpahd irl;Nlhgpshrj;ijAk;> nghpa cl;fUitAk; Mf;Fj;jpR nfhz;Ls;sJ. 11. Mf;Fj; jpRf;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l rpynry;fs; gFg;gilAk; jd;ikia ,oe;J epiyj;j

jpRf;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

12. epiyj;j jpRf;fs;: vspa jpRf;fs; kw;Wk; $l;Lj; jpRf;fs; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

13. mikg;ghYk;> nrayhYk; xj;Jf; fhzg;gLk; xNu khjphpahd nry;fshy; Md jpR> vspa jpR vdg;gLk;.

14. vspa jpRit ghud;ifkh> Nfhyd;ifkh> ];fpsPud;ifkh vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

15. ghud;ifkh nry;fs; nry;ypilntspfSld; $ba nky;ypa Rth; nfhz;lit. ,it capUs;s nry;fshFk;.

16. ghud;ifkhtpd; nry;Rth; nry;YNyh];> ngf;bd; Mfpa nghUs;fshy; MdJ.

17. czitr; Nrkpg;gjpYk;> czTg; nghUs;fs;> ePh;> fdpk cg;Gfis flj;JtjpYk; ghud;ifkh nry;fs; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd.

18. n`kp – nry;YNyh]; kw;Wk; ngf;bd; nghUs;fspd; gbtpd; fhuzkhf Nfhyd;ifkh nry;ypd; Rth;fs; rPuw;w jbg;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

19. capUs;s jpRf;fshd Nfhyd;ifkhtpd; Kf;fpag;gzp jhtuj;jpw;F cWjpiaf; nfhLg;gJk;> ,sk; cWg;GfSf;F tisAk; jd;ikiaf; nfhLg;gJk; MFk;.

20. ];fpsPud;ifkh capuw;w jpR MFk;. ,jd; nry;fs; ypf;dpd; Rth;fisf; nfhz;L jLj;Jf; fhzg;gLk;. ,it cWg;GfSf;F typikiaf; nfhLf;fpd;wd.

21. ];fpsPnud;ifkh> ];fpsPiuLfs; kw;Wk; ehh;fs; vd ,uz;L tifahd nry;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd.

22. ];fpsPiuLfs; vd;git fy; nry;fs; MFk;. ,it nfhl;ilfspd; ciwfspYk;> Nghpf;fha; kw;Wk; rg;Nghl;lh Nghd;w fdpfspd; rijg;gFjpapYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

23. ehh;fs; ePz;l ,iofs; MFk;. ,iofs; KOtJk; vspa Fopfisg; ngw;Wf; fhzg;gLk;.

24. $l;Lj;jpRf;fs; vd;git NtWgl;l gytifr; nry;fs; xd;whf xU Fwpg;gpl;l gzpia Nkw;nfhs;tJ MFk;.

25. jhtuj;jpy; ePh;> Cl;lg;nghUs;fs;> fdpk cg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iw Nky;Nehf;fp flj;Jtjpy; iryk; jpR cjTfpwJ.

26. iryk; buf;fPLfs;> iryk; Foha;fs;> iryk; ehh;fs;> iryk; ghud;ifkh vd;w ehd;F tifahd nry;fshy; MdJ.



27. buf;fPLfs; ePz;l> Kid kOq;fpa> FWfyhd nry;fs; MFk;. ,it [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fspYk; nlhpNlhigl;LfspYk; ePiuf; flj;Jk; Kf;fpa $Wfshf cs;sd.

28. iryf; Foha;fs; Kidfspy; Jisfisg; ngw;W xd;wd;kPJ xd;whf mike;J ePz;l Foha; Nghd;w mikg;gpy; cs;sd. ,it MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fspd; iryj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

29. iryk; jpRTld; ,ize;J fhzg;gLk; ];fpsPud;ifkh ehh;fs; iryk; ehh;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,it jhtuj;jpw;F $Ljy; typikiaf; nfhLf;fpd;wd.

30. iryj;jpd; nry;fspy; ghud;ifkh nry;fs; kl;LNk capUs;sit MFk;. ,it czTg;nghUs;fis ];lhh;r; kw;Wk; nfhOg;G tbtpy; Nrkpf;fpd;wd.

31. /GNshak; czTg;nghUs;fis ,iyfspypUe;J jhtuj;jpd; kw;w gFjpfSf;Ff; flj;Jfpd;wJ.

32. /GNshak; ghud;ifkh> Jizr;nry;> ry;yilf;Foha;> ry;yilj;jl;L Nghd;w ehd;F tifahd nry;fshy; MdJ /GNshak; MFk;.

33. ry;yilf;Foha; $Wfs; /GNshaj;jpd; flj;Jk; $Wfs; MFk;. ,it ry;yilf; Foha;fs; kw;Wk; ry;yil nry;fs; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

34. ry;yilr; nry;fs; nlhpNlh/igl;LfspYk; [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; ry;yilf; Foha;fs; MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fspy; cs;sd.

35. Jizr;nry;fs; vd;git nky;ypa Rth; nfhz;l> ePz;l rpwg;G tifahd ghud;ifkh nry;fs; MFk;. ,it irl;Nlhgpshrj;ijAk;>njspthd cl;fUitAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.

36. /GNshak; jpRTld; ,ize;J fhzg;gLk; ];fpsPud;ifkh ehh;fs; /GNshak; ehh;fs; my;yJ gh];l; ehh;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,it capuw;w ehh;fshFk;.

37. jhtu nraypay; vd;gJ jhtuq;fspy; tho;tpay; nray;fs; vt;thW eilngWfpd;wd vd;gij tpthpf;Fk; xU gphpT MFk;.

38. xspr;Nrh;f;if> Rthrpj;jy;> ePuhtpg;Nghf;F> flj;Jjy; Kjypaw;wpy; ePh; Kf;fpag;gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.

39. jhtuq;fs; kz;zpypUe;J ePiuAk; fdpkcg;GfisAk; Nth;j;J}tpfs; %yk; cwpQ;Rfpd;wd. ,e;j epfo;r;rpf;F cwpQ;Rjy; vd;W ngah;.

40. ePhpy; fiuahj rpy nghUs;fs; ePiu cs;nsLj;Jf;nfhz;L cg;GtJ “cs;sPh;j;jy;” vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf kuf;fl;il> tpijfs; Nghd;wit cs;sPh;g;ghd;fs; MFk;.

41. ePh; %yf;$Wfs; mjd; nrwpT kpFe;j ,lj;jpypUe;J nrwpT Fiwe;j ,lj;jpw;F flj;J rt;T %yk; flj;jg;gLtJ rt;T+Lguty; vdg;gLk;.

42. ePUk; fdpk cg;GfSk; Nth;fspy; ,Ue;J Nth;j;J}tpfs; %yk; flj;jg;gLk; epfo;r;rpf;F rhNww;wk; vd;W ngah;.

43. gRe;jhtuq;fs; midj;Jk; jw;rhh;G Cl;lk; cilait. ,it jq;fSf;F Ntz;ba czit xspr;Nrh;f;if %yk; jhq;fNs jahhpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd.

44. tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s fhpakpythA ,iyapy; cs;s rpWJisfs; %yk; ,iyfSf;Fs; Eiofpd;wd.

45. xspr;Nrh;f;if epfo;r;rpapd; rkd;ghL:

46. gr;ira epwkpfs;> #hpa xsp Mw;wy;> ePh; Mfpatw;iw <LgLj;jp ATP, NADPH2 Mfpatw;iw

cUthf;Fk; tpid xsptpid MFk;.

47. ATP, NADPH2 Mfpatw;wpd; cjtpahy; fhpakpy thAthdJ fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;lhf xLf;fk; milAk; tpid ,Us;tpid vdg;gLk;.

48. cly ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;gJ nkhl;Lfs; Gjpa jhtukhf cUthFk; epfo;T MFk;.

49. jhtuq;fspd; vQ;rpa ngUk;gFjp ePh; ,iyfs; kw;Wk; gRikahd jz;Lfs; %yk; ,of;fg;gLtij “ePuhtpg;Nghf;F” vd;fpNwhk;.

50. ,iyj;Jisfs; jpwg;gijAk; %LtijAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jgit “fhg;G nry;fs;” MFk;.

51. ,iyapd; Gwj;Njhypd; kPJ fhzg;gLk; nkOFg;G+r;R fpA+l;bf;fps; vdg;gLk;. ,J ,iyapd; %yk; ePh; ntspNaWjiy jLf;fpwJ.

52. gl;ilj;Jisfs; vd;git nghpa kutifj; jhtuq;fspd; gl;ilfs;> fpisfs;> gpw jhtu cWg;Gfspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwpa ePh;j;Jisfs; MFk;.



53. xsp> ntg;gepiy> fhw;W> kz;zpy; fhzg;gLk; ePhpd; msT> ,iyj;Jisfspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; ,iyg;gug;G Kjypad ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpidg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; MFk;.

54. cztpypUe;J Mw;wy; ntsptplg;gLk; epfo;T Rthrpj;jy; vdg;gLk;. caphpa Mf;]p[Ndw;w epfo;r;rp eilngWk; ,lkhf ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahf;fs; cs;sd.

55. Rthrpj;jypd;NghJ ntspaplg;gLk; Mw;wy; ATP tbtpy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt ,J nry;ypd; Mw;wy; ehzak; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

56. fhw;Wr; Rthrk;> fhw;wpy;yhr; Rthrk; vd Rthrpj;jy; ,Utifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

57. ghf;Bhpah> <];l; Nghd;w caphpdq;fs; caph;tsp my;yhj #oypy; Rthrpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.

58. caph;tsp> ntg;gepiy> ePh;> xsp> fhpakpythA> FSf;Nfh]; Nghd;wit Rthrpj;jiyg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; MFk;.

59. jhtuj;jpy; nghUs;fs; flj;jg;gLjiy> ePUk; fdpk cg;GfSk; flj;jg;gLjy; kw;Wk; czTk; `hh;Nkhd;fSk; flj;jg;gLjy; vd ,uz;L gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

60. czTg;nghUs;fs; flj;jg;gLtJ vd;gJ ry;yilf; Foha;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk; capUs;s nry;fspd; nray;ghl;il rhh;e;Js;sJ.

61. caphpdq;fs; Cl;lg;nghUs;fisj; jq;fs; clYf;Fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJ czT+l;lk; vdg;gLk;. ,J jw;rhh;G Cl;lKiw> gpwrhh;G Cl;lKiw vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

62. jdf;Fj; Njitahd czitj; jhNk jahhpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jhtuq;fs; jw;rhh;G caphpfs; vdg;gLk;.

63. midj;Jg; gRe;jhtuq;fs; xspj;jw;rhh;G caphpfs; MFk;. fhpkf; $l;Lg; nghUs;fis jahhpg;gjw;fhf Ntjp Mw;wiy gad;gLj;Jk; caphpfs; Ntjpj;jw;rhh;G caphpfs; vdg;gLk;.

64. jkf;Fj; Njitahd czitj; jhNk jahhpf;f ,ayhj caphpfs; gpwr;rhh;G caphpfs; vdg;gLk;.

65. ,we;j my;yJ capuw;w fhpkf;$l;Lg; nghUs;fspypUe;J czitg; ngWk; jhtuq;fs; rhWz;zpj; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh khNdhl;Nuhgh

66. jdf;Fj; Njitahd czit kw;w caphpapd; clypypUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ xl;Lz;zpj; jhtuq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it `h];Nlhhpahf;fs; vDk; rpwg;ghd mikg;ig ngw;Ws;sd.

67. Cl;lKiwapy; ,uz;L NtWgl;l caphpdq;fs; Nrh;e;J tho;tJ $l;Laphp czT+l;l Kiw vdg;gLk;. v.fh iyf;fd;> iuNrhgpak;

68. Gwj;J}z;ly;fspd; tpisthy; Vw;gLk; mirTfs; jpirr; rhh;girT> njhq;Fk; mirT vd ,Utiffshf gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

69. iel;u[d; Fiwghl;il epth;j;jp nra;a rpy jhtuq;fs; G+r;rpfis czthff; nfhs;fpd;wd. v.fh neg;ge;j];> l;u]Puh

70. xspapd; J}z;LjYf;F Vw;wthW jhtug;ghfj;jpy; xsprhh;girT> Gtprhh;girT> Ntjprhh;girT> ePh;rhh;girT> njhLczh;T rhh;girT Nghd;w mirTfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.

71. Gtp<h;g;G jpirf;F vjpuhf tsh;e;jhy; mJ vjph;g; Gtprhh;girT vd;W miof;fg;gLk;.

72. Ntjpg;nghUs;fspd; J}z;LjYf;F Vw;whw;Nghy; jhtu cWg;G tisjy; Ntjpr;rhh;girT vdg;gLk;. Ntjpg;nghUSf;F vjpuhf tise;J fhzg;gLjy; vjph; Nth;rhh;girT vdg;gLk;.

73. jhtu cWg;G ePiu Nehf;fp tsh;e;jhy; Neh; ePh;rhh;girT vdTk; ePiu tpl;L tpyfp tsh;e;jhy; vjph; ePh;rhh;girT vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Nth;fs; Neh; ePh;girT ngw;wit.

74. gw;wp VWk; jhtuj;jpd; gw;Wf;fk;gp Rw;wp tisj;jy; njhL czh;Tr; rhh;girTf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.

75. J}z;lypd; jpirf;Fk;> Jyq;fspd; jpirf;Fk; Vw;whw;Nghy; jhtu cWg;G tisjy; njhq;Fk; mirT vdg;gLk;.

76. xU nghUisj; njhLtjhy; Vw;gLk; Jyq;fSf;F Vw;gj; jhtu jpir rhuhky; tistJ eLf;fKW tisjy; vdg;gLk;. v.fh njhl;lhy; RUq;fpj; jhtuk;

77. xspapd; J}z;Ljyhy; Vw;gLk; jhtuj;jpd; jpirrhuh tisjy; epfo;r;rp xspAW tisjy; vdg;gLk;. v.fh Nlz;lypahd; kyh;fs;



78. ntg;gepiyapd; J}z;Lyhy; Vw;gLk; jhtuj;jpd; jpirrhuh tisjy; epfo;r;rp ntg;gKW tisjy; vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Fq;Fkg;G+ jhtukyh;fs; cah; ntg;gepiyapy; kl;LNk kyh;fpd;wd.

79. ikNkhrh Gbfh (njhl;lhy; RUq;fp) jhtuj;jpd; ,iyabg;gFjpf;F mijg;G vd;W ngah;. ,iyfisj; njhl;lTld; kpd;J}z;ly; Vw;gl;L> ePh; ,og;gpdhy; ,iyfs;%b njhq;fptpLfpd;wd.

80. njhl;lhy; RUq;fpapd; ,iyfs; 15 Kjy; 30 epkplq;fspy; ePh; gutp gioaepiyia milfpd;wd.

gphpT - m

rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;f: 1. jhtunry;_________ Ig; ngw;Ws;sjhy; tpyq;F nry;ypy; ,Ue;J NtWgLfpwJ. (nry;rt;T> vz;Nlhgpshr tiy> gpsh];kh rt;T> nry;Rth;) 2. caphpa Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; eilngWk; ,lk;___________

(vz;Nlhgpshr tiyg;gpd;dy;> ATP> ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah> Nfhy;if cWg;G) 3. xl;Lz;zpj; jhtuk;_________

(fhshd;> kpA+f;fh;> f];Fl;lh> <];l;) 4. jhtuj;jpd; jiuNky; ghfq;fspy; ,Ue;J ePh; ,of;fg;gLtJ (xspr;Nrh;f;if> ePuhtpg;Nghf;F> ,dg;ngUf;fk;> Rthrpj;jy;) 5. xspapd; J}z;lyhy; Vw;gLk; jhtug;ghfj;jpd; ,af;fk; ___________

(Gtpr;rhh;girT> ePh;r;rhh;girT> xspr;rhh;girT> njhLjYW mirT) 6. ikNkhrh Gbfhtpy; fhzg;gLk; mirT _________

(xspr;rhh;girT> xspAW tisjy;> eLf;fKW tisjy;> njhLjYW mirT) 7. ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpd; NghJ ngUksT ePuhdJ ________%yk; ,of;fg;gLfpwJ. (gl;ilj;Jis> ,iyj;Jis> fpAl;bf;fps;> fhw;wiw) 8. ePh>; fdpk cg;Gfis Nky; Nehf;fpf; flj;Jjypy; gq;F ngWk; jhtuf; flj;Jj; njhFg;G ___ MFk;.

(/GNshak;> iryk;> ehh;fs;> ghud;ifkh) 9. ____ nry;fs; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wj;jpy; gy Nfhz tbtpYk;> rPuw;w jbj;j RthpidAk;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. (ghud;ifkh> Nfhyd;ifkh> Vud;ifkh> ];fpsPud;ifkh) 10. nry;ypd; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;fisg; gw;wp mwpAk; xU gphpT__________ vdg;gLk;. (jhtutpay;> nry;ypay;> Ez;Zaphpay;> caph;njhopy;El;gtpay;) 11. mlh;e;j irl;Nlhgpshrj;ijAk;>nghpa cl;fUitAk; ngw;wpUf;ff;$ba nry;fs; ___ vdg;gLk;. (vspajpR> $l;LjpR> Mf;Fj;jpR> epiyj;jjpR) 12. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ,we;j jpR vJ? (ghud;ifkh> Nfhyd;ifkh> ];fpspnud;ifkh> FNshud;ifkh) 13. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; iryk; jpR vJ? (ry;yilf;$Wfs;> Jizr;nry;fs;> GNshak; ehh;fs;> buf;fPLfs;) 14. jhtuj;jpd; vg;gFjp kz;zpypUe;J ePh>; fdpkq;fis cwpQ;r cjTfpwJ? (Nth;j;J}tpfs;> Nth;fs;> Nth;Kb> MzpNth;) 15. ve;j epfo;T rhNww;wr; Nrhjidapd; %yk; cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ? (GNshaj;jpdhy; czTg; nghUs;fs; flj;Jjy;> GNshaj;jpdhy; ePh; flj;Jjy;> iryj;jpdhy; ePh; flj;Jjy;> iryj;jpdhy; czTg;nghUs;fs; flj;Jjy;) 16. ,iyfspy; eilngwhj epfo;r;rp vJ? (xspr;Nrh;f;if> Rthrpj;jy;> ePuhtpg;Nghf;F> flj;Jjy;) 17. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vjpy; fhw;wpy;yhr; Rthrk; eilngWfpwJ vd;gijf; fz;Lgpbf;f. (<> nfhR> <];l;> i`bhpy;yh) 18. Ntjpjw;rhh;G Cl;l caphpfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L ________MFk;. (gRk;fe;jf ghf;Bhpah> Ngrpy;y]; rg;byp];> iel;NuhNrhNkhdh]; ghf;Bhpah> Cjh fe;jf ghf;Bhpah) 19. G+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L ________MFk;. (NkhNdhl;Nuh/gh> f];Fl;lh> l;u]Puh> i`gp];f];)



20. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; $l;Laphp czT+l;lKiw eilngwhj jhtuk; vJ? (iyf;fd;> ikf;Nfhiurh> kpA+f;fu;> iuNrhgpak;) 21. jhtuq;fs; ve;j epfo;r;rpapd; NghJ fhpakpy thAit vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ? (ePuhtpg;Nghf;F> Gujr;Nrh;f;if> Rthrpj;jy;> xspr;Nrh;f;if) 22. xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd; NghJ

(H2O, CO2 Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ; H2O, CO2 Mf;]p[Ndw;wkilfpd;wd; H2O Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ> CO2

Mf;]p[Ndw;wkilfpwJ; H2 Mf;]p[Ndw;wkilfpwJ> CO2 Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ). 23. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ nry;ypd; Mw;wy; ehzak; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ? (ATP, NADPH2, C6H12O6, C2H5OH)

24. fhw;Wr; Rthrk; fhw;wpy;yh Rthrj;Jld; NtWgLfpwJ. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; xd;iwj; jtpu. (Mf;rp[dpd; gq;F> Mw;wy; ntspaPL> ,Wjp tpisg;nghUs;fs;> irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; FSf;Nfh]; rpijf;fg;gLjy;) 25. ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpd; msT FiwtJ nghUj;J gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; rhpahd thpiriaj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk;. (,iyj;Jis-fpA+l;bfps;-gl;ilj;Jis> fpA+l;bfps;-gl;ilj;Jis-,iyj;Jis> gl;ilj;Jis-,iyj;Jis-fpA+l;bfps;> ,iyj;Jis-gl;ilj;Jis-fpA+l;bfps;)

gpupT - M

gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F tpilaspf;f: 1. ,iyfspy; fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs; cs;sd. ,J vt;thW #hpaxspapd; cjtpahy; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gjid rkd;ghl;bd; %yk; vOJf.

2. caphpdq;fs; “fhw;wpy;yhr; #o;epiyapy; Rthrpf;f KbAk;” vd;gjid ep&gpf;f. ghf;Bhpah> <];l; Nghd;w caphpdq;fs; caph;tsp ,y;yhj #oypy; Rthrpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. ,e;j tifahd Rthrpj;jypy; czT KOikahf Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; miltjpy;iy.

3. ,Ug;gplk;> tsh;r;rpapd; mbg;gilapy; jhtuj;jpRf;fs; vt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd? Mf;Fj;jpR nry;fspd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs; ahit? 1) Mf;FjpR 2) epiyj;j jpR vd ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. Mf;FjpR %d;W tifg;gLk;.

i) Edp Mf;Fj; jpR ii) ,il Mf;Fj;jpR iii) gf;f Mf;Fj;jpR

Mf;Fj;jpRr; nry;fspd; gz;Gfs;: Mf;Fj;jpRf;fspd; nry;fs; Nfhs> Kl;il> gyNfhz my;yJ nrt;tf tbtpy;

fhzg;gLk;. ,tw;wpd; nry;Rth; nry;YNyh]hy; MdJ; nky;ypaJ; kPSk; jpwd; nfhz;lJ. ,tw;wpd; nry;fs; ,ilntspfspd;wp neUf;fkhf mike;Js;sd. mlh;j;jpahd irl;Nlh gpshrj;ijAk; nghpa cl;fUitAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.

4. jhtuj;jpy; cs;s vt;tifj;jpR jhtuj;jpw;F cWjpiaAk;> jhq;Fk; jpwidAk; mspf;fpwJ? Nfhyd;ifkhjpRf;;fs; kw;Wk; ];fpspud;ifkh jpRf;fs;.

5. jhtuq;fspy; cs;s rpwg;ghd flj;Jj; jpRf;fs; ahit? iryk; kw;Wk; GNshak;.

6. iryk; jpRtpy; fhzg;gLk; gytifahd nry;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf. m. buf;fPLfs; M. iryk; Foha;fs; ,. iryk; ehh;fs;. <. iryk; ghud;ifkh

7. m) ePq;fs; cz;Zk; krpj;j cUisf;fpoq;fpy; cs;s jpR vJ? M) epyf;fliyapy; fbdkhd Nky; ciwapy; fhzg;gLk; jpR vJ? m) GNshak; ghud;ifkh M) ];fpsPud;ifkh jpR



8. kz;zpypUe;J ePh>; fdpkq;fs; ,iyfSf;F vt;thW flj;jg;gLfpwJ vd;gjid tiuglk; %yk; (mk;Gf;Fwpfspl;L) Fwpg;gpLf. ,jpy; gq;Nfw;Fk; nry;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

,jpy; gq;Nfw;Fk; nry;fs;

1) Ntu;j; J}tp nry;fs; 2) Gwzp nry;fs; 3) buf;fPLfs; 4) iryk; Foha;fs; 5) iryk; ehu;fs; 6) iryk; ghud;ifkh

9. „caph;g;Gf; flj;JjYf;Fr; rt;T+Lguty; Xh; vLj;Jf;fhl;L‟ ,f;$w;W rhpah my;yJ jtwh? tpsf;Ff. jtW. rt;T+L gutYf;F Mw;wy; Njitapy;iy.

Mw;wy; Njitg;glhj flj;Jjy; caph;g;gw;w flj;Jjy; MFk;.

10. jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfspy; eilngWk; xspr;Nrh;f;ifapdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;af;$ba fhpknghUs; _____________ MFk;. ,e;j czTg;nghUs;fs; ________jpRtpdhy; jhtuj;jpd; midj;Jg;

gFjpfSf;Fk; flj;jg;gLfpwJ. fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;> GNshak;

11. nfhLf;fg;gl;l glj;jpid cw;WNehf;fpg; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f.

m. kzp[hb Nrhjidapd; thapyhf mwpag;gLk; nray;ahJ?; M. jhtuj;jpd; vg;ghfk; ,r;nraypy; gq;Nfw;fpwJ?

m) jhtuq;fspy; eilngWk; ePuhtpg;Nghf;F M) ,iyfspy; cs;s ,iyj;Jisfs; ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpy; gq;FngWfpwJ.

gphpT – , 1. rhNww;wj;ij tpsf;Fk; glj;jpid tiue;J ghfq;fisf; Fwpf;fTk;

2. m) nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;ij ,dq;fz;lwpaTk;. M) glk; tiue;J ghfq;fisf; Fwpf;fTk;. ,) mjd; nray;ghLfis tpthpf;fTk;.

m) ,iyj;Jis

M) ,iyj;Jis glk;

,) ePuhtpg;Nghf;F> Rthrpj;jy; Nghd;w gzpfis nra;fpd;wd. fhg;G nry;fs; kPSk; jd;ikAilait. gfypy; ntspr;Rth;fs; cg;Gtjhy; ,iyj;Jis jpwf;fpwJ. ,utpy; fhg;Gnry;fspy; cs;s ePh; ntspNawp fhg;G nry;fs; jsh;r;rp miltjhy; ,iyj;Jisfs; mUfpy; te;J %bf;nfhs;fpd;wd.



3. ,g;ghlj;jpy; ePq;fs; mwpe;J nfhz;l jhtuj; jpRf;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Fk; Rtnuhl;b xd;wpidj; jahhpf;fTk;.

4. ePh; %yf;$Wfs; mjd; nrwpT mjpfkhd ,lj;jpypUe;J nrwpT Fiwe;j ,lj;jpw;F xU miuflj;Jr; rt;tpd; %yk; flj;jg;gLtJ rt;T+Lguty; vdg;gLk;. m) Nkw;$wpa $w;wpypUe;J caph;g;Gf;flj;Jjiy> caph;g;gw;w flj;JjypypUe;J vt;thW NtWgLj;JtPh;fs;? nghUs;fs; nrwpT mjpfkhd ,lj;jpypUe;J nrwpT Fiwe;j ,lj;jpw;F tsh;rpijkhw;w Mw;wypd; cjtp ,y;yhky; efUk; epfo;T caph;g;gw;w flj;Jjy; vdg;gLk;. %yf;$Wfs; tsh;rpij khw;w Mw;wypd; cjtpNahL efUk; epfo;T caph;g;Gf; flj;Jjy; vdg;gLk;.

5. caphpdq;fs; Cl;lg;nghUs;fisj; jq;fs; clYf;Fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ czt+l;lk; vdg;gLk;. m) czt+l;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; caphpdq;fis tifg;gLj;Jf. M) rhWz;zptif Cl;lKiw

cila MQ;rpNah];ngh;k; vJ? ,) czT+l;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; neg;ge;j]; (FLitj;jhtuk;) vt;tifj; jhtuk;?

m) capupdq;fis 1) jw;rhh;G Cl;lKiw 2) gpwrhh;G Cl;lKiw vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;. gr;irak; nfhz;l jhtuq;fs; jw;rhu;G capupdq;fs; MFk;. jhtuq;fisr; rhu;e;Js;s kw;w

capupdq;fs; gpw rhu;G Cl;l capupdq;fs;. M) khNdhl;Nuhgh ,) neg;ge;j]; xU G+r;rp cz;Zk; jhtuk;. ,J cz;ikapy; jw;rhu;G capupdNk. ,jpy;

gr;irak; cz;L. czT jahupf;fpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk; jdf;Fj; Njitahd iel;u[d; $l;Lg;nghUl;fis ngWtjw;fhf G+r;rpfis cz;ZfpwJ.

6. glj;ij cw;WNehf;fp gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f. m) njspthd irl;Nlhgpshrj;ijAk; cl;fUitAk; cila gFjp vJ? M) vg;gFjpapy; flj;Jjy; nray; eilngWfpwJ? ,) vg;gFjp ,we;j jpRg; gFjpahff;

fUjg;gLfpwJ? <) ];lhh;r; nfhOg;igr; Nrkpf;Fk; gFjp vJ? m) Jiz nry;fs; M) ry;yilf;Foha; $Wfs; ,) GNshak; ehh;fs;. <) /GNshak; ghud;ifkh

7. czTg;nghUs; Mf;]p[Ndw;wk;> Mf;]p[d; xLf;fk; mile;J vspa %yf;$Wfshfg; gpsf;fgl;L> Mw;wy; ntspg;gLk; Xh; caph;Ntjp epfo;r;rpNa Rthrpj;jy; MFk;. m) fhw;Wr; Rthrk;> fhw;wpy;yhr; Rthrk; NtWgLj;Jf: <];l; M) C6H12O6 (FSf;Nfh];) ………………… +2 CO2 + 50KJ Mw;wy; irNk]; ,) Rthrpj;jiyg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfisg; gl;baypLf.

m) fhw;Wr; Rthrk; fhw;wpy;yhr; Rthrk;

,j;jifa Rthrk; nghJthf vy;yhj; jhtuq;fspYk; eilngWfpwJ.

ghf;Bhpah> <];l; Nghd;w caphpdq;fspd; caph;tsp ,y;yhj #oypy; Rthrpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd

,jpy; cah;tsp Mf;]p[d; Kd;dpiyapy; FSf;Nfh]; KOikahf Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; mile;J fhpakpy thA ePh; kw;Wk; Mw;wiy ntspapLfpwJ.

,J fhw;wpy;yhr; Rthrk; vdg;gLk;. ,e;j tifahd Rthrpj;jypy; czT KOikahf Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; miltjpy;iy.



<];l; M) C6H12O6 (FSf;Nfh];)

irNk]; 2C2H5OH +2 CO2 + 50KJ Mw;wy;

,) Rthrpj;jiyg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;: capHtsp> ntg;gepiy> ePH> xsp> fhpakpy thA> FSf;Nfh]; Nghd;wit

8. m) epuy; AI epuy; BAld; nghUj;Jf.

M) gpd;tUk; tl;l tiuglj;jpy; ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpd; tiffis epug;Gf. m)

J}z;ly; (A) mirT tif (B) Gtp<Hg;G tpir Ntjpg;nghUs; njhL czh;T

Gtpr;rhh;girT Ntjpr;rhh;girT njhLjYWmirT

M)

1. ,iyj;Jis ePuhtpg;Nghf;F 2. f;a+l;bf;fps; ePuhtpg;Nghf;F 3. gl;ilj;Jis ePuhtpg;Nghf;F

9. glk; njhlh;ghd tpdhf;fSf;Fg tpilaspf;fTk;. i) glj;ijg; ghh;j;J tiue;J „m‟Kjy; „,‟ tiu Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s

ghfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf. ii) jz;bd; ePs;Nghf;F tsh;r;rpf;Fg; fhuzkhd gFjp vJ? iii) ,uz;lhk; epiy tsh;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhd gFjp ahJ? iv) fZtpilg; gFjpapd; ePl;rpf;Fg; fhuzkhd gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.

i)

Edp Mf;Fj;jpR

,il Mf;Fj;;jpR gf;f Mf;Fj;jpR

ii) Edp Mf;Fj;jpR iii) gf;f Mf;FjpR iv) ,il Mf;Fj;;jpR

10. glj;ij cw;W Nehf;fTk;. i) glj;jpy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;s jpRitf; fz;Lgpbf;fTk;. ii) glj;ijg; ghh;j;J tiue;J m) kw;Wk; M) ghfq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLf. i) ghud;ifkh jpRf;fs; ii)

epA+f;spa]; nry; ,ilntsp

J}z;ly; (A) mirT tif (B) Gtp<Hg;G tpir Ntjpg;nghUs; njhL czh;T

Ntjpr;rhh;girT njhLjYWmirT Gtpr;rhh;girT



2. mbikahjYk; eytho;Tk;

gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;: 1. Fwpg;gpl;l xU nraiy kPz;Lk;> kPz;Lk; nra;aj; J}z;Lk; epfo;Tf;F mbikahjy; vd;W

ngah;. mJ %isiag; ghjpf;ff;$ba xU rpf;fyhd NehahFk;. 2. Gifapiy> My;f`hy;> NghijkUe;Jfs;> ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l kUe;Jfspd; Kiwaw;w gad;ghL

Nghd;wit nghUs; rhh;e;j mbikahjy; MFk;.

3. elj;ij rhh;;e;j mbikahjypy; #jhl;lk;> cz;Zjy;> ,izajsk;> tPbNah tpisahl;Lfs;> fbdNtiy> ghYzh;T Kjypa nray;fspy; msTf;fjpfkhf <LgLgth;fis cs;slf;fpaJ.

4. kJ mUe;Jjypy; My;f`hYf;F mbikahdth;fs; cly; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; msit kPwp Fbg;gtuhf ,Ug;ghh;.

5. gPh;> xapd; Nghd;w kJghdq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; er;Rg;nghUshd vj;jpy; My;f`hy; kj;jpa euk;G kz;lyj;ij ghjpj;J Nrhh;it Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

6. kJTf;F mbikahdth;fspd; mwpFwpfshtd> Raepidtpd;wp ,Uj;jy;> Fbf;f ,ayhj epiy Vw;gLk;NghJ $r;rypLjy;> Fkl;ly;> tpah;j;jy;> clypy; eLf;fk; Mfpad MFk;.

7. kJTf;F mbikahdth;fSf;F kdhPjpahf kdr;Nrhh;T> kd mOj;jk;> jw;nfhiy vz;zq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

8. Ntiyapy; jtW ,ioj;jy;> rpwhh;fsplk; jtwhf elj;jy;> FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fSld; rz;il> cly; gytPdkhjy; fhuzkhf tpgj;Jfs; Vw;gLjy; Nghd;w r%f ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfpd;wdh;.

9. Nrhh;T> kwjp> fz;jirfs; gytPdkhjy;> fizak; rpijtiljy;> ,jak; nraypoj;jy;> gf;fthjk;> rh;f;fiu tpahjp> fy;yPuy; mow;rp Nghd;wd cly; hPjpahd ghjpg;GfshFk;.

10. fy;yPuy; mow;rp Vw;gLtjw;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzk; kJ mUe;Jjy; MFk;. fy;yPuy; tPf;fk; miljy; ,jd; Kjy; mwpFwpahFk;.

11. ngd;NrhilNah];Ngd;> itl;lkpd; B, kdr;Nrhh;T ePf;Fk; kUe;jhd gpNdhjNahjrpd; Nghd;w kUe;Jfs; %ykhf NehahspfSf;Fr; rpfpr;ir mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.

12. Gifapiyapy; fhzg;gLk; kpf Kf;fpakhd mbikahf;Fk; nghUs; epf;Nfhl;bd; MFk;.

13. Gifg;gpbj;jy; %r;Rf;Foypd; Nkw;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; rpypah vd;w nky;ypa jirfis mopf;fpd;wd. NkYk; EiuaPuypy; cs;s fhw;W rpw;wiwfs; mope;J Rthrpj;jy; fbdkhfpwJ.

14. nrhpkhd kz;lykhd ,iug;ig> gpj;jg;ig> fy;yPuy; Nghd;witfis Gifgpbj;jy; ngUkstpy; ghjpf;fpwJ.

15. fz;fSf;Fr; nry;Yk; kpf Ez;zpa je;Jfpf; Foha;fs; Gifj;jypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; fz;fSf;F nre;epwj;ijAk;> eikr;riyAk; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

16. Gifg;gth;fspd; Njhy; Ntz;ba msT Mf;]p[idg; ngwhjjpdhy; xspUk; jd;ikia ,oe;J kQ;rs; fye;j rhk;gy; epwj;jpy; Njhw;wkspf;Fk;.

17. Gifg;gpbg;gjpdhy; EiuaPuypYk;> Fuy;tisapYk;> tha;f;FopapYk;> njhz;ilapYk;> czTf;FoypYk;> rpWePh;g;igapYk; Gw;WNeha; Vw;gLfpwJ.

18. Gifapdhy; khuilg;G> cah; ,uj;j mOj;jk;> ,ja-.,uj;jf;Foha; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Neha;fSk; mjidj; njhlh;e;J kuzKk; Vw;gLfpwJ.

19. GifahdJ ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;f `hh;Nkhdhd> <];l;Nuh[pid epiyf;Fiyar; nra;J> ,sk;tajpNyNa khjtpyf;if epue;jukhf epWj;jp tpLfpwJ.

20. fUTw;w jha; Giff;Fk; NghJ fUtpYs;s Foe;ijapd; %is tsh;r;rp jilg;gl;L mwpTj;jpwd; FiwfpwJ.

21. xUthpd; kdepiy my;yJ elj;ijapy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; xU kUe;J my;yJ xU Ntjpg;nghUs; kUj;Jthpd; ghpe;Jiuapd;wp tpw;fg;gLtJ Nghijg;nghUs;fs; vdg;gLk;.

22. `Puhapd;> Nfhifd;> xg;gpak; Nghd;w NghijkUe;Jfis msTf;F mjpfkhf gad;gLj;jpdhy;; eL euk;G kz;lyk; ghjpg;gilfpwJ.

23. kUe;ijj; jtwhf gad;gLj;Jtjpdhy; cly;eyf;FiwghL> gs;sp fy;Y}hpfSf;Fr; nry;yhjpUj;jy;> fsT> fw;gopg;G Nghd;w jPa nray;fspy; <LgLfpd;wdh;.

24. Nghijg;nghUs;fis gJf;Fjy;> tpw;wy;> flj;Jjy; Nghd;wit tpLtpf;f Kbahj Fw;wk; MFk;. mjw;F 20 Mz;Lfs; rpiwj;jz;lidAk;> 2 ,yl;rk; &gha; mguhjKk; tpjpf;fg;glyhk;.



25. eytho;T vd;gJ clYf;F ed;ik juf;$ba czit cz;gJk;> clYWg;Gfis rPuhf ,af;FtJk;> kJghdkw;w> Gifaw;w> kd mOj;jk; ,y;yhj tho;T tho;tJkhFk;.

26. cly; gUkd; vd;gJ mjpfkhff; nfhOg;G clypy; jq;fp cly; gUj;Jf; fhzg;gLk; xU epiyahFk;.

27. rkr;rPuw;w czT> clYiog;gpd;ik> kugpay; FiwghL> ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfspd; rPuw;w Rug;G Nghd;wit cly; gUkDf;fhd fhuzq;fs; MFk;.

28. ehh;r;rj;Js;s fha;fdp> fPiufs;> nfhl;il tiffs;> Kisj;j jhdpaq;fs; Kjypatw;iw cz;gjhy; clw;gUkid jtph;f;fyhk;.

29. kPdpd; clypy; ,uj;jk; ciwjiyj; jilnra;Ak; xNkfh - 3 nfhOg;G mkpyk; ,Ug;gjhy; thuk; ,UKiw cztpy; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

30. ,uj;jj;jpy; nfhy];l;uhypd; msit mjpfhpf;ff;$ba khl;biwr;rp> Ml;biwr;rp> ghy; nghUs;fs;> tpiuT czT> CWfha; Nghd;wtw;iw cztpy; Nrh;g;gij Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

31. eilg;gapw;rp nra;jy;> tpisahLjy;> XLjy;> kpjptz;b Xl;Ljy;> ePe;Jjy; Nghd;w clw;gapw;rpfis nra;J rPuhd ,uj;j Xl;lj;ij clypy; epiy epWj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

32. kd mOj;jj;ij ePf;f czh;Tfis FLk;gk; my;yJ ez;gh;fSlNdh gfph;e;J nfhs;Sjy;> ,iria urpj;jy;> Njhl;lkpLjy;> tz;zkpLjy; Nghd;w gapw;rpfspy; <Lglyhk;.

gphpT – m 1. mbikahjy; vd;why; vd;d? Fwpg;gpl;l xU nraiy kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; nra;aj; J}z;Lk; epfo;Tf;F mbikahjy; vd;W ngah;.

2. mbikahjy; Vd; Nehahf fUjg;gLfpwJ? 1) mbikahjy; vd;gJ ePz;lfhy Neha;

2) mjpypUe;J tpLgl;lhYk; kPz;Lk; mtd; mbikahjYf;F tha;g;G cs;sJ. 3) mbikahjy; %isapd; J}z;Ljy; Jyq;fy; gzpfisg; ghjpf;fpwJ 4) kdpjd; mbikahjYf;F cl;gl;L NghuhLk; NghJ mtdJ nray;fis fl;Lg;gLj;j

Kbtjpy;iy. 5) elj;ijf; Fwpj;J rhpahd KbTfis vLf;f ,ayhkYk; jLkhw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ. vdNt>

mbikahjy; xU Nehahf fUjg;gLfpwJ.

3. vj;jifa kdpjh;fs; mbikahjYf;F cs;shfpd;wdh;? 1) kd mjph;r;rp czh;Tfspd; ghjpg;GfSf;F Mshdtu;fs; mbikahfpd;wdh;.

2) rpyh; xj;j taJilath;fspd; fl;lhag;gLj;jyhy; mbikahfpd;wdu;. 3) Kiwaw;w gof;f tof;fq;fshYk; mbikahjYf;F cl;gLfpd;wdh;.

4. xUtd; ve;nje;jg; nghUs;fSf;F mbikahfpd;whd;? Gifapiy> My;f`hy;> Nghij kUe;Jfs;> J}f;f khj;jpiu-typ epthuzp Nghd;wtw;wpd;

Kiwaw;w gad;ghL.

5. nghUs; rhh;e;j mbikahjypypUe;J vt;thW elj;ij rhh;e;j mbikahjy; NtWgLfpwJ? nghUs; rhh;e;j mbikahjy;:

,J VNjDk; xU nghUis cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;Fk;. v.fh. Gifapiy> My;f`hy;> Nghij kUe;Jfs;.

elj;ijr; rhh;e;j mbikahjy;: ,J xU nraypy; rpyu; fhl;Lk; msTf;fjpfkhd <LghL MFk;.

v.fh. #jhl;lk>; cz;Zjy;> ,izajsk;> tPbNah tpisahl;Lfs;> fbdNtiy> ghYzh;T.

6. kJTf;F mbikahdtiu vt;thW fz;Lg;gpbg;gPh;fs;? 1) kJtpw;F mbikahdth; kJtpd; kPJ msTf;fjpfkhd Mh;tk; cilatuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

2) mtuJ cly; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; msit tpl mjpfkhf Fbg;gtuhf ,Ug;ghh;. 3) kJ mUe;jhky; mtuhy; ,Uf;f KbahJ. Ntiyapy; ftdk; ,Uf;fhJ. 4) ntspj;Njhw;wk; khwptpLk;. 5) kJTf;fhf kw;wtiuj; Jd;GWj;jTk; Fw;w nray;fspy; <LglTk; mtu; jaq;fkhl;lhu;. 6) cly;uPjpahfTk; kduPjpahfTk; ghjpg;gile;jtuhf mtu; ,Ug;ghu;.



7. fy;yPuy; mow;rp – Fwpg;G tiuf. 1) fy;yPuy; mow;rp Vw;gLtjw;fhd xU Kf;fpaf; fhuzk; kJ mUe;Jjy; MFk;.

2) fy;yPuy; tPf;fk; miljy; ,jd; Kjy; mwpFwpahFk;. 3) ,e;epiy mjpfhpf;f mjpfhpf;f jpRf;fs; ghjpg;gile;J ,Wjpahff; fy;yPuy; mow;rp

Vw;gLfpwJ.

8. kJTf;F mbikahjy; Fzg;gLj;j ,aYkh? vt;thW? 1) ,aYk;.

2) kJtpdhy; Vw;gLk; jPatpisTfs; Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. 3) Ntiyapd; jd;ikia khw;wpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

4) cstpay;uPjpahd kUj;Jtk; (Psychotherapy) nra;ayhk;. 5) kUe;J %ykhf NehahspfSf;Fr; rpfpr;ir mspf;fyhk;. 6) ngd;NrhilNah];igd;> itl;lkpd; B, kdr;Nrhh;T ePf;Fk; kUe;jhd gpNdhjNahrpd; Mfpait

kJg;gof;fjpypUe;J tpLgl gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rpy kUe;JfshFk;.

9. Gifg;gpbj;jy; kdpjid vt;thW ghjpf;fpwJ vd njhlh; epuy; glk; tiuf.

10. ,uhjh 10 Mk; tFg;G gbf;fpwhs;. mtsJ vil 90 fpNyh fpuhk;. mts; vjdhy; mtjpg;gLfpwhs;? mts; MNuhf;fpakhd tho;tpid Nkw;nfhs;s ePtph; $Wk; mwpTiufs; ahit?

,uhjh cly;gUkd; Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;shs;. 1) nghwpj;j czT> ,iwr;rp Mfpa czTfisj; jtph;f;f Ntz;Lk;. 2) tpiuT czT kw;Wk; ,dpg;Gfis jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. 3) clw;gapw;rp> eilg;gapw;rp> Nahfh> kpjptz;b Xl;Ljy; Mfpa gapw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

11. GifapiyapYs;s jPq;F jUk; Ntjpg;nghUs;; ________MFk;. (nfha;dh> epf;Nfhl;bd;> igNdhjahrpd;> khh;/gpd;)

epf;Nfhl;bd 12. fy;yPuy; mow;;rp………….. njhlh;GilaJ. (Gifgpbj;jy;> typepthuzp mjpf msT cl;nfhs;Sjy;> Fbg;gof;fk;>Nghijg;nghUs;fspd; mjpf gad;ghL)

Fbg;gof;fk; 13. _______,y; xNkfh-3 nfhOg;G mkpyk; mjpfk; cs;sJ. (nul;kPl;> ghy;nghUs;fs;> kPd;> gr;irf; fha;fwpfs;)

kPd; 14. gPh>; xapd; Nghd;w kJghdq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Nghijj;jUk; er;Rj;jd;ik tha;e;j nghUs; _________(epNfhbd;> vj;jpy; My;f`hy;> LSD> Xgpak;)

vj;jpy; My;f`hy;



gphpT – M 1. Nghijg;nghUs; jLg;G jpdk; [_d; khjk; 26k; ehs; cynfq;Fk; nfhz;lhg;gLfpwJ. me;j ehspy; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; xU tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jj; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjw;fhf kf;fSf;F toq;fpl Ie;J tpopg;Gzh;T thf;fpaq;fis cUthf;Ff. “Gifapy;yh tho;T> gifapy;yh MAs;” “jtph;g;Nghk; kJit> gUFNthk; ghJfhg;ghd ePiu” “nky;yw;f Gifapiyia> nky;YNthk; gr;ir fha;fwpfis” “Gif> kJit jtph;Nghk;> vkid nty;Nthk;” “Nghij top tho;T> ghij khwpa gazk;”

2. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tiuglk; nghJ ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. m) nghJ ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ,e;j milahsf;Fwp vijf; Fwpf;fpwJ? M) Gifj;jypdhy; Vw;gLk; ,uz;L Neha;fisf; $Wf. ,) kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Gifj;jypd; jPikfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;it ehk;

vt;thW Vw;gLj;jyhk;. m) Gif gpbf;fhjPHfs;. Gif gpbj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

M) khuilg;G> EiuaPuy; Gw;WNeha;. ,) Rtnuhl;bfs; tpopg;Gzh;T thf;fpaq;fs; nghJ Clf tpsk;guk; %yk; cUthf;fyhk;.

3. nghUj;Jf:- 1. kPd; - m. ehh;rj;J kpf;fJ 2. goq;fs;/fha;fwpfs; - M. xNkfh 3- nfhOg;G mkpyk; 3. khl;biwr;rp/Ml;biwr;rp - ,. mjpf fNyhhpfis cs;slf;fpa tpiuT czT 4. gPl;rh - <. nul; kPl; (nfhy];l;uhy; mjpfk; nfhz;l czT)

1. kPd; - m. xNkfh 3- nfhOg;G mkpyk; 2. goq;fs;/fha;fwpfs; - M. ehh;rj;J kpf;fJ 3. khl;biwr;rp/Ml;biwr;rp - ,. nul; kPl; (nfhy];l;uhy; mjpfk; nfhz;l czT) 4. gPl;rh - <. mjpf fNyhhpfis cs;slf;fpa tpiuT czT

4. jtiw rhp nra;f: m) ngUk;ghd;ikahd ehLfspy; nfhf;Nfh kw;Wk; My;f`hy; ve;j tbtpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJk; rl;lj;jpw;F Gwk;ghdJ. M) Nghijf;F mbikahjYf;F kpf mjpf msT gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ ngd;NrhilNah];igd;. m) ngUk;ghd;ikahd ehLfspy; Nfhifd; kw;Wk; My;f`hy; ve;j tbtpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJk; rl;lj;jpw;F Gwk;ghdJ. M) Nghijf;F mbikahjYf;F rpfpr;irmspg;gjw;F kpf mjpf msT gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ ngd;NrhilNah];igd;.

5. Gifgpbg;gjpdhy; Njhy; jd; tsj;jd;ikia ,oe;J tpLfpwJ. fhuzk; $Wf. Gifg;gth;fspd; Njhy; Ntz;ba msT Mf;]p[idg; ngwhjjpdhy; jd; tsj;jd;ikia ,oe;J tpLfpd;wJ. Njhy; jdJ xspUk; jd;ikia ,oe;J kQ;rs; fye;j rhk;gy; epwj;jpy; Njhw;wkspf;Fk;. kPs;rf;jp nfhz;l Njhy; ntFtpiutpy; RUf;fq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.

6. Gw;WNeha;fSf;Ff; fhuzkhd 60f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Ntjpg;nghUs;fs; Gifapiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. EiuaPuy; Gw;WNehapy; Vw;gLk; ,wg;gpw;Fg; Gifj;jy; jhd; fhuzkhfpwJ. Nkw;fz;l thf;fpaj;ij nfhz;L ,uz;L Nfs;tpfis cUthf;Ff.

1. Gifapiyapy; vj;jid tifahd Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd? 2. EiuaPuy; Gw;WNeha; ,wj;jYf;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; vJ?

7. glj;ij cw;WNehf;fp fPo;f;fhz; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f. m) ,e;j milahsf;Fwp vij Fwpf;fpwJ? M) ,g;gof;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; ,uz;L Neha;fis $Wf.

m) “kJ mUe;jhNj” kJ mUe;JtJ ,q;F jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. M) fy;yPuy; mow;rp> %is ghjpg;G.

8. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf: m) Nrhk;Ngwpj;jdKk; md;whl epfo;Tfisj; $l jpwk;gl nrayhw;w Kbahky; NghtJk; __________fhuzkhFk;. (Gifg;gpbj;jy;> cly;gUkd;)



M) Gifg;gpbj;jy;_________I tpiuTg;gLj;JfpwJ.(fUTUk; jpwd;> vYk;Gnkd;ikahjy;)

9. glj;ij cw;WNehf;fp fPo;f;fhz; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f. 1) nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glk; „M‟ glk; „m‟ y; ,Ue;J vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ? 2) NtWghl;bw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?

1) m. MNuhf;fpakhd fy;yPuy; M. mow;rpaile;j fy;yPuy; 2) kJ mUe;Jtjpdhy; fy;yPuy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L mow;rpaile;Js;sJ.

10. nghUe;jhjtw;iwj; Njh;e;njLj;J mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisf; $Wf. m) n`uhapd;> Xgpak;> Nfhifd;> vj;jdhy; M) ,dpg;G> rhf;Nyl;> goq;fs;> nea;. m) vj;jdhy; - kJghdk; M) goq;fs; - ehh;rj;J kpf;fJ.

11. kUe;J %ykhf kJ mbikahjYf;F rpfpr;ir mspj;jy; rpwe;j KiwahFk;. kJTf;F mbikahjyhy; Vw;gLk; kdr;Nrhh;it ePf;Fk; kUe;jpd; ngaiuf; $Wf. ngd;NrhilNah];igd;> gpNdhjNahrp];

12. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; %d;W fhuzq;fs; nfhLf;f. kf;fs; Vd; kJ mUe;j tpUk;Gfpd;wdh;? kf;fs; Vd; kJ mUe;j tpUk;Gtjpy;iy?

tpilfs;: kf;fs; Vd; kJ mUe;j tpUk;Gfpd;wdh;? kf;fs; Vd; kJ mUe;j tpUk;Gtjpy;iy? 1. ftiyfis kwf;f 1. eytho;it tpUk;Gjy; 2. kdr;Nrhh;it ePf;f 2. r%f me;j];ij ngWtjw;fhf 3. ez;gh;fspd; fl;lhak;

3. cly;eyk; kw;Wk; kdeyj;jpy; mf;fiw nfhz;lth;fs;

13. fPo;f;fhz; glq;fis cw;WNehf;fp gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f.

m. ey;y gof;fq;fisg; gl;baypLf. M. mbikahjYf;fhd gof;fq;fis vOJf. m. ey;y gof;fq;fs; : gbj;jy; kw;Wk; Nahfh M. mbikahjYf;fhd gof;fq;fs; : kJ mUe;Jjy;> mjpf czT cz;Zjy; kw;Wk;

njhiyf;fhl;rp ghh;j;jy;

14. fPo;f;fz;l glq;fis ftdpj;J vt;tif mbikahjy; vd tifg;gLj;Jf.

m. elj;ij rhh;e;j mbikahjy; - fzpdp tpisahl;L M. nghUs; rhh;e;j mbikahjy; -Gifj;jy;.

15. xUth; kJ mUe;jpdhy;> kJtpYs;s My;f`hy; tpiuthf ,uj;j Xl;lj;jpy; fyf;fpwJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf clypy; cldbahf Vw;gLk; %d;W tpisTfis vOJf. i) fy;yPuy; mow;rp Vw;gLfpwJ. ii) kJthy; kdpjd; cly; hPjpahfTk;> kd hPjpahfTk; r%f ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shfpd;whd;. iii) fizak; rpijtiljy;> cah; ,uj;j mOj;jk;> ,jak; nraypoj;jy;> gf;fthjk;> rh;f;fiu

tpahjp> Gw;WNeha;> Nghd;w ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gLfpwJ.

16. xU Fbf;fhuupd; eilapy; jLkhw;wk; Ngr;rpy; Fowy; kw;Wk; rpe;jid> Ngr;R> nray;ghl;by; xUq;fpizT mw;W fhzg;gLjy;. m) ,J Vd; epfo;fpwJ? M) kJ mbikahjyhy; Vw;gLk; ePz;lehs; ghjpg;Gfs; ahit? m) My;f`hy; ,uj;j Xl;lj;jpy; fye;J ikaeuk;G kz;lyj;ij ghjpf;fpwJ. M) Nrhh;T> kwjp> fz;jirfs; gytPdkhjy;> tapW rk;ge;jkhd Neha;fs;> fizak;

rpijtiljy;> cah; ,uj;j mOj;jk;> ,jak; nraypoj;jy;> gf;fthjk;> rh;f;fiu tpahjp> Gw;WNeha;> fy;yPuy;mow;rp Nghd;wit kJ mUe;Jtjpdhy; Vw;gLk; cly;hPjpahd ghjpg;GfshFk;.



17. jpU. X mth;fs; jdJ ez;gh;fSld; xU tpUe;jpw;Fr; nrd;whh;. mq;F Kjd;Kiwahf kJ mUe;jpdhh;. gbg;gbahf mg;gof;fj;jpw;F mbikahdhh;. ,jdhy; mth; jw;NghJ re;jpf;Fk; gpur;ridfis Muha;e;J gl;baypLf. jpU. X d; gpur;ridfs;

tpilfs;:

gphpT – , 1. Gifg;gpbj;jypd; jPa tpisTfisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; Rtnuhl;b jahhpf;f.

2. Nghij kUe;Jfisj; jLf;f khztdpd; gq;fspg;ig tpsf;Fk; Rtnuhl;b jahhpf;f.

3. Gifg;gpbj;jYf;F vjpuhf ehd;F thpfspy; vOJf. i) Gifj;jiy jtpHg;Nghk;> Gw;WNehia jtpHg;Nghk;. ii) Gif gof;fj;ij xopg;Nghk;> capiuf; fhg;Nghk;. iii) ,sikapy; Gifg;gth;> tho;f;ifia ,og;gH. iv) Gifg;gtd;> vkid tpUk;gp miog;gtd;.

t.vz; cly; rhh;e;j kdk; rhh;e;j r%fk; rhh;e;j 1. 2. 3.

t.vz; cly; rhh;e;j kdk; rhh;e;j r%fk; rhh;e;j 1. cly; eLf;fk; Nrhh;T kwjp jpULjy; 2. ,uj;j mOj;jy; kd mOj;jk; FLk;g cWg;gpdh; 3. fz;jirfs; gytPdkhjy; jw;nfhiy vz;zk; tpgj;Jfs;



4. tFg;gpYs;s khzth;fis ,uz;L FOf;fshfg; gphpf;fTk;. “jPa gof;fq;fspy; ,Ue;J tpLgLjy; vspJ; fbdk;” vd;w jiyg;gpy; tof;fhL kd;wk; elj;Jf.

nrhe;jkhf jahupj;Jf;nfhs;f.

5. Nghijg;nghUs;fisf; flj;Jjy; Fw;wr; nrayhFk;. m) rpy Nghijg; nghUs;fspd; ngah;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf. M) ,ij jz;lidf;Fhpa Fw;wkhf Vd; fUJfpwPh;fs;? ,) kUe;Jfis Kiwaw;W gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; %d;W ghjpg;Gfisf; $Wf. m) `Puhapd;> Nfhifd;> Xg;gpak; M) Nghijg; nghUs; cliyAk; kdijAk; mwpitAk; gho;gLj;Jk; xU nray;. ,j;jifa

kdpjupd; kdepiy khwptpLfpwJ. Nghij gof;fj;jpypUe;J kPs Kbahj epiy Vw;gLfpwJ. mtu;fshy; ve;j cUg;gbahd fhupaq;fisAk; Mw;w Kbtjpy;iy. ,tu;fs; Nghijg;nghUl;fis ngWtjw;fhf vj;jifa ,opnraiyAk; nra;aj; jaq;f khl;lhu;fs;. Nghijg; nghUs; jdpkdpjid ghjpg;gJ kl;Lky;yhky; mtu;fsJ FLk;gj;ijAk; xl;Lnkhj;j rKhaj;ijANk ghjpf;fpwJ. vdNt ,jid jz;lidf;Fupa Fw;wkhf muR fUJfpwJ. ehq;fSk; ,jid jz;lidf;Fupa Fw;wkhfNt fUJfpNwhk;.

,) 1) cly; eyf; FiwghL> 2) gs;sp fy;Y}upfSf;F nry;yhjpUj;jy;> 3) fsT> fw;gopg;G> nfhiyfspy; rk;ge;jg;gly;.

6. ,uNk\pd; jhahh; mtdJ cly; gUkd; fhuzkhf FLk;g kUj;Jthplk; mioj;Jr;nrd;whh;. czT kl;Lky;yhJ xU rpy gapw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;SkhW kUj;Jth; mwpTWj;jpdhh;. m) ,uNk\; jpdKk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba cly;> kdk; rhh;e;j gapw;rpfis $Wf. M) gapw;rpfis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf. ,) ,uNk\; jdJ rhpahd cly; vilia vt;thW mwpe;J nfhs;thd;. <) cly; gUkf;FwpaPL vd;why; vd;d? (,jidg; gw;wp njhpe;J nfhs;s Mrphpah; my;yJ FLk;g kUj;Jthpd; cjtpia ehLf). m) ,uNk\; jpdKk; XLjy;> elj;jy; Nghd;w clw;gapw;rpfisAk; Nahfh> jpahdk; Nghd;w

kdg;gapw;rpfisAk; fl;lhak; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. M)

clw;gapw;rpfs; kdk; rhu;e;j gapw;rpfs; 1) XLjy; 2) eilg;gapw;rp 3) iffSf;fhd gapw;rpfs; 4) RWRWg;ghd Ntiyfs; 5) tpisahl;Lfs;

1) Nahfh 2) jpahdk; 3) ey;yg; Gj;jfq;fisg; gbj;jy; 4) kUj;Jtu;fsplk; MNyhrid ngWjy; 5) kdij kfpo;r;rpahf itj;jpUj;jy;

,) vilf;fUtp %yk; cly; vilia mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. <) cly; gUkf;FwpaPL vd;gJ ekJ cauj;jpw;Nfw;w vil ekf;F cs;sjh vd;gijf;

fz;lwpAk; xU KiwahFk;.

𝐵𝑀𝐼 = vil (fp.fp)

cauk; (kP) x cauk; (kP)

vilf;fUtp %yk; ekJ viliaj; njupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. msTNfhiyg; gad;gLj;jp ekJ cauj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mtw;iw Nkw;fz;l rkd;ghl;by; gpujpapl ekJ cly; gUkf; FwpaPl;nlz; fpilf;Fk;.

BMI kjpg;G 19f;F fPo; ,Ue;jhy; mtu; – cly; nkypjhdtu; BMI kjpg;G 19 Kjy; 25 tiu ,Ue;jhy; mtu; – rhjhuz clw; gUkd; cilatu;. BMI kjpg;G 25f;F Nky; ,Ue;jhy; mtu; – cly; gUkd; mjpfkhdtu;



3. khRgLjYk; XNrhd; rpijtiljYk;

gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;: 1. G+kpiar; Rw;wpf; fhzg;gLk; thAf;fspd; mLf;ifNa tspkz;lyk; vd;fpNwhk;. 2. epyk;> ePh;> fhw;W Mfpatw;wpd; ,aw;gpay;> Ntjpapay;> caphpay; gz;Gfspy; Vw;gLk;

tpUk;gj;jfhj khw;wNk khRgLjy; vdg;gLk;.

3. khRgLjypd; tiffs;: fhw;W khRgLjy;> ePh; khRgLjy;> epyk; khRgLjy;> xyp khRgLjy;.

4. thfdq;fspypUe;J ntspNaWk; fhp> J}R Nghd;witAk; G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfSk; fhw;iw khrila nra;fpd;wd. ,it M];Jkh> vk;igrPkh Nghd;w Neha;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

5. Gijg;gbt nghUs;fis Kiwahf vhpf;fhjjpdhy; fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;i]L cz;lhfpwJ. ,J ,uj;jj;jpy; Mf;]p[d; vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; jpwidf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

6. epyf;fhp> ngl;Nuhypag; nghUs;fis vhpf;Fk;NghJ ntspahFk; kPj;Njd; Nghd;w i`l;Nuhfhh;gd;fs; fhw;iw khRgLj;Jfpd;wd.

7. vz;nza;> Rj;jpfhpg;G epiyaq;fs; ntspapLk; mjpfg;gbahd fe;jfk; mkpykioia Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. jhtuq;fspy; gr;ira ,og;G> jpR ,wg;G Nghd;w ghjpg;Gfis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

8. thfdq;fspypUe;J ntspg;gLk; iel;u[d; Mf;i]L fhw;iw nrk;gOg;G epwkhf khw;wp ,jak;> EiuaPuypy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

9. fhw;W khRgLjypd; fhuzkhf GifAk;> gdpAk; Nrh;e;jJ gdpg;Gif kz;lyk; MFk;.

10. fe;jf il Mf;irL>iel;u[d; il Mf;i]L Nghd;w thAf;fs; Mf;rpfuzk; mile;J iel;hpf; mkpyk;>fe;jf mkpyk; Kjypa Ntjpg;nghUs;fis cUthf;fp mkpykioia cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.

11. Nghghypy; 1984Mk; Mz;L njhopw;rhiyapy; Vw;gl;l MIC, kPj;ijy; INrhraNdl;L thAf; frptpy; VuhskhNdhh; ghjp;f;fg;gl;ldh;.

12. Gw;WNehia cz;lhf;Fk; ngd;Nrh ighpd; vd;w er;RthA Gifg;gpbg;gjdhy; fhw;wpy; fyf;fpd;wd. ,J Gifg;gpbf;Fk; gof;fk; ,y;yhjth;fisAk; ghjpf;fpwJ.

13. tpUk;gj;jfhj nghUs;fs; fyg;gjhy; ePhpy; Vw;gLk; ,aw;gpay;> Ntjpapay;> caphpay; khw;wq;fspdhy; ePiug; gad;gLj;j Kbahj epiy ePh; khRgLjy; vd;fpNwhk;.

14. ,ae;jpuq;fisf; Fsph;tpg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;L ntspNaw;wg;gLk; mjpf ntg;gepiyAila ePh;> ePh;epiyfspy; Nehpilahf fyg;gjhy; ntg;g khRgLjy; Vw;gLfpwJ.

15. fly;fspy; vz;nza; fg;gy;fSf;F Vw;gLk; tpgj;JfshYk; vz;nza;f; fpzWfspy; Vw;gLk; frpTfs; fly;ePhpy; fye;J J}a;ikf;Nfl;bid Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

16. ePhpy; caph;tsp my;yJ Mf;]p[d; msT Fiwtjhy; ePh;tho; tpyq;Ffs; ngUkstpy; ,wf;fpd;wd. ,J A+l;NuhgpNf\d; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

17. ePh; khRgLjiyj; jLf;f mstpw;F mjpfkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs;> fisf;nfhy;ypfs;> Ntjpapay; cuq;fspd; gad;ghl;ilf; fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

18. vz;nza;f; frpT vd;gJ kdpjr; nray;ghl;bd; fhuzkhfr; Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpy;> fly;ePhpy; i`l;Nuhfhh;gd;fs; mlq;fpa ngl;Nuhypag; nghUs;fs; fyg;gjdhy; Vw;gLk; epfo;thFk;.

19. fly;tho; jhtu cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLtjpdhy; fly;tho; caphpdq;fspd; czTr; rq;fpyp midj;Jk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

20. flypYs;s gwitfs; rpwFfis myfpdhy; Nja;f;Fk;NghJ vz;nza; cl;nry;tjhy;> rpWePuf ghjpg;G> fy;yPuy; ghjpg;G> tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpy; FiwghL Mfpatw;wpw;F topNfhYfpd;wd.

21. fr;rh vz;nzapypUe;J ntsptUk; ngd;rPd;> nlhYtpd; Nghd;w i`l;Nuhfhh;gd;pd; Mtpfs; Gw;WNeha;f;Ff; fhuzkhfpd;wd.

22. fly;ePhpy; fye;Js;s vz;nza;ia cl;nfhs;Sk; ghf;Bhpah %yKk;> mkpyk; cl;nfhs;Sk; ghf;Bhpah %yKk; J}a;ikg;gLj;Jk; nraYf;F caphpay; jPh;T Kiw vd;W ngah;.

23. lhf;lh; Mde;j Nkhfd; rf;ugh;j;jp vd;gth; #NlhNkhdh]; ghf;Bhpahit kuGg; nghwpapay; %yk; khw;wp vz;nza;f; frpit mfw;Wtjw;F gad;gLj;j KbAk; vdf; fz;lwpe;jhh;.

24. [g;ghdpy; kpdhkpl;lhg; gFjpapd; njhopw;rhiyapypUe;J ghjurk; fopthf ntspNaw;wg;gLfpwJ.

25. fopT ghjurkhdJ kPj;ijy; nkh;f;Fhp vd;w eQ;rhf khWfpwJ. ,e;j eQ;ir cz;l kPd;fis kdpjh;fs; cz;ljhy; kpdkpl;lh vd;w Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH.



25. coth;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; cuq;fs;> G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs;> Ruq;fj;njhopy;> efukakhjy; Nghd;wit epyk; khRgLjYf;fhd fhuzq;fshFk;.

26. DDT vd;w Ntjpg;nghUs; gwitfspd; mz;lehsq;fspy; Kl;il cUthtjw;F fhuzkhd fhy;rpak; fhh;gNdl; cw;gj;jpiaj; jilnra;fpwJ.

27. mZ ciyfspypUe;J ntspNaWk; fjph;tPr;Rj; jd;ik nfhz;l fopTfshYk;> mdy; kpd; epiyaq;fspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; Ez;Jfs;fs; nfhz;l gwf;Fk; rhk;gyhYk;> mZFz;L ntbg;G epfo;j;JtjhYk; epyk; khRgLfpwJ.

28. jiyfPo; rt;T+L guty; %yk; nrhpT mjpfkhd jputj;jpd;kPJ mOj;jj;ij gad;gLj;jp> nrhpT mjpfkhd gFjpapYs;s ePiug; gphpj;J vLg;gjhFk;.

29. fjphpaf;fk; caphpdq;fspy; ];l;uhd;rpak; - 90 vYk;Gfspy; gbe;J vYk;Gg; Gw;WNehiaAk;> mNahbd; - 131 vYk;G k[;i[> kz;zPuy;> epzePh;Kbr;R Nghd;wtw;iw jhf;fp ,uj;j Gw;WNehiaAk; cUthf;FfpwJ.

30. mZkpd;epiyaq;fspy; mZf;fU ciyfs; mikf;fg;gLk;NghJ vjph;fhyj;jpy; tpgj;J Vw;glhtz;zk; mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.

31. cf;iudpd; nrh;Ndhgpy; mZ ciyapd; tpgj;J> cyf mstpy; Vw;gl;l mZ ciy tpgj;Jfspy; kpFe;j Nguopit Vw;gLj;jpajhFk;.

32. kdpjDf;Fk; gpw caph;fSf;Fk; CW tpistpf;Fk; tpUk;gj; jfhj xypia xyp khRgLjy; vd;fpNwhk;. ,jid nlrpgy; vd;Dk; mstpy; mstplyhk;.

33. thD}h;jpfshy; cz;lhFk; xyp> fl;Lkhd ,ae;jpuq;fs;> tPl;L cgNahfg; nghUs;fs;> gl;lhR ntbj;jy; Nghd;wit xyp khRgLjypd; Kf;fpa fhuzpfshFk;.

34. cyfstpy; mjpf ntg;gkhd ehs; 1998Mk; Mz;L [Piy khjk; MFk;.

35. JUtg;gFjpapYs;s gdpf;fl;bfs; ntg;g cah;T fhuzkhf Ntfkhf cUfp tUtjhy; fly; ePh;kl;lk; cah;e;J tUfpwJ.

36. cyfshtpa ntg;g cah;T vd;gJ Gtp ntg;gkiljiy> G+kpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; Vw;gLk; ruhrhp ntg;gepiy cah;itf; Fwpg;gjhFk;.

37. fhw;W kz;lyj;jpy; cs;s rpy thAf;fs; #hpa ntg;gj;ij cwpQ;rp mg;gbNa jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;tjhy; G+kpapd; ntg;gepiy cah;fpwJ. ,jw;Ff; gRik ,y;y tpisT vd;W ngah;.

38. fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L> kPj;Njd;> iel;u]; Mf;i]L> FNshNuh GSNuhfhh;gd; Nghd;wit gRik my;y thAf;fs; MFk;.

39. gRik ,y;yk; vd;gJ cah;ntg;gepiyapy; tsUk; jpwDila gRikj; jhtuq;fspd; tsh;g;gpw;fhff; fz;zhbahy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s tPL Nghd;w mikg;G MFk;.

40. Gijg;gbt nghUs;fis vhpj;jy;> tdq;fs; mopj;jy;> vhpkiy ntbj;jy;> fhpkg; nghUs;fs; kl;fp mOFjy; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; CO2 ntspg;gLfpwJ.

41. Fg;igfspy; fhzg;gLk; fhpkf; fopTfs; mOFk;NghJk;> fhy;eilfspd; czTg;nghUs;fs; nrhpf;Fk; NghJk; CH4 thA cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.

42. njhopw;rhiy nray;gLjy;> Ntshz; nray;ghLfs; Mfpatw;why; iel;u]; Mf;i]L ntspahfpwJ.

43. FNshNuh GSNuh fhh;gd; Fsp&l;bngl;bfs;> Fsph;fyd;fs;>ntg;g%l;bfspy; Fsph;tpg;ghdhf gad;gLfpwJ.

44. fly;ePh; ntg;gkiltjhy; ePh;kl;lk; caUk;. ciw gdpf;fl;bfs; cUfpf; fly; ePh;kl;lj;ij NkYk; cah;j;Jk;. ,jdhy; gy gFjp ePuhy; %o;fbf;fg;gLk;.

45. Gtp ntg;gkiljiy jtph;f;fg; ngl;Nuhypag; gad;ghl;ilf; Fiwj;jy;> tdg;gug;ig mjpfhpj;jy;> fhh;gd; jdpikg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

46. Fsph;fyd;fs;> ntg;g%l;bfs; gad;ghl;ilf; Fiwj;jy;> CFL gy;Gfis gad;gLj;Jjy;> Nkhl;lhh; thfdq;fspd; gad;ghl;ilf; Fiwg;gjd; %yk; Gtp ntg;gkakhjiy Fiwf;fyhk;.

47. Gtp ntg;gkhjypd; fhuzkhfg; Gtpapd; fpof;F kw;Wk; kj;jpa grpgpf; fly;gFjpfspy; fhyepiyapy; Vw;glf;$ba Xh; xOq;fw;w fhyepiy vy;epNdh tpisT MFk;.

48. tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s ];uhl;Nlh];gpahpy; fhzg;gLk; XNrhd; glyk; jPq;F tpistpf;fpd;w GwCjhf;fjph;fis tbfl;b caphpfSf;F jPq;F Vw;glhtz;zk; jLf;fpd;wJ.

49. ];uhl;Nlh];gpahpy; XNrhd; msT Fiwtij XNrhd; glyr; rpijT vd;fpNwhk;.



50. FNshNuh GNshNuh fhh;gd;> kPj;ijy; GNuhikL> iel;u[d; Mf;irLfs; Nghd;w nghUs;fs; Fsp&l;bg; ngl;bfs;> Eiu nghUs;fs;> ntg;g%l;bfs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;wd. ,JNt XNrhd; nghj;jYf;F fhuzkhFk;.

51. UV fjph;tPr;rhy; Njhy; Gw;WNeha;> fz;GiuNeha;> jhtu tpisr;ry; ghjpg;G> jhtu kpjit caphp mopT Nghd;wit Vw;gLfpd;wd.

52. Rw;Wr;R+oy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l rl;lq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk;> Nkyhz;ikf; fy;tpf;Fk;> kf;fSf;F tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gLj;jTk; C.P Rw;Wr;R+oy; fy;tp ikak; nrd;idapy; ,aq;fp tUfpwJ.

53. nrd;id ,aw;if Mh;tyh;fs; fofk; kf;fspilNa fUj;juq;Ffs;> Kfhk;fs;> tPbNah fhl;rpfs; %yk; tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jp tUfpwJ.

54. 1998-y; epWtg;gl;l M.S Rthkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; czTg; gw;whf;Fiw> flNyhug; ghJfhg;G> caphpj;njhopy;El;gtpay; Mfpatw;iw Kd;dpWj;jp nray;gl;L tUfpwJ.

55. cUisg;GO xl;Lz;zp %yk; Vw;gLk; njhw;WNeha;f;fhd rpfpr;irKiw Muha;r;rpf;fhf mah;yhz;bd; Nfk;ngy; vd;gtUf;Fk;> [g;ghdpd; xkpA+uhf;Fk; $l;lhf Nehgy; ghpRj;njhifapd; xU gFjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.

56. 2015- y; kNyhpah njhw;WNeha; rpfpr;ir Kiw Muha;r;rpf;fhf rPdhtpd; A+A+ Nlh vd;w mwpQUf;F Nehgy; ghpRj;njhFjpapd; kw;nwhU njhifAk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

gpupT - m 1. gl;lhRfis ntbf;fTk;> xypg;ngUf;fpfis ,uT Neuq;fspy; gad;gLj;jTk; jil nra;ag;gl;L

,Uf;fpwJ. xyp khRgLtjpdhy; Vw;gLk; ,U jPa tpisTfisf; Fwpg;gpLf. mjpf mstpy; Vw;gLk; xypahdJ ,uj;j ehsq;fisr; RUq;fr; nra;J ,jaj; Jbg;igAk; %r;R

tpLjiyAk; (Rthrj;ijAk;) ghjpf;Fk;. jiytyp J}f;fkpd;ik vhpr;ry; Nghd;wit Vw;gl;L kdpjdpd; Mf;fr; nray;fisf; Fiwf;Fk;.

2. Gtp ehis epidT+l;Lk; tifapy; 10.10.10 md;W ,uT 10 kzpastpy; 60 epkplq;fSf;F tpsf;Ffs; KOikahf mizf;fg;gl;ld. ,jd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;J cq;fs; fUj;J vd;d?

Gtp ntg;gkakhjy; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;j ,t;thW mizf;fg;gl;ld. 3. kdpjdhy; cz;lhf;fg;gLk; khRf;fs;; ___________MFk;. Me;jNuhNgh n[dpf;> 4. fly;ePhpy; fye;Js;s vz;nziag; ghf;Bhpah %yk; J}a;ikg;gLj;Jk; nraYf;F ______ vd;W ngah;.

caphpay; jPh;T Kiw

5. _____vYk;G k[;i[ kz;zPuy; epzePh; Kbr;R Nghd;wtw;iwj; jhf;fp ,uj;jg; Gw;WNeha;;f;Ff; fhuzkhfpwJ. mNahbd;-131

6. 130 db f;F Nky; cz;lhFk; xypapdhy; __________ghjpg;gilfpwJ. nrtpg;giw 7. fhw;W kz;lyj;jpy; cs;s gRikaf thAf;fs; #hpadpd; ntg;gj;ij cwpQ;rp jf;f itj;Jf;

nfhs;tjhy; G+kpapd; ntg;gepiy cah;fpwJ. ,jw;F _____ vd;W ngah;. gRik ,y;y tpisT 8. Fsp&l;bg; ngl;bfspy; Fsph;tpg;ghdhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; thAf;fs; _________ CFC 9. ______kpd;tpsf;Ffisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ngUkstpy; kpd;dhw;wiy Nrkpf;fyhk;. CFL 10. kdpjdpd; jw;fhy jtWjyhd nray;ghLfs; XNrhd; glyj;ij nky;ypajhf;fp cs;sJ. ,jid

________$WfpNwhk;. XNrhd; glyr; rpijT 11. fly; ePhpypUe;J cg;igg; gphpj;Jj; J}a;ikahd FbePiug; ngWtjw;F kpfr; rpwe;j Kiw ___MFk;.

jiyfPo; rt;T+L guty; 12. ePh; epiyfspy; mq;ffg; nghUs;fspd; msT mjpfhpg;gjhy; ePh;tho; jhtuq;fs; nropj;J tsh;fpd;wd.

,jdhy; ePhpy; caph;tsp my;yJ Mf;]p[d; Fiwtjhy; ePh; tho; tpyq;Ffs; ,we;J tpLfpd;wd. ,jid ___________vd;gh;. A+l;NuhgpNf\d;

13. ePh;epiyfspy; cs;s czTr; rq;fpypapy;___ fhuzkhf caphpg; ngUf;fk; Vw;gLfpwJ. DDT Ntjpg;nghUs; fyg;G

14. vz;nza;f; frpTfs;; ________Rw;Wr;#oYf;F Nguopit tpistpf;fpd;wJ. fly;ePh;> 15. GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj Mw;wiyf; fz;lwpf.

(#hpa Mw;wy;> ePh; Mw;wy;> flyiy mw;wy;> i`l;Nuh fhh;gd; Mw;wy;) 16. Rz;zhk;gpdhy; fl;lg;gl;l ghuk;ghpakpf;f jh[;k`hy; fl;llj;jpw;F mUfpYs;s vz;nza;

Rj;jpfhpg;G Miyapy; ,Ue;J ntspnaWk; thAf;fshy; mhpkhdk; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,t;thAf;fspy; cs;s Kjd;ikahd khRf;fhuzp _______MFk;. (CO, CO2, SO2, NO2)

17. neLQ;rhiyfSf;F mUfpYs;s gaph;j; jhtuq;fspy; xspr;Nrh;f;if tPjKk; tsh;r;rp tPjKk; Fiwtjhy; Fiwe;j kf#iyj; jUfpd;wJ. ,jw;F fhuzkhd khRf; fhuzp ______MFk;.

(PAN, CFC’s, HNO3, MIC)



18. XNrhd; glyr; rpijtpw;F fhuzkhd khR _______MFk;. (CFC’s, MIC, CO2, SO2)

gpupT -M 1. ePh; epiyfspy; rhf;filf; fyg;gjpdhy; „My;fy;GSKk;‟ A+l;Nuhgpf;NfrDk; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,it vt;thW ePh; epiyfspd; #o;epiyfspd; #o;epiy kz;lyj;ij ghjpf;fpd;wd? Cl;lr;rj;J mjpfhpg;gpd; fhuzkhf ePh;j;jhtuq;fs; nropj;J tsh;e;J ePhpd; Nkw;gug;G

KOtijAk; %Lfpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf ePhpy; caph;tsp my;yJ Mf;rp[d; msT FiwfpwJ. ,J ePh;tho; tpyq;Ffspd; ,wg;gpw;Ff; fhuzkhfpwJ. ,jid A+l;Nuhgpf;Nf\d; vd;gh;.

2. xyp khRgLjypdhy; Vw;gLk; jPa tpisTfis tpsf;Fk; Rtnuhl;b jahhpf;f ,U Kof;fr; nrhw;nwhlh;fis (Slogan) vOJf. ,iur;riyj; jtph;g;Nghk;> nrtpiaf; fhg;Nghk;>

rj;jkpy;yh G+kp Aj;jkpy;yh ehL ekf;F ey;yJ.

3. Gtp ntg;gkiltjhy; gUtepiy> fhyepiyapy; Vw;gLk; ,uz;L khw;wq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf. fly;ePh; ntg;gkiltjhy; ePh;kl;lk; caUk;. ciw gdpfl;bfs; cUfpf; fly;ePh; kl;lj;ij NkYk;

cah;j;Jk;. ,t;Tah;tpd; fhuzkhf cyfpd; gyehLfspd; gy gFjpfs; ePuhy; %o;fbf;fg;gLk;. Gtp ntg;gkiljy; fhuzkhff; fhy epiyapy; kpfg;nghpa vjph;ghuhj khw;wq;fs; epfoyhk;. ,jd;

fhuzkhfr; rpy gFjpfs; mjpf ntg;gkhfTk; ,d;Dk; rpy gFjpfs; mjpf; FspuhfTk; khwf;$Lk;. rpy ,lq;fspy; mjpf twl;rpAk; rpy ,lq;fspy; nts;sg;ngUf;fKk; Vw;glyhk;.

4. xU gf;fk; kuq;fs; eLtJk;> kWgf;fk; msTf;F mjpfkhf kuq;fs; ntl;lg;gLtJk; epfo;fpd;wd. ,it ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilapy; vt;thW rkepiy Vw;gLj;jyhk;? ve;j mstpw;F kuq;fs; ntl;lg;gLfpd;wNjh mjw;F ,Uklq;F kuf;fd;Wfs; elg;glNtz;Lk;.

Gjpa fhLfs; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.

5. #hpa Mw;wy;> ePuhw;wy;> fly; miy Mw;wy; Mfpait kuGrhuh Mw;wypd; %yq;fshFk;. khRgLjiyf; Fiwg;gjpy; ,tw;wpd; gq;F gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf. Gijgbt vhpg;nghUs;fs; ntspapLk; fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;i]L fhh;gd; -il- Mf;i]L Nghd;wit Gtpntg;gkiljYf;F fhuzkhd thAf;fs; kuG rhuh Mw;wy; %yq;fs; ntspaplg;gLtjpdhy; Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.

6. vz;nza;f; fg;gy;fspd; tpgj;JfshYk;> vz;nza; tsq;fis Ma;T nra;tjhYk; flypy; vz;nza;f; frpT mbf;fb Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; fly;tho; caphpdq;fSf;F Vw;gLk; tpisTfisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf. rPy; vd;Dk; tpyq;fpd; kPJ vz;nza;g; glyk; gbtjhy;> mjd; cly; ntg;gepiy FiwfpwJ. Gw;WNeha;f;Ff; fhuzkhfpd;wd. ,jdhy; jiyRw;wy;> jiytyp> the;jp> ,jaj;Jbg;G mjpfkhjy;> ePh;g;gw;whf;Fiw Nghd;w ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gLk;.

7. G+kpia Rw;wp fhzg;gLk; thAf;fshd iel;u[d;> Mf;]p[d;> gpw thAf;fspd; mLf;ifNa tspkz;lyk; vd;fpNwhk;. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; $Wf. tsp vd;gJ fhw;W kw;Wk; fhw;wpy; fye;Js;s thAf;fisNa Fwpf;Fk;. Gtpiar;Rw;wp gy fpNyh

kPl;lu;fs; cauj;jpw;F fhw;W Nghu;it Nghy R+o;e;Js;sJ. ,jidNa tspkz;lyk; vd;fpNwhk;. ,J #hpa fjph; tPr;rpy; ,Ue;J ek;ik ghJfhf;fpwJ.

8. nghUj;Jf i. Gif - m. mkpy kz; ii. mkpy kio - M. O2 vLj;J nry;Yk; jpwd; ,uj;jj;jpy; Fiwjy; iii. fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;i]L - ,. njspthd ghh;it ghjpf;fg;gLjy;

i. Gif - m. njspthd ghh;it ghjpf;fg;gLjy; ii. mkpy kio - M. mkpy kz; iii. fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;i]L - ,. O2 vLj;J nry;Yk; jpwd; ,uj;jj;jpy; Fiwjy;

9. rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;jy;: m) PAN vd;gJ i) nguhf;i]L mrpl;bf; iel;Nul; ii) nguhf;]p mrpily; iel;Nul; iii) nguhf;]p mrpl;bf; iel;Nul; M) ePh;tho; ghY}l;bfspy; i`g;Nghnjh;kpah Vw;glf;fhuzk; i) xypr; rPh;NfL ii) fhw;Wr; rPh;NfL iii) ePh;epiyfspy; vz;nza;f; frpT



10. jtWfisj; jpUj;jp vOJf: i. Ez;Jfs;fs; kz;lyk; vd;gJ GifAk; gdpAk; Nrh;e;jhFk;. ii. #hpaMw;wy;> ePh;Mw;wy;> miyMw;wy; Mfpait kuG rhh; Mw;wy; %yq;fshFk;. i) gdpGif kz;lyk; vd;gJ GifAk; gdpAk; Nrh;e;jhFk;. ii) #hpaMw;wy;> ePh;Mw;wy;> miyMw;wy; Mfpait kuG rhuh Mw;wy; %yq;fshFk;.

11. nghUe;jhjtw;iwj; Njh;e;njLj;J mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; $Wf: i. Nubak;> Njhhpak;> ANudpak;> rhf;fil fopTfs; ii. ngd;rPd;> nlhYtPd;> iryPd;> mkpy kio nghUe;jhjit i) rhf;fil fopTfs; – fhuzk; kw;wit fjph; ,af;f nghUs;fs;

ii) mkpy kio – fhuzk; kw;wit fhpk fiug;ghd;fs;

12. epug;Gf :

m. Jh;ehw;wk; M. tz;ly; gbjy;

13. Nfhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf: i. ngd;Nrhighpd; vd;gJ ________ MFk;. (fopT / Gw;WNeha; fhuzp) ii. rhiy Xuq;fspy; kuq;fis eLtJ fhw;wpy; __________msit Fiwf;Fk;. (khRgLj;Jk; fhuzp / Mf;]p[d;)

i) Gw;WNeha; fhuzp> ii) khRgLj;Jk; fhuzp

14. glj;ij cw;WNehf;fp khRgLjypd; tifia vOJf:

khRgLjypd; tiffs; m) epyk; khRgLjy; M) fhw;W khR kw;Wk; xyp khRgLjy;

,) xyp khRgLjy; <) fhw;W khRgLjy;

15. fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpw;F tphpthf;fk; jUf. CFL, CFC, MIC, MSSRF

CFL – fhk;ghf;l; GNshurz;l; iyl; CFC – FNshNuh GNshNuh fhh;gd;

MIC – kPj;ijy; INrhraNdl;L thA MSSRF – M.S.Rthkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

16. ehd; ahh;? m) ehd; Nfhy; tbtk; nfhz;l rhWz;zpahd kz;zpy; thOk; ghf;Bhpah fhpkf;fiug;ghd;fshd Mf;Nld; kw;Wk; nlhYaPid rpijg;Ngd;. M) ehd; vYk;gpy; Nrfukhfp vYk;Gg; Gw;WNeha; cUthf;FNtd;.

m) #NlhNkhdh]; Gblh M) ];l;uhd;rpak; - 90

17. ,iyapd; epwq;fis cw;WNehf;fp mjw;F Vw;gl;Ls;s jhtu Nehapd; ngah;fis vOJf.

m) gr;irak; ,og;G Vw;gLtjhy; Njhd;Wk; jhtu Neha;_______ M) ,iyfspy; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fspy; jpRf;fis ,og;gjhy; Njhd;Wk; Neha;_______

tpilfs;: FNshNuhrp];> nef;Nuhrp];



gpupT - ,

1. ePh; khRgLjy;> fhw;W khRgLjypd; %yk; Vw;gLk; jPa tpisTfisg; gw;wp kf;fis vr;rhpf;Fk; tifapy; xU Rtnuhl;b xd;iwj; jahh; nra;f. * ekJ caph; Mjhuk; ePh; kw;Wk; fhw;W. J}a ePiug; gUFNthk;; mr;RWj;Jk; Neha;fspypUe;J

tpLgLNthk;. * khRgl;l ePNu kuzj;Jf;F top. * fe;jfk; fyf;fhj vhpnghUs;fis thfdq;fspy; gad;gLj;JNthk;. fhw;W khriltij jLg;Nghk;. * kuq;fis tsh;g;Nghk;. fhw;W khrpidj; jtph;Nghk;. 2. fhw;W khRgLjiyg; gw;wp xU tpthjj;ij Vw;gLj;jpg; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfis

tpthjpf;f. fhw;W khRgLjyhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; ahJ? Jfs;fs; %yk; Rthr kz;lyf; NfhshWfshd M];Jkh> vk;ikrPgh> jPuhjrsp Nghd;w Neha;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;i]L ,uj;jjpy; Mf;]p[id vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; jpwid FiwfpwJ. fe;jf-il-Mf;i]L jhtuq;fspd; FNshNuhrpa]; Mfpa Neha;fis

Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. fhw;W khRgLjiyj; jtph;f;f ehk; vd;ndd;d eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;?

njhopw;rhiyfspy; tbfl;bfs; gad;gLj;jyhk; thfdq;fspy; fe;jf fyf;fhj vhpnghUl;fis gad;gLj;jyhk;. khw;W vhprf;jpahf kuG rhuh Mw;wy; %yq;fis gad;gLj;jyhk;. Vuhskhd kuq;fis tsh;f;fyhk;.

Nkw;fhz; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfspd;gb Rtnuhl;b jahhpf;f. J}a fhw;iw Rthrpf;f J}a Rw;W#oiy mikf;f J}a G+kpia cUthf;f J}a;ik jhuf ke;jpukhf tsh;g;Nghk; kuq;fis tskhf;FNthk; - fhLfis.

3. fly; ePh; / Mo;Foha;f; fpzw;W ePh;

vspa topapy; J}a;ikahd FbePiug; ngWtjw;F ,JNt rpwe;j KiwahFk;. nrupT mjpfkhd jputj;jpd; kPJ mOj;jj;ij gad;gLj;jp nrhpT mjpfkhd gFjpapYs;s ePiu gphpj;J vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j mikg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rt;thdJ ePiu kl;Lk; jd;Ds;Ns nry;y mDkjpf;Fk;. Mdhy; ePhpy; fiue;Js;s nghUs;fis nry;y mDkjpg;gjpy;iy. vdNt ,J fly; ePupypUe;J cg;igg; gpupj;Jf; FbePu; ngWtjw;Fj; jFe;j Kiw.

tpdhf;fs;: m) ePiuj; Jha;ikahf;Fk; rhjdj;jpy; ve;j epfo;T gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ? M) rt;T+L guty;- jiyfPo; rt;T+Lguty; NtWghL jUf. ,) mlh;tp;d; mbg;gilapy; flj;Jk; rt;tpid Vd; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;? <) ePH %yf;$Wfs; vt;thW efh;fpd;wd? c) ,q;F Mw;wy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwjh? ,y;iyah?

m) jiy fPo; rt;T+L guty; M) mlh;T Fiwe;j ePh; mlh;T kpFe;j ePh; Mfpatw;iw rt;T xd;wpy; gphpj;jhy; mlh;T Fiwe;j

gFjpapy; cs;s ePuhdJ mlh;T kpFe;j gFjpia Nehf;fp rt;tpd; topahf GFe;J nry;Yk; ,J rt;T+L guty; MFk;. ,Nj mikg;gpy; mlh;T mjpfkhd gFjpapy; mOj;jk; nfhLj;jhy; ePuhdJ vjph;jpirapy; mjhtJ mlh;T kpFe;j gFjpapypUe;J rt;tpd; topahf ntspNaWk; ,J vjph; rt;T+L guty; MFk;.

,) ,e;j mikg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rt;thdJ ePiu kl;Lk; jd;Ds;Ns nry;y mDkjpf;Fk;. Mdhy; ePhpy; fiue;Js;s nghUs;fis nry;y mDkjpg;gjpy;iy. vdNt ,J fly; ePhpypUe;J cg;igg; gphpj;Jf; FbePh; ngWtjw;F jFe;j Kiw.

<) mlh;T mjpfkhd gFjpapy; cs;s mOj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf rt;tpd; topNa ePh; %yf;$Wfs; GFe;Jr; nry;fpd;wd.

c) ,q;F Mw;wy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.



4. fPo;fhZk; glq;fspy; epfo;j;jg;gLk; nray;fspy; ntspg;gLk; thAitf; fz;lwpf.

m) ---------------------------

M) ----------------------- ,) ---------------------- <) ---------------------------

c) mkpy kioapdhy; cz;lhFk; tPo;gbT -------------- kw;Wk; ------------------dhy; Md fyit. m) fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L

M) FNshNuh GNshNuh fhh;gd; ,) fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L

<) fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L kw;Wk; i`l;Nuhfhu;gd;fs; c) H2SO4 HNO3

5. „m‟ Kjy; „c‟ tiu cs;s tpdhf;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s xyp

msTfis tiuglj;jpy; Fwp;f;f. m) rhjhuz Ngr;rpd; xyp msT. 60db

M) xU kpd; Jilg;ghdpd; xyp msT 85db ,) xU efu Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; xyp msT. 90db <) nrtpg;giwiag; ghjpf;Fk; xyp msT. 130db c) n[l; Mfha tpkhdj;jpd; xyp msT. 145db



Ntjpapay; 4. jdpkq;fspd; Mth;j;jd tifg;ghL

gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;:

1. jdpkq;fspd; mZ vz; kw;Wk; mZ epiw mbg;gilapyhd tifg;ghl;bw;F “jdpk thpir ml;ltiz” vd;W ngah;.

2. yhtha;rpah; 1789Mk; Mz;L Kjd;Kjypy; jdpkq;fis cNyhfq;fs;> mNyhfq;fs; vd ,U gphpTfshf tifg;gLj;jpdhh;.

3. 1817 Mk; Mz;L NlhghPdh; jdpkq;fis Kk;ik mLf;Ffshf thpirg;gLj;jpdhh;.

4. xU Kk;ik thpirapd; ikaj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s jdpkj;jpy; cs;s Kjy;> %d;whk; jdpkq;fspd; mZepiwfspd; $Ljypd; ruhrhpf;F Njhuhakhd ,iz kjpg;igg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.

5. Kk;ik thpir Kiwapd; ikaj;jpy; cs;s Nrhbaj;jpd;; mZepiw> Kjy; kw;Wk; %d;whk; jdpkq;fshd ypj;jpak;> nghl;lhrpak; mZepiwfspd; $Ljypd; ruhrupf;Fr; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

6. epA+yz;l; jdpkq;fis mjd; mZepiwfspd; mbg;gilapy; VWthpirapy; tifg;gLj;jpdhh;.

7. epA+yz;l; VO jdpkq;fs; xNu thpirapy; ,lk;ngWk; tifapy; 49 jdpkq;fis thpirg;gLj;jpdhh;. ,k;Kiw epA+yz;bd; vz;k tpjp vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

8. epA+yz;bd; vz;k tpjpg;gb Nrhbaj;jpd; gz;Gfs; ypj;jpaJld; xj;Js;sJ. nkf;dPrpaj;jpd; gz;Gfs; nghpypaj;Jld; xj;Js;sJ.

9. Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwikapy;> jdpkq;fis thpirg;gLj;Jk;NghJ> xj;j ,aw;gpay;> Ntjpapay; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l jdpkq;fSk; xNu thpirapy; miktNj Mth;j;jd khw;wk; MFk;.

10. 1864Mk; Mz;L Nyhjh; Nkah; ntt;NtW jdpkq;fspd; mZ epiwfspd; kjpg;Gfis mtw;wpd; mZgUkd;fSld; njhlh;GgLj;jp tiuglk; tiue;jhh;.

11. jdpkq;fs; midj;ijAk; Fwpg;gpl;l xj;jpirTg; gz;Gfs; mbg;gilapy; Kjd;Kiwahf thpirg;gLj;jp cUthf;fpa ml;ltiz “jdpkthpir ml;ltiz” vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ.

12. nkz;lyPg; ml;ltiz Ntjpapay; jdpr;rpwg;G nfhs;iffs; Gjpa jdpkq;fspd; fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;F topNfhYtjhf mike;jJ.

13. jdpkq;fspd; ,aw;gpay; gz;GfSk;> Ntjpapay; gz;GfSk; mtw;wpd; mZepiwfspd; mbg;gilapy; khw;wk; milfpd;wd.

14. nkz;lyPg; jdpk thpir ml;ltizapy; vl;Lj; njhFjpfs; nrq;Fj;jhf mike;Js;sd.

15. xj;j gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l jdpkq;fs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lhy; mitfSk; ml;ltizapy; ,lk;ngwj;jf;f tifapy; fhypaplq;fs; tplg;gl;bUe;jd.

16. n[h;khdpak; vd;w jdpkk; <fh rpypf;fhdpd; gz;GfSld; xj;jpUe;jd.

17. <fh Nghuhd;> <fh mYkpdpak; Mfpa jdpkq;fspd; fhypaplq;fs; ];Nfz;bak;> Nfypak; Mfpatw;why; epiwT nra;ag;gl;ld.

18. nrq;Fj;jhd thpirfs; njhFjpfs;; vdTk;> fpilkl;lkhd thpirfs; njhlh;fs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

19. jdpik thpir ml;ltizapy; cs;s Kjy; %d;W njhlh;fSk; FWe;njhlh;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.

20. yhe;jdk; jdpkj;ijj; njhlh;e;J tUk; gjpdhd;F jdpkq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s njhlh; yhe;jidL thpir vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

21. Mf;bdpak; jdpkj;ijj; njhlh;e;J cs;s gjpdhd;F jdpkq;fisf; cs;slf;fpa njhlh; Mf;bidL thpir vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

22. kdpj cly; ntg;gepiyapy; cUFk; ,ay;Gila cNyhfk; fhypak;. ,jd; cUFepiy 29.80c. 23. nkz;lyPg; jdpkthpir ml;ltizapy; cs;s Fiwfs; rhpnra;ag;gl;Lg; Gjpa jdpkthpir

ml;ltiz cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J ePs;tbt jdpkthpir ml;ltiz vdg;gl;lJ.

24. jdpkq;fspd; ,aw;gpay; gz;GfSk;> Ntjpapay; gz;GfSk; mtw;wpd; mZ vz;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Mth;j;jd khw;wk; milfpd;wd.

25. jdpk thpir ml;ltizapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s jdpkq;fis cNyhfq;fs;> mNyhfq;fs;> cNyhfg;Nghypfs; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.



27. xj;j gz;Gila xU njhFjpiar; rhh;e;j jdpkq;fs; cNyhfq;fs; MFk;.

28. cNyhfq;fis fhu cNyhfq;fs; (Nrhbak;)> fhu kz; cNyhfq;fs; (nkf;dPrpak;)> ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs; (epf;fy;)> kw;w cNyhfq;fs; (mYkpdpak;) vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

29. cNyhfq;fs;> mNyhfq;fspd; ,aw;gpay; gz;Gfs;:

t. vz;

gz;Gfs; cNyhfq;fs; mNyhfq;fs;

1. Njhw;wk; Gwg;gug;G gsgsg;ghdjhy; nkU$l;Lk; jd;ikAilait. v.fh gpshl;bdk;> jq;fk;

fpuhigl;> mNahbid jtpu kw;wit kq;fpa jd;ik cilait. v.fh ry;gh;

2. ,aw;gpay; epiy

ghjurj;ijj; jtpu kw;wit gbftbtKila jpz;kq;fs;

ituk;> GNuhkpd; jtpu kw;wit kpUJthd jpl> thAepiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

3. mlh;j;jp Nrhbak; nghl;lhrpaj;ij jtpu midj;J cNyhfq;fSk; cah; mlh;j;jpiag; ngw;Ws;sd.

Fiwe;j mlh;j;jpiag; ngw;Ws;sd.

4. cUFepiy> nfhjpepiy

Nrhbak; nghl;lhrpaj;ij jtpu midj;J cNyhfq;fSk; cah; cUFepiy> nfhjpepiyia ngw;Ws;sd.

Ituk;> fpuhigl;ilj; jtpu midj;J cNyhfq;fSk; Fiwe;j cUFepiy> nfhjpepiyia ngw;Ws;sd.

5. kpd;flj;Jj; jpwd;

,it rpwe;j flj;jpfshFk;. fpuhigl;L jtpu midj;Jk; mhpjpw; flj;jpahFk;.

30. cNyhfq;fspd; gz;Gfisg; ngw;wpuhj jdpkq;fs; mNyhfq;fs; MFk;. v.fh fhh;gd;> mNahbd;

31. cNyhfq;fspd; rpy gz;GfisAk;> mNyhfq;fspd; rpy gz;GfisAk; ngw;Ws;s jdpkq;fs; cNyhfg;Nghypfs; vdg;gLk;. ,it rpwe;j Fiw flj;jpfshFk;. v.fh rpypf;fhd;> n[h;khdpak;.

32. cNyhfq;fs; fhw;wpy; vhpe;J mtw;wpd; Mf;i]Lfis jUfpd;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf nkf;dPrpak; fhw;wpy; vhpe;J nkf;dPrpak; Mf;i]Lfisj; jUfpwJ. 2Mg + O2 2MgO

33. cNyhfq;fspy; mjpf kpd;flj;J jpwd; gz;GilaJ nts;sp MFk;.

34. miw ntg;gepiyapy; ePh;kkhfTk;> kpff; Fiwe;j cUFepiy cila cNyhfk; ghjurk; MFk;.

35. jhkpuk;> epf;fy;> nts;sp> jq;fk; Nghd;w cNyhfq;fs; ePUld; tpidGhptjpy;iy.

36. cNyhfq;fspNyNa kpf mjpf cUFepiyia ngw;Ws;s cNyhfk; lq;];ld; MFk;. ,jd; cUFepiy 33000C I tpl mjpfk;.

37. ePhpd; epiwapy; rhpghjp epiwia ngw;Ws;s cNyhfk; ypj;jpak; MFk;.

38. M];kpak; vd;w cNyhfk; ePhpd; epiwiag; Nghy; 22 1

2 klq;F mjpf epiw nfhz;lJ.

39. cNyhfq;fs; `hNyh[d;fSld; tpidGhpe;J madpj;jd;ikAs;s `hiyLfis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

40. xU tpidapy;> tpidgLnghUs; vyf;l;uhd;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L xLf;fk; milfpwJ.

v.fh: 6Na + Al2O3 3Na2O + 2Al

41. mNyhfq;fs; vyf;l;uhd;fisf; ftUk; jd;ik cilait. ,it vyf;l;uhd;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L vjph;kpd; madpfis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

42. mNyhfq;fs; Mf;rp[Dld; ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ> rfg;gpizg;Gj; jd;ikAila Mf;irLfis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

43. mNyhfq;fs; FNshhpDld; tpidGhpe;J rfg;gpizg;Gj; jd;ikAila FNshiuLfis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.

44. cNyhfq;fs; Mf;]p[Ndw;wKk; mNyhfq;fs; xLf;fKk; milfpd;wd. mNyhfq;fs; Mf;rp[Ndw;wf; fuzpahf nray;gLfpd;wd.

45. tpidGhpAk; jpwdpd; mbg;gilapy; nghJthd cNyhfq;fis thpirg;gLj;Jjiy tpidj;jpwd; thpir my;yJ nray;jpwd; thpir vd;W miof;fpNwhk;.

46. cNyhff; fyit vd;gJ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l cNyhfq;fs; cUfpa epiyapy; Fwpg;gpl;l tpfpjj;jpy; fye;J cUthf;fg;gl;l xU gbj;jhd fyit MFk;.



47. cNyhff; fyitfs; ,iagpd; mbg;gilapy; ,lg;ngah;r;rp cNyhff; fyit> ,ilntsp epug;gg;gl;l cNyhff; fyit vd tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

48. ,urf;fyit vd;gJ Xh; cNyhff;fyit MFk;. ,jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s cNyhfq;fspy; ghjurk; Xh; cNyhfk; MFk;.

49. ,ilntsp epug;gg;gl;l cNyhff; fyitfspy; Fiwe;j vyf;l;uhd; vz;zpf;if cila mNyhfq;fshd H, B, C, N Nghd;w jdpk mZf;fs; cNyhf gbf mikg;gpy; xU thpirf;Fk; mLj;j thpirf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l ,ilntspfis Mf;fpukpf;fpd;wd.

50. cNyhff; fyitfspd; gad;fs;:

ngah; gFjpg;nghUs;fs; gad;fs;

gpj;jis jhkpuk;> Jj;jehfk; Mzpfs;> [d;dy;> fjTr; rl;lq;fs;

ntz;fyk; fhg;gh;> jfuk; rpiyfs;> ,ae;jpuj;jpd; ghfq;fs; nra;a

gw;whR jfuk;> fhhPak; kpd; rhjdq;fs;> FbePh;f;Foha;

JUg;gpbf;fhj v/F ,Uk;G> fhh;gd;> FNuhkpak;> epf;fy;> lq;];ld;

ghyq;fs;> fl;llq;fs;> tPl;Lg; gad;ghl;Lg; nghUs;fs;> rikay; ghj;jpuq;fs;

bA+uhYkpd; mYkpdpak;> jhkpuk;> khq;fdPR> nkf;dPrpak;

thD}h;jp cjphpg; ghfq;fs;> Nkhl;lhh; thfdq;fs;> fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopy;

51. cNyhff; fyitahdJ mjpypYs;s cNyhfq;fistpl fbdj; jd;ik kpFe;jJ.

52. cNyhff; fyitapYs;s jdpj;jdp cNyhfq;fspd; cUFepiy> mlh;j;jpahdJ cNyhff; fyitapd; mlh;j;jp> cUFepiyapypUe;J NtWgLfpwJ.

53. cNyhff; fyitfs; mr;Rfspy; thh;f;Fk; jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.

gpupT -m rupahd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf. 1. jdpkq;fis Kjd; Kjypy; cNyhfq;fs;> mNyhfq;fs; vd tifg;gLj;jpath; _______ (NlhghPdh;> ytha;rpah;> nkz;lyPg;) ytha;rpah; 2. epA+yz;l; vz;k tpjp mbg;gilapy; ml;ltizapy; fhzg;gLk; jdpkq;fspy; ve;j ,U jdpkq;fs; gz;Gfspy; xj;Jf; fhzg;gLk; vd fz;Lgpbf;fTk;.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K

3. nkz;lyPg; jdpk tupir ml;ltizapy; jdpkq;fs; ___________mbg;gilapy; VWtupirapy; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. (mZepiw> mZvz;)

4. ehza cNyhfq;fSs; xd;W_________( jhkpuk;> Nrhbak;> epf;fy;) 5. miw ntg;gepiyapy; ePu;kkhf cs;s cNyhfk; ________(ghjurk;> GNuhkpd;> jfuk;) 6. kpF vil nfhz;l cNyhfk; M];kpak.; ,J ,Uk;gpd; epiwia Nghy;________ klq;F mjpf epiw

cilaJ. (22 1/2> 3> rhpghjp) 7. cNyhfq;fs;, mNyhfq;fspd; rpy gz;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;sit cNyhfg; Nghypfs; vdg;gLk;.

__________Xu; cNyhfg; Nghyp MFk;. (rpypf;fd;> MHfhd;> mNahbd;) 8. epug;Gf: Mg + O2 …………. 2Mg+O22MgO 9. Nrhbak; ePUld; tpidGupe;J Nrhbak; i`l;uhf;i]ilj; jUfpwJ. cld; ntspg;gLk; thA (O2, H2, Cl2) 10. fPOs;s cNyhfq;fis mtw;wpd; nray; jpwd; mbg;gilapy; VWtupirapy; tifg;gLj;Jf

(Na, Ca, Mg) Mg, Ca, Na, 11. ntz;fyk; vd;gJ__________ Nrh;e;j cNyhff; fyit MFk;. (jhkpuk; kw;Wk; jfuk;> nts;sp kw;Wk; jfuk;> jhkpuk; kw;Wk; nts;sp) 12. thDhh;jp cjpupg; ghfq;fs; nra;a cjTk; cNyhff; fyit ______ (gw;whR> gpj;jis> bA+uhYkpd;) 13. Jj;jehfk; ,Uk;G (II) ry;Ngl; ,ilNa eilngWk; tpidf;F rkd; nra;ag;gl;l Ntjpr; rkd;ghl;il

vOJf. Zn (s) +FeSO4 (aq) Zn SO4 (aq) +Fe (s) 14. rupahd nrhy;iyj; Njh;e;njLf;f. _________(mjpfk; / FiwT) tpidjpwd; nfhz;l cNyhfk;_________(mjpfk; / FiwT) tpidjpwd;

nfhz;l cNyhfj;ij mjDila cg;G fiurypypUe;J ,lg;ngah;r;rp mila nra;fpwJ.



15. gpd;tUk; cNyhfq;fspy;;> ePh;j;j mkpyq;fspy; ,Ue;J i`l;u[id ,lg;ngaHr;rp nra;Ak; cNyhfj;ij NjHe;njLf;f. (Jj;jehfk;> jhkpuk;> fhy;rpak;> mYkpdpak;> jq;fk;> nts;sp> nkf;dPrpak;)

16. gpd;tUk; ve;j cNyhfk;> ePHj;j mkpyq;fSld; i`l;u[id (H2) ,lg;ngaHr;rp nra;tjpy;iy. (Jj;jehfk;> ,Uk;G> jfuk;> fhhPak;)

17. gpd;tUk; ve;j cNyhfq;fs; mjDila cg;G fiurypypUe;J Jj;jehfj;ij (Zn) ,lg;ngaHr;rp nra;fpwJ? (,Uk;G> jhkpuk;> nts;sp> jq;fk;)

gpupT – M

1. nkz;lyPg; jdpk thpir ml;ltiz> nrq;Fj;J thpirfshfTk; fpilkl;l thpirfshfTk; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. m) nrq;Fj;J thpirapd; ngaH ahJ? M) fpilkl;l thpirapd; ngah; ahJ?

m) njhFjpfs; M) njhlHfs;

2. nkz;lyPg; ml;ltizapy; i`l;u[Df;F xJf;fg;gl;l ,lk; cWjp nra;ag;gltpy;iy. ,jw;fhd fhuzj;ij $Wf.

I A kw;Wk; VII A njhFjp jdpkq;fspd; gz;GfSld; i`l;u[d; xj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. vdNt i`l;u[Df;F xJf;fg;gl;l ,lk; cWjpahf;fg;gltpy;iy.

3. nghUe;jhjtw;iw tl;lkpl;L fhl;Lf. m) ehzak;> gpj;jis> jhkpuk;> jq;f mzpfyd;fs; M) GNuhkpd;> fhh;gd;> i`l;u[d;> mYkpdpak; nghUe;jhjJ : m) jhkpuk; - fhuzk; kw;wit cNyhff;fyitfs; jhkpuk; jdpkk; M) mYkpdpak; - fhuzk; kw;wit mNyhfq;fs; mYkpdpak; cNyhfk;

4. cNyhff; fyit vd;why; vd;d? XH vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf. cNyhff; fyit vd;gJ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l cNyhfq;fs; cUfpa epiyapy;>

Fwpg;gpl;l tpfpjj;jpy; fye;J cUthf;fg;gl;l xUgbj;jhd fyit MFk;. v.fh. ntz;fyk;> JUg;gpbf;fhj v/F.

5. 2Na+ Cl2 2 NaCl m) tpidtpisnghUspd; Ntjpg;ngaiuf; $Wf. M) Cl2- thAtpd; epwk; vd;d? m) Nrhbak; FNshiuL M) epwkw;wJ. (gRik fye;j kQ;rs;)

6. gpd;tUk; tpidfis epug;gp rkd;gLj;Jf. 1. Na + Al2 O3 ………………….

2. Mg + O2 ………………….

3. C + HNO3 (mlH) ………………….

4. K + H2O ………………….

1. 6Na + Al2 O3 3 Na2 O + 2Al

2. 2Mg + O2 2 MgO

3. C + mlH 4HNO3 2H2O + 4NO2 + CO2

4. 2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2

7. XH cNyhfk;> mNyhfj;Jld; tpidGhpe;jhy; vd;d epfOk;? cNyhfq;fs; vyf;l;uhd;fis ,of;Fk;. Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; milAk;.

mNyhfq;fs; vyf;l;uhd;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;. Mf;]p[d; xLf;fk; milAk;.

8. fpuhigl; XH mNyhfk;. mjpy; fhzg;gLk; cNyhfg;gz;Gfs; ahit? fpuhigl; mNyhfk; cNyhfq;fis Nghy; cah; cUFepiy nfhjpepiyiag; ngw;Ws;sJ.

mNyhfq;fspy; fpuhigl; kl;Lk; kpd;flj;Jk; ,ay;GilaJ.

9. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f: m) rpiyfs; nra;a gad;gLk; cNyhff;fyit vJ? M) gw;whR(rhy;lH) cNyhff;fyitapy; cs;s gFjpg;nghUs;fis vOJf.

m) ntz;fyk; M) jfuk;> fhhPak;



10. X kw;Wk; Y vd;w ,uz;L jdpkq;fs; xj;j gz;Gfis ngw;Ws;sd. mit epA+yd;bd; vz;k tpjpf;Fk; cl;gLfpd;wd. vdpy;> Xkw;Wk; Y-f;F ,ilg;gl;Ls;s jdpkq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahit?

MW

11. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s thf;fpaj;jpy; jtW ,Ug;gpd; mt;thf;fpaj;ij jpUj;jp vOJf. m) njhFjpapYs;s jdpkq;fspd; mZvz; njhlHr;rpahf ,Uf;Fk;. M) II A njhFjp jdpkq;fis cahpa thAf;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

m) njhlhpy; cs;s jdpkq;fspd; mZvz; njhlHr;rpahf ,Uf;Fk;. M) G+[;a njhFjp jdpkq;fis cahpa thAf;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

12. „A‟ vd;w jdpkj;jpd; mZvz; 20 vdpy; m) mjd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig vOJf. M) me;j jdpkk; ve;j njhFjp> thpiria rhh;e;jJ? ,) mj;jdpkj;jpd; ,izjpwd; vd;d? m) 2> 8> 8> 2 M) njhFjp - 2 thpir - 4 ,) ,izjpwd; - ,uz;L

13. gpd;tUk; thf;fpaq;fis fz;Lgpbg;G Mz;L thpirapy; thpirgLj;jTk;. m) Ntjpg;gz;Gfspy; xj;Js;s jdpkq;fis Kk;ik tpjpg;gb thpirgLj;jpdhy; ikaj;jpy; ,lk;

ngw;Ws;s jdpkj;jpd; mZepiw kw;w ,U jdpkq;fspd; $Ljypd; ruhrhp kjpg;Gf;F ,izahf ,Uf;Fk;.

M) jdpkq;fspd; ,aw;gpay; gz;GfSk;> Ntjpapay; gz;GfSk; mtw;wpd; mZ vz;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Mth;j;jd khw;wk; milfpd;wd.

,) jdpkq;fspd; ,aw;gpay; gz;GfSk;> Ntjpapay; gz;GfSk; mtw;wpd; mZ epiwfspd; mbg;gilapy; Mth;j;jd khw;wk; milfpd;wd.

<) jdpkq;fis mjd; mZepiwfspd; VWthpirapy; tifg;gLj;jpa NghJ Kjyhk; jdpkKk; vl;lhtJ jdpkKk; gz;Gfspy; xj;Js;sJ. ,J ,irf; fUtpapy; xd;whtJ ,irf;FwpaPl;Lld; vl;lhtJ FwpaPL xj;jpUg;gijg; Nghd;wjhFk;.

m) Ntjpg;gz;Gfspy; xj;Js;s jdpkq;fis Kk;ik tpjpg;gb thpirgLj;jpdhy; ikaj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s jdpkj;jpd; mZepiw kw;w ,U jdpkq;fspd; $Ljypd; ruhrhp kjpg;Gf;F ,izahf ,Uf;Fk;.

M) jdpkq;fis mjd; mZepiwfspd; VWthpirapy; tifg;gLj;jpa NghJ Kjyhk; jdpkKk; vl;lhtJ jdpkKk; gz;Gfspy; xj;Js;sJ. ,J ,irf; fUtpapy; xd;whtJ ,irf;FwpaPl;Lld; vl;lhtJ FwpaPL xj;jpUg;gijg; Nghd;wjhFk;.

,) jdpkq;fspd; ,aw;gpay; gz;GfSk;> Ntjpapay; gz;GSk; mtw;wpd; mZ epiwfspd; mbg;gilapy; Mth;j;jd khw;wk; milfpd;wd.

<) jdpkq;fspd; ,aw;gpay; gz;GfSk;> Ntjpapay; gz;GfSk; mtw;wpd; mZ vz;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Mth;j;jd khw;wk; milfpd;wd.

14. fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; cNyhfq;fs;> mNyhfq;fisj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. fhh;gd;> Nrhbak;> ,Uk;G> mNahbd;> /GNshhpd;> mYkpdpak;. cNyhfq;fs; - Nrhbak;> ,Uk;G> mYkpdpak; mNyhfq;fs; - fhh;gd;> mNahbd;> /GShpd;

15. Nfhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf. m) nkz;lyPg; Mth;j;jd ml;ltizapy; cs;s njhFjpfs;----------------- (8> 9> 10) M) nkz;lyPg; Mth;j;jd ml;ltizapy; cs;s njhlh;fs;---------------- (6> 7> 8) m) njhFjpfs; - 9

M) njhlu;fs; - 7

16. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; fhu cNyhfq;fis NjHe;njLf;fTk;. Nrhbak;> nghl;lhrpak;> fhy;rpak;> nkf;d{rpak;> epf;fy;> mYkpdpak;> bd;> rpypfhd;. Nrhbak;> nghl;lhrpak;

17. jtwhd njhlHGfisj; NjHe;njLf;f. i) gpj;jis A) Sn, Pb k) ghyq;fs; fl;Ltjw;F ii) bA+uhYkpd; b) Fe, C, Cr, Ni, W l) FbePh; Foha; cw;gj;jp njhopypy; cNyhfq;fis

cUfhky; ,izf;f iii) ntz;fyk; c) Cu, Sn m) rpiyfs; iv) gw;whR d) Cu, Zn n) thD}h;jpg; ghfq;fs;



i) gpj;jis A) Sn, Pb Cu, Zn k) ghyq;fs; fl;Ltjw;F Mzpfs;> [d;dy;> fjTr; rl;lq;fs; nra;a

ii) bA+uhYkpd; b) Fe, C, Cr, Ni, W

Al , Cu, Mn, Mg

l) FbePh; Foha; cw;gj;jp njhopypy; cNyhfq;fis cUfhky; ,izf;f thD}u;jp cjpupg; ghfq;fs;> Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fs;> fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopy;> Mzpfs; nra;a

iii) ntz;fyk; c) Cu, Sn m) rpiyfs; iv) gw;whR d) Cu, Zn Sn, Pb n) thD}h;jpg; ghfq;fs; kpd; rhjdq;fs;> FbePu;f;

Foha; cw;gj;jpj; njhopypy; cNyhfq;fis cUf;fhky; ,izf;f

jtwhdj;njhlu;Gfs; : i, ii, iv

18. nghUe;jhjtw;iw fz;lwpe;J fhuzk; $Wf. m) Na2O M) MgO ,) SO2 <) CaO

Na2O – mYkpdhit mYkpdpakhf xLf;Fk; tpidapy; fpilg;gJ. kw;wit Mf;]p[Ndw;w tpidapy; fpilg;git.

19. etPd jdpk thpir ml;ltiz cUthtjw;F Kd;G Nlhghpdh; vd;w n[h;kd; mwptpayhsH xj;j gz;Gfis cila %d;W jdpkq;fis njhFjpfshf thpirg;gLj;jpdhH. mtw;wpw;F Kk;ikfs; vdg; ngahpl;lhH.

gpd;tUk; Kk;ikfspy; tpLgl;l jdpkj;ij epug;Gf: FNshhpd; (Cl), _____________, mNahbd; (I) ypj;jpak; (Li),_____________, nghl;lhrpak; (K)

fhy;rpak; (Ca), _____________, Nghpak; (Ba)

FNshhpd; (Cl), GNuhkpd; (Br) , mNahbd; (I) ypj;jpak; (Li), Nrhbak; (Na), nghl;lhrpak; (K)

fhy;rpak; (Ca), ];lhud;rpak; (Sr)> Nghpak; (Ba)

20. gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F XH vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf. m) Nrhbak; xU rpwe;j xLf;fp M) FNshhpd; xU rpwe;j Mf;]p[Ndw;wp> ,t;tpidf;fhd rkd;nra;ag;gl;l rkd;ghl;il vOJf.

6Na+ Al2O3 3Na2O+ 2Al

2Na +Cl2 2NaCl

21. fhHgid mlH iel;hpf; mkpyk;> mlH fe;jf mkpyj;Jld; ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; nghOJ ntspg;gLk; thAf;fspd; ngaHfis vOJf. ,t;tpidf;fSf;fhd rkd;ghLfisj; jUf.

iel;u[d;-il-Mf;i]L , fe;jf-il-Mf;i]L

C+4HNO3 2H2O +4NO2 + CO2

C+ 2H2SO4 2H2O +2SO2 + CO2

22. cNyhf fyitfspd; rpwg;gpay;GfSf;F nghUe;jhj $w;iwj; NjHe;njLf;f. i) cNyhff;fyit mhpkhdj;ij jLf;Fk; gz;ig Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ. ii) cNyhff;fyit mjpy; cs;s Mjhu cNyhfj;jpd; ,Otpiria tYT+l;LfpwJ. iii) cNyhff;fyit mjpy; cs;s cNyhfq;fis tpl nkd;ikj; jd;ik kpFe;jJ. iv) cNyhff;fyit mr;Rfspy; thHf;Fk; jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.

cNyhff;fyit mjpy; cs;s cNyhfq;fis tpl nkd;ikj; jd;ik kpFe;jJ.

23. fhypak;> rPrpak; Mfpa jdpkq;fis cs;sq;ifapy; itf;Fk; NghJ cUFfpd;wd. Vd;?

fhypak;> rPrpak; Mfpa jdpkq;fspd; cUFepiy ekJ cly; ntg;g epiyiatplf; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy; cUFfpd;wd.



gpupT - ,

1. gpd;tUk; $w;WfSf;F nghUe;Jk; Xh; cNyhfk; my;yJ mNyhfj;ij fz;lwpe;J ngahpLf. NkYk; eilngWk; tpidfSf;fhd rkd;gLj;jg;gl;l rkd;ghLfis vOJf. m) Mf;]p[Dld; vhpjy; tpidGhpAk; XH cNyhfk;.

M) XH mNyhfk; Mf;]p[Dld; vhpe;J cUthFk; xU thA> jPia mizf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. ,) ePh;j;j i`l;NuhFNshhpf; mkpyj;Jld; tpidGhpAk; Xh; cNyhfk;. <) fhg;gh; (II) ry;Ngl; fiurypy; ,Ue;J jhkpuj;ij ,lg;ngah;r;rp nra;Ak; Xh; cNyhfk;. c) ePhpy; kpje;J mjDld; tpiue;J tpidGhpAk; Xh; cNyhfk;. C) jq;fSf;Fs; tpidGhpe;J rhjhuz cg;ig cUthf;Fk; Xh; cNyhfKk;> Xh; mNyhfKk;.

m) nkf;dPrpak; 2Mg + O2 2MgO

M) fhh;gd; C + O2 CO2

,) mYkpdpak; 2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2

<) ,Uk;G Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu

c) Nrhbak; 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + 3H2

C) Nrhbak;> FNshhpd; 2Na+Cl2 2NaCl

2. jdpkq;fspd; nray;jpwd; thpiriag; gad;gLj;jp gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f. m) tPl;L cgNahfg; nghUs;fs; jahhpf;f fhy;rpak; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. M) FbePh; Foha;fs; jahhpg;gpy; jhkpuk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; fhhPak;

gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. Vd;? ,) J}shf;fg;gl;l nkf;dPrpak; gl;lhR jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. <) gw;Fopfis milf;fg; gad;gLk; rpwe;j nghUs; jq;fk;.

m) fhy;rpak; mjpf tpidjpwd; nfhz;lJ. vspjpy; kw;w Ntjpr;Nrh;kq;fSld; tpidGhpAk;. vdNt tPl;L cgNahfg;nghUs; nra;a ,ayhJ.

M) fhhPak; jhkpuj;ij tpl tpidjpwd; kpf;fJ. fhhPak; ePhpy; cs;s nghUs;fSld; tpidGhpe;J FbePh; eQ;rhfyhk;. vdNt FbePu; Foha; jahupg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.

,) vspjpy; fhw;wpy; vhpe;J ntz;ikepw Gifiaj; jUk;. <) Fiwe;j tpidjpwd; cilaJ. ePh;> fhw;W mkpyq;fSld; tpidGhpahJ.

3. gpd;tUk; $w;Wfs; fhu cNyhfq;fs; fhu kz; cNyhfq;fs;> ,ilepiy jdpkq;fs;. cg;gPdpfs;> ke;j thAf;fs;-FLk;gq;fisr; rhh;e;j jdpkq;fis gw;wpaJ. mtw;iwf fz;lwpf.

m) nkd;ikahd nts;spiag; Nghd;w ntz;zpw cNyhfk; mJ. Fsph;e;j ePUld; tpiue;J tpidGhpaf;$baJ.

M) miw ntg;gepiyapy; thA epiyapy; cs;sJ. kw;w jdpkq;fSld; ntg;ggLj;jhkNyNa tpiue;J tpidGhpfpwJ. mjpf vyf;l;uhd; ftUk; jd;ik cilaJ.

,) kpff;Fiwe;j cUFepiy nfhz;l ePh;k cNyhfk;. <) kpfTk; mjpf vilAs;s cNyhfk;. ,Uk;ig Nghy; 3 klq;F mjpf epiwAilaJ. c) kpfr; rpwe;j kpd;flj;jp. mJ jhkpuj;Jld; Nrh;e;J ehzaq;fs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. C) Mfha tpkhdq;fspd; lah;fis epug;gg; gad;gLk; thA. NkYk; mJ Mo;flypy; ePe;Jgth;fSf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ. v) jhtuj;jpd; gr;iraj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Xh; cNyhfk;. mJ ePuhtpAld; tpidGhpe;J i`l;u[id ntspapl;L mt;TNyhfj;jpd; Mf;i]ilj; jUfpwJ.

i) Nkw;fz;l xt;nthU jdpkKk; ve;j FLk;gj;ijr; rhh;e;jit? ii) m> M> , kw;Wk; v Mfpa jdpkq;fs; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;l nkz;lyPg; jdpk thpir

ml;ltizapy; ngw;Ws;s ,lj;ijf; $Wf. iii) „m‟ Kjy; „C‟ tiu cs;s tpsf;fq;fSf;F nghUe;Jk; jdpkq;fs; ahit?

m) Nrhbak; M) Mf;]p[d; ,) ghjurk; <) M];kpak; c) Jj;jehfk; C) iel;u[d; / `Pypak; v) nkf;dPrpak;

i) m) Nrhbak;-fhu cNyhfk; M) Mf;]p[d;-mNyhfk; ,) ghjurk;-fhu kz; cNyhfk; <) M];kpak;-,ilepiyj; jdpkk; cNyhfk; c) Jj;jehfk;-fhu kz; cNyhfk; C) iel;u[d; - ,ilepiyj;jdpkk; mNyhfk;> `Pypak; - ke;jthA v) nkf;dPrpak;-fhu kz; cNyhfk;.



ii) m) Nrhbak; - njhFjp-1 njhlh;-3 M) Mf;]p[d; - njhFjp-6> njhlu;-2 ,) ghjurk; - njhFjp-2> njhlu;-6 v) nkf;dPrpak; - njhFjp-2> njhlu;-3

iii) m) Nrhbak; M) Mf;]p[d; ,) ghjurk; <) M];kpak; c) Jj;jehfk; C) iel;u[d; / `Pypak; v) nkf;dPrpak;

4. cNyhfq;fs; gw;wpa gpd;tUk; gj;jpapid gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f. jdpkq;fs; cNyhfq;fshfTk;> mNyhfq;fshfTk; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. midj;J cNyhfq;fSk;

rpwe;j kpd;flj;jpfs;. mtw;Ws; ngUk;ghd;ikahdit mjpf mlh;j;jpiaAk;> jflhfTk;> fk;gpahfTk; khWk; ,ay;Gfis ngw;Ws;sd. ,g;gz;Gfs; cNyhfq;fspd; gad;ghl;bw;F toptFf;fpd;wd. rpy cNyhfq;fs; Xir cz;lhf;Fk; gz;ig ngw;Ws;sd. vdNt mit rpwg;ghd gad;ghLfSf;F gad;gLfpd;wd.

m) mbf;Nfhbl;l nrhw;fis tpsf;Ff. M) jhkpuk; fk;gpahFk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. ,g;gz;G md;whl tho;tpy; vt;thW gad;gLfpwJ? ,) mYkpdpak; Rj;jpahy; mbf;fg;gl;Lk; tisf;fg;gl;Lk; fg;gy;fs; Mfha tpkhdq;fspy; gad;gLk;

gy;NtW nghpa mikg;Gfs; cUthf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. mYkpdpaj;jpd; vg;gz;G ,j;jifa mikg;Gfis cUthf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ?

<) Fiwe;j mlh;j;jpia ngw;Ws;s cNyhfk; vJ? c) rpy cNyhfq;fs; kzpfshf thh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; cNyhfq;fs; vg;gz;ig ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;? C) gpd;tUk; $w;wpid rhpahd thh;ijfshy; vOJf. cNyhfq;fs; rpwe;jNjhh; __________, __________flj;jpfs;

m) kpd;flj;jpfs; – kpd;rhuj;ij ed;F flj;Jgit. mjpf mlh;j;jp – mZf;fs; kpf neUf;fkhf cs;s epiy jflhf – jl;Lk;NghJ nehWq;fhky; jflhf khWk; jd;ik fk;gpahf – fk;gpahf ,Of;f Kbgit Xir cz;lhf;Fk; – jl;Lk;NghJ Xir vOg;Ggit.

M) kpd;fk;gpfs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.

,) jl;Lk;NghJ nehWq;fhky; jflhf khWk; gz;G

<) ypj;jpak;

c) Xir cz;lhFk; ,ay;igg; ngw;wpUf;fNtz;Lk;.

C) cNyhfq;fs; rpwe;jNjhh; kpd;> ntg;g flj;jpfs;.

5. jdpkq;fspd; nray;jpwd; thpir mbg;gilapy; m) vz;nzapy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk; cNyhfk; vJ? M) Fsph;e;j ePUld; tpidGhpAk; jdpkk; vJ? ,) Fsph;e;j ePUld; tpid Ghpahj Mdhy; ePuhtpAld;

tpidGupAk; Xh; cNyhfk; vJ? <) M> , Mfpa tpidfspy; ntspg;gLk; thA vJ? c) gy cNyhfq;fSld; tp;idGhpe;J Nkw;fz;l thAit

ntspNaw;Wk; kw;nwhU tpidnghUis vOJ. C) M> ,> c Mfpa tpidfSf;fhd rkd;nra;ag;gl;l rkd;ghLfis vOJf.

m) Nrhbak; M) Nrhbak; ,) mYkpdpak; <) i`l;u[d; c) ePh;j;j mkpyk; (v.fh.) ePh;j;j HCl

C) tpid (M) 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

tpid (,) 2Al + 6H2O 2Al (OH)3 +3H2

tpid (c) 2Mg + 2HCl 2MgCl + H2

6. jdpkq;fspd; nray;jpwd; thpirapd;gb gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f. ,Uk;G jhkpuj;ij tpl mjpf tpidjpwd; kpf;fJ. mJ jhkpu ry;Ngl; fiurypypUe;J jhkpuj;ij ntspNaw;WfpwJ.

m) Nkw;$wpa tpidf;fhd thh;j;ij rkd;ghl;il vOJf.



M) gpd;tUtdtw;iw ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ tpid epfOkh? i) nkf;dPrpak; + fhhPa (II) Mf;irL ii) ,Uk;G + nkf;dPrpak; Mf;irL iii) Jj;jehfk; + ,Uk;G (III) Mf;irL ,) Nkw;$wpa epfOk; tpidfspy;

i) ePq;fs; fhz;gij vOJf. ii) rkd;gLj;jg;gl;l rkd;ghl;il vOJf. <) ,j;jifa tpidfs; vt;tifia rhh;e;jJ?

m) ,Uk;G + jhkpuk; ry;Ngl; ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; + jhkpuk; M) i) nkf;dPrpak; + fhhPa (II) Mf;irL tpid epfOk;

ii) ,Uk;G + nkf;dPrpak; Mf;irL tpid epfohJ iii) Jj;jehfk; + ,Uk;G (III) Mf;irL tpid epfOk;

,) i) mjpf tpidjpwd; nfhz;l jdpkq;fs; Fiwe;j tpidjpwd; nfhz;l jdpkq;fis mtw;wpd; Nrh;kq;fspy; ,Ue;J ,lg;ngah;r;rp Fiwf;fpd;wd.

ii) Mg + PbO MgO + Pb

3Zn + Fe2O3 3ZnO + 2Fe <) ,lg;ngah;r;rp tpidfs;

7. ,Jtiu 115 jdpkq;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;L mit cNyhfq;fshfTk;> mNyhfq;fshfTk; cs;sd. cNyhfq;fs; fbdj;jd;ik> jflhFk; jd;ik> fk;gpahFk; jd;ik kw;Wk; gsgsg;ghd Gwg;gug;igAk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

mNyhfq;fs; kpUJthd gsgsg;G jd;ikaw;w> jfL> fk;gpahFk; jd;ikaw;wit. Mdhy;> mNahbd; gsgsg;ghd jd;ik nfhz;l mNyhfk;. mNahbd; ek; clYf;Fk; ,d;wpaikahjJ. m) mNahbd; ekf;F ,d;wpaikahjJ Vd;? M) ntg;gk; kw;Wk; kpd;flj;Jk; jd;ik nfhz;l mNyhfk; vJ? ,) mNahbNdw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l cg;G cly;eyj;jpw;F rpwe;jJ vd;w $w;Wf;F ,uz;L fhuzk; $W.

m) ijuha;L Rug;gpfspd; nray;ghl;bw;F M) fpuhigl;

,) 1) MSik `hu;Nkhd; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ijuhf;]pid Ruf;Fk; ijuha;L Rug;gp ed;whf nray;gLtjw;F mNahbd; mtrpak;.

2) ijuhf;]pd; `hu;Nkhd; rpwe;j kd eyj;jpw;Fk;> mwpT tsh;r;rpf;Fk; ,d;wpaikahjJ. vdNt mNahbNdw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l cg;G cly;eyj;jpw;F rpwe;jJ.

8. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s mwptpayhshpd; ngah;fisg; gpd;tUk; $w;WfSld; xg;gpLf. (yhtha;rpah;> Nlhghpdh;> Nyhjh;Nkah;> nkz;lyPg;> epA+Nyz;l;) m) Ntjpg;gz;Gfspy; xd;Wgl;l %d;W jdpkq;fis xU njhFjpahf thpirg;gLj;jpath; ahh;? M) jdpkq;fis mtw;wpd; mZepiwfspd; VWthpirapy; thpirg;gLj;jpath; ahh;? ,) jdpkq;fis cNyhfq;fshfTk;> mNyhfq;fshfTk; tifg;gLj;jpath; ahh;? <) jdpkq;fis mjd; mZepiwfspd; VWthpirapy; VO jdpkq;fis nfhz;l FOthf

tifg;gLj;jpa nghOJ Kjy; jdpkKk; vl;lhtJ jdpkKk; (,irf;fUtpapy; xd;whtJ ,irf;FwpaPl;Lld; vl;lhtJ FwpaPL xj;J ,Ug;gij Nghd;W) gz;Gfspy; xj;jpUg;gijf; fz;lwpe;jtH ahH?

c) mZepiwf;Fk; mZtpd; fdmsTf;Fk; ,ilNa tiuglk; tiue;jtH ahh;?

m) Nlhghpdh; M) nkz;lyPg; ,) ytha;rpah; <) epA+Nyz;l; c) NyhjHNkaH



5. Ntjpg;gpizg;Gfs;

gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;: 1. epiyahd %yf;$W cUthtjw;F mZf;fSf;fpilNa cUthFk; tpirNa Ntjpg;gpizg;G

vdg;gLk;. 2. mZf;fs; jk; ntsp vyf;l;uhd; $l;by; ,Ue;J vl;L vyf;l;uhd;fis ngWk; tpisT vz;k

tpjp vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

3. epiyahd vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G nfhz;l jdpkq;fs;> mtw;wpd; ntspf;$l;by; vl;L vyf;l;uhd;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd. mit ke;j thAf;fs; MFk;.

4. madpg;gpizg;G> rfg;gpizg;G> <jy; rfg;gpizg;G Mfpad Ntjpg;gpizg;gpd; tiffs; MFk;.

5. Neh; madpAk; vjph; madpAk; epiykpd;dpay; fth;r;rpahy; ,ize;J madpr; Nrh;kj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ.

6. madpg; gpizg;ig ngw;Ws;s Nrh;kq;fs;; madpr;Nrh;kq;fs; vdg;gLk;.

7. epiyahd madpr;Nrh;kq;fs; cUthFk;NghJ mjd; epfu Mw;wy; kjpg;Gf;Fiwa Ntz;Lk;.

8. Xh; mZtpypUe;J kw;Nwhh; mZtpw;F vyf;l;uhd; ghpkhw;wk; epfOk;NghJ> Mw;wy; ntspaplg;gLk;.

9. Nrhbak; mZ mjd; xU ,izjpw vyf;l;uhid toq;Ftjd; %yk; epiyahd vz;k vyf;l;uhd; mikg;igg; ngWfpd;wd.

10. xU %yf;$wpy; cs;s Xh; mZ gpizg;gpYs;s ,iz vyf;l;uhd;fis jd;ghy; fth;e;J ,Of;Fk; jd;ikNa vyf;l;uhd; ftUk; jd;ik vdg;gLk;.

11. gpizg;gpYs;s ,iz vyf;l;uhd;fs; kPJs;s fth;r;rp tpirNa vjph;kpd; jd;ik cUthff; fhuzkhfpwJ.

12. nkf;dPrpak; mZ Mg2+ -Tk;> ,uz;L FNshhpd; mZf;fSk; ,uz;L Cl- madpfshfTk; khWfpd;wd. ,it epiykpd;dpay; fth;r;rp tpirahy; nkf;dPrpak; FNshiuil cUthf;FfpwJ.

13. gq;fPl;Lf;F cs;shd ,U vyf;l;uhd;fshy; Vw;gLk; gpizg;G rfg;gpizg;G vdg;gLk;. rfg;gpizg;igg; ngw;Ws;s Nrh;kq;fs; rfg;gpizg;Gr; Nrh;kq;fs; vdg;gLk;.

14. i`l;u[d; mZf;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; xU vyf;l;uhd; tPjk; gq;fPL nra;tjd; %yk; ,uz;L i`l;u[d; mZf;fSk; epiyahd vyf;l;uhd; mikg;igg; ngWfpd;wd.

15. mZf;fspilNa mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; gpizg;Gfs; cUthFk;NghJ mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd mZf;fs; epiyahd vz;k vyf;l;uhd; mikg;igg; ngw;Ws;sd.

16. jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd;fs; vd;gJ gpizg;gpy; gq;Fngwhj vyf;l;uhd;fs; MFk;.

17. miw ntg;gepiyapy; madpr;Nrh;kq;fs; jpz;k epiyapNyNa cs;sd.

18. madpr;Nrh;kq;fs; ntsp tpir nrYj;jg;gLk; NghJ tpyf;Ftpir Vw;gl;L nehWq;Fk; jd;ikiag; ngWfpwJ.

19. cUfpa epiyapNyh> ePhpy; fiuf;fg;gLk;NghNjh madpr; Nrh;kq;fs; kpd;rhuj;ijf; flj;Jfpd;wd.

20. %yf;$WfSf;fpilNa tYtw;w tpir ,Ug;gjhy; rfg;gpizg;Gr; Nrh;kq;fs; thA epiyapNyh> ePh;k epiyapNyh my;yJ nkd;ikahd jpz;kq;fshfNth ,Uf;fpd;wd.

21. rfg;gpizg;Gr; Nrh;kq;fs; nkd;ikahd jpz;kq;fshf ,Ug;gjhy; vspjpy; cilAk; jd;ikiag; ngw;Ws;sd.

22. ngd;rPd;> nlhYtpd; Nghd;w fhpk fiug;ghd;fspy; rfg;gpizg;Gr; Nrh;kq;fs; fiufpd;wd.

23. xU gpizg;gpy;> vyf;l;uhd; ,izfs; rkkhf gq;fplg;gl;bg;gpd; mg;gpizg;G KidTj; jd;ikaw;w gpizg;G MFk;.

24. vyf;l;uhd; ,izfs; rkkhfg; gq;fplg;glhj epiyapy; KidTj; jd;ikAld; $ba gpizg;Gfs; cUthFk;.

25. Xh; cNyhf mZtpypUe;J mNyhf mZtpw;F vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,lk; ngah;tjhy; madpg;gpizg;G cUthfpwJ. ,J mirTj; jd;ikAilaJ. jpirg; gz;gw;wJ.

26. mNyhf mZf;fspilNa vyf;l;uhd;fs; gq;fplg;gLtjhy; rfg;gpizg;G cUthfpwJ. mZf;fSf;fpilNa typikf; Fiwe;j fth;r;rp tpirNa fhzg;gLfpwJ.

27. vyf;l;uhd;fspd; rkkhd gq;fPl;bdhy; rfg;gpizg;gpy; gfph;e;J nfhs;sg;gLk; vyf;l;uhd; ,izia gpizg;gpy; cs;s Xh; mZ toq;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; <jy; rfg;gpizg;G vdg;gLk;.



28. vyf;l;uhd; ,izia toq;Fk; mZ <dp mZ vdTk;> ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; mZ Vw;G mZ vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

29. ,uz;L vyf;l;uhd; ,izfspd; gq;fPl;lhy; ,ul;ilg;gpizg;G cUthfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L O=C=O (,uz;L ,ul;il gpizg;Gfs;)

30. %d;W vyf;l;uhd; ,izfspd; gq;fPl;lhy; Kg;gpizg;G my;yJ gy;rfg;gpizg;Gfs; cUthfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf iel;u[d; 𝑁 ≡ 𝑁 (xU Kg;gpizg;G)

31. rhjhuz ntg;g mOj;jepiyapy; fhh;gd;il Mf;i]L thA epiyapy; ,Ug;gjw;F KidTj; jd;ikaw;w gz;Ng fhuzkhFk;.

32. ePuhdJ ePh;k epiyapy; ,Ug;gjw;F KidTj; jd;ikNa fhuzkhFk;.

33. fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;i]L xU thA MFk;. ,r;Nrh;kk; xU <jy; rfg;gpizg;Gr; Nrh;kk; MFk;.

34. ePhpy; <jy; rfg;gpizg;Gr; Nrh;kq;fs; madpAWtjpy;iy. vdNt ,it mhpjpy; kpd;flj;jpfs; MFk;.

35. <jy; rfg;gpizg;Gr; Nrh;kq;fs; gFjp msNt KidTj; jd;ikiag; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd.

36. <jy; rfg;gpizg;Gr; Nrh;kq;fspy; ika mZitr; Rw;wp FNshhpd; mZf;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; vz;k vyf;l;uhd; mikg;igg; ngw;Ws;sd.

37. nghpypak; mZ <jy; rfg;gpizg;Gr; Nrh;kq;fspy; ika mZitr; Rw;wp ehd;F vyf;l;uhd;fis ngw;Ws;sJ.

38. Nghuhd; mZ <jy; rfg;gpizg;Gr; Nrh;kq;fspy; ika mZitr; Rw;wp MW vyf;l;uhd;fis ngw;Ws;sJ.

39. xU gh];gu]; mZ> Ie;J FNshhpd; mZf;fSld; ,ize;J gh];gu];ngz;lh FNshiuil cUthf;FfpwJ.

40. 2015Mk; Mz;bd; caph;-Ntjpapay; Jiwf;fhd Nehgy;ghpR> “Nrjkile;j kugZf;fs;” gw;wpa Muha;r;rpf;fhf jhk]; ypz;lhy;> ghy; Nkhl;hpf;> mrp]; rq;fhh; MfpNahUf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

gphpT -m rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf:

1. vz;k tpjpg;gb> ke;j thAf;fs; ,aw;ifapy; epiyg;Gj; jd;ik cilait. ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhf miktJ> ntsptl;lg;ghijapy; cs;s __________vyf;;l;uhd;fs; MFk;.

(vl;L> VO> MW) 2. Ntjptpidapy;> xU jdpkk; vyf;l;uhid ,oe;J Neh; madpia cUthf;FtJ_________

(FNshhpd;> ypj;jpak;> GShpd;). 3. nkf;dPrpaj;jpd; mZ vz; 12 vdpy;> mjd; vyf;l;uhd; gfph;khdk; 2> 8> 2

(2, 2, 8 / 2> 8> 2 / 8> 2> 2).

4. X jdpkk;> mjd; ntsptl;lg; ghijapy; 6 vyf;l;uhd;fisg; ngw;;Ws;sJ vdpy;> rfg;gpizg;ig cUthf;f X gq;fpLk; vyf;;luhd;fs; vz;zpf;if (3, 2> 6).

5. cah; cUFepiy cilar; Nrh;kk; (NH3, NaF).

6. vyf;l;uhd;fs; rkkhfg; gq;fplg;gLtjhy; Vw;gLk; gpizg;G _________ (KidTw;w gpizg;G> Kidg;gpy;yhg; gpizg;G> madpg;gpizg;G).

7. rfg;gpizg;Gr; Nrh;kq;fspd; gz;Gfs; mbg;gilapy;, jtwhd $w;iwj; Njh;e;njLf;f. m) fbdj;jd;ikAk;> nehWq;Fk; jd;ikAk; mw;wit. M) %yf;$Wfs; gq;Nfw;Fk; tpidfspd; Ntfk; mjpfk;.

8. CH4 xU ________ (madp / rfg;gpizg;G) Nrh;kk;.

gphpT - M 1. NaCl madpr; Nrh;kk;. Xh; madpg; gpizg;G vt;thW cUthfpwJ? Nrhbak; mZ mjd; xU ,izjpw vyf;l;uhid FNshhpd; mZtpw;F toq;Ftjhy; ,U

mZf;fSk; epiyahd vz;k vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig ngWfpd;wd. vyf;l;uhid toq;fpajhy; Nrhbak; mZ Neh; madpahfTk; (Na

+)> vyf;l;uhid ngw;wjhy; FNshhpd; mZ vjpH madpahfTk; (Cl

-)

khWfpd;wJ. ,t;tpU madpfSk; epiykpd;dpay; fth;r;rp tpirahy; ,ize;J xU madp gpizg;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.



2. midj;Jj; jdpkq;fSk; vyf;l;uhd;fisg; gq;fPL nra;Njh> ghp;khw;wk; nra;Njh jk; ntspf;$l;by; vl;L vyf;uhd;fisg; ngWfpd;wd. vyl;uhd; gq;fPL X = 2,7 kw;Wk; Y = 2,8,1. vt;tifahd gpizg;G X,Y f;F ,ilNa Vw;gLk;. ahJ? mJ vt;thW cUthfpwJ? X,Y f;F ,ilNa Vw;gLk; gpizg;G - madpg;gpizg;G ,q;F X - GShpd; - (2>7) Y - Nrhbak; - (2>8>1)

Nrhbak; mZtpy; ntspr;Rw;wpy; cs;s xU vyf;l;uhid GSupDf;F toq;fp (Na+) Neu;

madpahfpwJ. GSupd; vyf;l;uhidg; ngw;W (F-) vjpu; madpahfpwJ.

,g;;NghJ Na+ kw;Wk;

F- madpfs; epiy kpd;dpay; ftu;r;rp tpirahy; fl;Lz;L

madpr;Nru;kj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.

3. gpd;tUk; Nrh;kq;fspy; vJ vz;k tpjpf;F cl;gLtjpy;iy? (i) BeCl2 (ii) NaCl (iii) MgCl2 (iv) NH4Cl

BeCl2 vz;k tpjpf;F cl;gLtjpy;iy.

4. <jy; rfg;gpizg;ig rhd;WfSld; tpsf;Ff. xU rhjhuz rfg;gpizg;gpy; ,izAk; jdpkq;fspy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fspd; rkkhd

gq;fPl;bdhy; rfg;gpizg;G cUthfpwJ. ,t;thW gfph;e;J nfhs;sg;gLk; vyf;l;uhd; ,izia gpizg;gpy; cs;s VNjDk; XH mZthy; toq;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; mJ <jy; rfg;gpizg;G MFk;. v.fh. mk;NkhdpahtpypUe;J mk;Nkhdpak; madp cUthjy;> fhu;gd; Nkhdhf;irL

5. rfg;gpizg;gpypUe;J madpg;gpizg;ig vt;thW NtWgLj;JtPHfs;? madpg;gpizg;G rfg;gpizg;G

Xh; cNyhf mZtpypUe;J> mNyhf mZtpw;F vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,lk; ngah;tjhy; madpg;gpizg;G cUthfpwJ.

mNyhf mZf;fSf;fpilNa vyf;l;uhd;fs; gq;fplg;gLtjhy; rfg;gpizg;G cUthfpwJ.

Neh; (+) kw;Wk; (-) madpfSf;fpilNa epiykpd;dpay; fth;r;rp tpir fhzg;gLfpwJ.

mZf;fSf;fpilNa typik Fiwe;j fth;r;rp tpirNa fhzg;gLfpwJ.

mirTj;jd;ik cilaJ. Mdhy;> jpir gz;gw;wJ.

mirTj; jd;ikaw;wJ. Mdhy;> jpirg;gz;G cilaJ.

6. vz;k tpjp vd;why; vd;d? mZf;fSf;fpilNa vyf;l;uhd; ghpkhw;wk; fhuzkhfNth my;yJ vyf;l;uhd; gq;fPL fhuzkhfNth

xt;nthU mZTk; jk; ntspf;$l;by; vl;L vyf;l;uhd;fis ngWfpd;wd. ,t;thW mZf;fs;> jk; ntsp vyf;l;uhd; $l;by;> vl;L vyf;l;uhd;fis ngWk; tpisT vz;k tpjp vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

7. cahpa thAf;fs; Vd; ke;jj;jd;ik cilait? epiyahd vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G nfhz;l jdpkq;fs;> mtw;wp;d; ntspf;$l;by; vl;L

vyf;l;uhd;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd. vdNt epiyahd vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig ngw;Ws;sjhy; cahpa thAf;fs; ke;jj;jd;ik cilaJ.

8. CH4 d; vyf;l;uhd; Gs;sp tiuglk; tiuf. ,jw;fhd fhuzj;ijj; jUf.

fhh;gd; mZ ehd;F ,izjpw vyf;l;uhd;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ. xt;nthU i`l;u[d; mZTk;

xU ,izjpw vyf;l;uhd; tPjk; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;fpd;wd. fhh;gd; mZ jdJ ehd;F vyf;l;uhd;fis> xt;nthU i`l;u[d; mZtpw;Fk; xd;W tPjk; gq;fPL nra;fpwJ. vyf;l;uhd;fis gq;fPL nra;tjhy; ,J rfg;gpizg;G MFk;.

9. nghUe;jhjij Njh;e;njLf;f. m) NaCl, MgCl2, H2 (gpizg;G tiffspd; mbg;gilapy;) M) Li,Na,F (cNyhf> mNyhf mbg;gilapy;) m) nghUe;jhjJ H2 – rfg;gpizg;G kw;wit madpg; gpizg;G M) nghUe;jhjJ F – mNyhfk; kw;wit cNyhfq;fs;



10. jtwhd $w;iw rhpnra;f. m) xU gpizg;gpy; vyf;l;uhd; ,izfs; rkkhf gq;fplg;gl;bUg;gpd; ,g;gpizg;G KidTj; jd;ikAld; $ba gpizg;G vdg;gLk;. M) %d;W vyf;l;uhd; ,izfs; gq;fPl;lhy; ,ul;ilg;gpizg;G cUthfpwJ. m) xU gpizg;gpy; vyf;l;uhd; ,izfs; rkkhf gq;fplg;gl;bUg;gpd; ,g;gpizg;G KidTj; jd;ik ,y;yhj gpizg;G vdg;gLk;. M) ,uz;L vyf;l;uhd; ,izfs; gq;fPl;lhy; ,ul;ilg;gpizg;G cUthfpwJ.

11. nghUj;Jf. tpilfs; m) MgCl2 - 1) <jy; rfg;gpizg;Gr; Nrh;kk; madpr; Nrh;kk;

M) Cl2 - 2) madpr; Nrh;kk; rfg;gpizg;G Nrh;kk; ,) NH4

+ - 3) rfg;gpizg;G Nrh;kk; <jy; rfg;gpizg;Gr; Nrh;kk;

12. m) Xh; mZ xU vyf;l;uhid ,og;gjhy; cUthtJ ______ MFk;. (Neh; madp/vjph; madp) M) madpr; Nrh;kq;fs; nghJthf cs;s epiy ________ (jpz;kk;/ePh;kk;) m) Neh; madp> M) jpz;kk;

gphpT - ,

1. Na + Cl Na+ + Cl- Na+ Cl-

(2,8,1) (2,8,7) (2,8) (2,8,8) Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tpid> Nrhbak; FNshiuL cUthjiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,t;tpidapd; mbg;gilapy; tpilaspf;;f. m) Na ,Ue;J Clf;F ,lk;ngaUk; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if vj;jid? M) Na+ kw;Wk; Cl- madpfSf;fpilNa cs;s fth;r;rp tpir ahJ? ,) Cl- f;F mUfhikapy; cs;s ke;j thA ahJ? <) Na+ > Cl- madpfSf;fpilNa cs;s gpizg;gpd; tif ahJ? c) Na+ madpapYs;s vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?

m) 1 M) epiy kpd;dpay; fth;r;rp tpir ,) Mh;fhd; (Ar) <) madpg;gpizg;G c) 2>8

2. m) ml;ltizia epug;Gf. mZ mZ vz; vyf;l;uhd; gfph;T

Na 11 ______

Mg 12 ______

Cl _____ 2,8,7

M) H2O kw;Wk; NH3 %yf;$wpd; mikg;gpid tiuf.

m) mZ mZ vz; vyf;l;uhd; gfph;T

Na 11 2,8,1

Mg 12 2,8,2

Cl 17 2,8,7

M)



3. Nrhbak; FNshiuL %yf;$whdJ Nrhbak; (mZ vz; 11)> FNshhpd; (mZvz; 17) ,ilNa madpg;gpidg;G Vw;gLtjhy; cUthfpwJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f:

m) Nrhbak; mZtpy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if vj;jid? mjd; mikg;ig tiuf. M) Nrhbak; madpapd; mikg;ig tiuf. ,) FNshhpd; vt;thW vjph;kpd; madpahf cUthfpwJ? <) ,r;Nrh;kj;jpd; ,uz;L gz;Gfis jUf. c) Nrhbak; FNshiuL madpfSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; tpir ahJ? C) Nrhbak; FNshiuL jpz;kepiyapy; kpd;rhuj;ij flj;jhJ. Mdhy; cUfpa epiyapy;

xU rpwe;j kpd; flj;jpahf nray;gLfpwJ. fhuzk; $Wf.

m) vyf;l;uhd; vz;zpf;if -11

M) vyf;l;uhd; vz;zpf;if – 10

,) FNshhpd;> Nrhbak; ,oe;j 1 vyf;l;uhid Vw;W vjph;kpd; madpahf cUthfpwJ. <) jpz;k epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;. ePhpy; fiuAk;. c) epiy kpd;dpay; fth;r;rp tpir

C) jpz;kepiyapy; madpfs; ,lk; ngah;tjpy;iy. ePhpy; fiuf;fg;gLk;nghOJ my;yJ cUfpa epiyapy; madpfspd; ,af;fj;jhy; kpd;rhuk; flj;jg;gLfpwJ.

4. gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F ngahpLf. m) rfg;gpizg;gpy; Kg;gpizg;G cUthf;Fk; jdpkk;. M) %d;W vyf;l;uhd;fis ,oe;J epahd; ke;j thAtpd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;igg; ngWk; jdpkk;. ,) ,uz;L vyf;l;uhd;fisg; ngw;W ke;j thAthd epahdpd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;igg; ngWk; jdpkk;. <) vz;k tpjpapypUe;J NtWgLk; xU Nrh;kk;. c) SO2 %yf;$wpy; vyf;l;uhd;fis toq;Fk; jdpkk;.

m) mk;Nkhdpah M) mYkpdpak; ,) Mf;]p[d; <) BeCl2, BF3 c) ,J madpg;gpizg;Gr;Nrh;kk; my;y. ,q;F vyf;l;uhd;fs; gq;fpLtjd; %yk; gpizg;G

cUthfpwJ.

5.

glj;jpy; cs;s mk;Nkhdpah %yf;$W mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy;> gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F

tpilaspf;f: m) thAtpd; ngaiuAk; mjd; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOJf. M) mZf;fSf;F ,ilapy; Vw;gLk; gpizg;G tif ahJ? ,) Nkw;$wpa thA i`l;NuhFNshhpf; mkpyj;Jld; tpidGhpAk; NghJ epfo;tJ vd;d? <) iel;u[d; mZ jd;Dila jdpj;j ,iz vyf;l;uhid i`l;u[d; madpf;F toq;fpdhy;>

cUthFk; gpizg;G ahJ? c) mk;Nkhdpah kpd;rhuj;ij flj;Jkh? Vd;?

m) mk;Nkhdpah (NH3) M) rfg;gpizg;G ,) NH3 + HCl NH4Cl <) <jy; rfg;gpizg;G c) kpd;rhuj;ij flj;jhJ. ,J rfg;gpizg;G Nrh;kk; Mjyhy; mjpy; kpd;rhuj;ij

flj;Jtjw;F Neh;madpfNsh> vjpH madpfNsh ,y;iy.



6. jtwhd $w;iw fz;lwpe;J mtw;iw rhp nra;f. m) rkkhd vyf;l;uhd; ftUk; jd;ik ngw;Ws;s ,uz;L mZf;fSf;fpilNa vyf;l;uhd;

ghpkhw;wk; eilngwhJ. M) mjpf madpahf;Fk; Mw;wiy ngw;Ws;s jdpkkhdJ> madpgpizg;ig cUthf;f ,aYk;. ,) gpizg;gpy; <Lglhj vyf;l;uhd;fis ,izjpwd; vyf;l;uhd;fs; vd;fpNwhk;. <) ngd;rPd; xU KidTjd;ikaw;w fiug;ghd;. c) madpg;gpizg;G mirTj;jd;ikaw;wJ. Mdhy; jpirg;gz;G cilaJ.

m) rkkhd vyf;l;uhd; ftUk; jd;ik ngw;Ws;s ,uz;L mZf;fSf;fpilNa vyf;l;uhd; gq;fPL eilngWtjhy; rfg;gpizg;G Vw;gLk;.

M) mjpf madpahf;Fk; Mw;wiy ngw;Ws;s jdpkkhdJ> madpgpizg;ig cUthf;f ,ayhJ. ,) gpizg;gpy; <LgLk; vyf;l;uhd;fis ,izjpw vyf;l;uhd;fs; vd;fpNwhk;. <) ngd;rPd; xU KidTjd;ikAw;w fiug;ghd; c) madpg;gpizg;G mirTj;jd;ik cilaJ. Mdhy; jpirg;gz;G mw;wJ.

7. gpd;tUk; ml;ltizia epug;Gf: jdpkk; vyf;l;uhd;mikg;G cUthf;Fk; gpizg;G ,izjpwd; nkf;dprPak;

Mf;rp[d; FNshhpd;

jdpkk; vyf;l;uhd;mikg;G cUthf;Fk; gpizg;G ,izjpwd; nkf;dprPak; 2>8>2 madpg;gpizg;G 2 Mf;rp[d; 2>6 rfg;gpizg;G 2 FNshhpd; 2>8>7 madpg;gpizg;G 1

8. nkf;dprPak;> FNshhpd; jdpkq;fspd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jj; jdpkq;fs; ,ize;J nkf;dprPak; FNshiuL vd;w madpr; Nrh;kj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ.

m) nkf;dprPak; mZ> FNshhpd; mZit rhh;e;j gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f:

i) mit vyf;l;uhd;fis ,oe;Njh my;yJ ngw;Wf;nfhz;Nlh madpfis cUthf;Ffpd;wdth? ii) vj;jid vyf;l;uhd;fs; ghpkhw;wk; milfpd;wd? iii) cUthFk; madp> Neh;kpd; madpah my;yJ vjph;kpd; madpah? iv) cUthFk; madpapd; ngah; vd;d? M) ,e;j madpfs; ve;j ke;j thAf;fspd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;igg; ngWfpd;wd? ,) FNshhpid Nghy;> nkf;dprPaj;Jld; tpidGhpe;J madpNrh;kj;ij cUthf;Fk; kw;Nwhh; mNyhfk; vJ?

m) i) Mk; ii) gupkhw;wk; ,y;iy. iii) Mg2+

,Cl- ,uz;Lk; cUthfpwJ.;

iv) Mg2+ nkf;dPrpak; madp Cl

- FNshhpd; vjph; madp

M) epahd; Mh;fhd; ,) Mf;]p[d;

9. gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F xU nrhy;ypy; tpilaspf;f: m) mZf;fs; jd; ntspf;$l;by; vl;L vyf;l;uhd;fisg; ngWk; tpisT. M) xU jdpj;j mZtpypUe;J> xU ,izjpwd; vyf;l;uhid ePf;Ftjw;F Njitg;gLk; Mw;wy;. ,) gpizg;gpy; <Lglhj vyf;l;uhd; ,izfs;. <) xU %yf;$wpy; cs;s mZg;gpizg;G vyf;l;uhd; ,iziaj; jk; gf;fkhf <h;j;J nfhs;Sk; gz;G. c) vyf;l;uhd; ,iziag; gpizg;gpYs;s VNjDk; xU mZ toq;Ftjhy; Vw;gLk; gpizg;G.



m) vz;k tpjp M) madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; ,) jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; <) vyf;l;uhd; ftUk; jd;ik c) <jy; rfg;gpizg;G

10. m) epahd;> MHfhdpd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;Gfs; KiwNa (2>8) kw;Wk; (2>8>8) epahd;> Mh;fhd; mZtpd; ntsp$l;bd; rpwg;gk;rk; vd;d?

M) fhy;rpak; mZtpd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G (2>8>8>2) vdpy; ke;j thAtpd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig ngw fhy;rpak; mZtpy; vd;d epfo Ntz;Lk;?

,) Mf;rp[d; mZtpd; mikg;ig tiue;J mjpy; 8 GNuhl;lhd; (p) 8 vyf;l;uhd; (e) kw;Wk; 8 epA+l;uhd;fis (n) Fwpg;gpLf. <) Mf;rp[d;mZTld; fhy;rpak; mZ tpidGhpAk; NghJ> fhy;rpak; mZtpd; ntspf;$l;by; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fspy; vd;d epfOk;?

c) fhy;rpak;> Mf;rp[d; tpidGhpe;J cUthf;Fk; Nrh;kj;jpd; ngah; vd;d? mJ vt;tifahd gpizg;igg; ngw;Ws;sJ?

C) me;jr;Nrh;kj;jpd; %yf;$W tha;ghl;il vOJf. v) ,e;j Nrh;kj;jpd; cUFepiy mjpfkh? Fiwth? cq;fs; tpilf;Ff; fhuzk; $Wf.

m) KOikahf epug;gg;gl;L vz;k tpisit Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; ke;j jd;ik cilaJ. M) 2 vyf;l;uhd;fis ,of;fNtz;Lk;. Mh;fhd; mikg;ig ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,) Mf;]p[d; mZtpd; glk;

<) Ca mZtpd; ntspf;$l;by; cs;s 2 vyf;l;uhd;fis ,oe;J Ca

2+ madpahf khWk;. c) fhy;rpak; Mf;irL (CaO)> madpg;gpizg;G C) CaO v) cUFepiy mjpfk;. Vnddpy; mJ madpg;gpizg;Gr; Nrh;kk;.

11. <jy; rfg;gpizg;G Nrh;kq;fisg; gw;wpa $w;Wfspy; jtwhd $w;W vJ? m) ePhpy; rpwpjsNt fiuAk;. M) fhpk fiug;ghd;fspy; fiuAk;. ,) mhpjy; kpd; flj;jpfs;. <) madpr; Nrh;kq;fisf; fhl;bYk; cah;e;j nfhjpepiyiag; ngw;Ws;sd. jtwhdf; $w;W: madpr; Nrh;kq;fisf; fhl;bYk; cah;e;j nfhjpepiyiag; ngw;Ws;sd.



,aw;gpay;

6. Ntiy> jpwd;> Mw;wy; gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;:

1 vOJjy;> gbj;jy;> ,Uf;iffis efh;j;Jjy; Nghd;wit ehs;NjhWk; nra;Ak; NtiyahFk;.

2. xU nghUspd; kPJ> xU Fwpg;gpl;l Gs;spapy; tpirahdJ nray;gLj;jg;gl;L nghUis tpirapd; jpirapNyNa ,lg;ngah;r;rp milar;nra;Akhdhy; Ntiy nra;ag;gl;lJ vdyhk;.

3. mikjp my;yJ Xa;Tepiyapy; cs;s nghUspd; kPJ tpir nray;gLk;NghJ nghUshdJ KLf;fkilfpwJ.

4. nghUspd; kPJ tpir nray;gl;L> nghUis tpirapd; jpirf;F Neh; vjpuhd jpirapy; ,lg;ngah;r;rp milar; nra;jhy; Ntiy tpirf;F vjpuhfr; nra;ag;gl;lJ vdyhk;.

5. nghUshdJ tpirf;F Neh;f;Fj;J jpirapy; ,lg;ngah;r;rp milAk;NghJ tpirapdhy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy tpiria vjph;j;J nra;ag;gl;l Ntiyapd; msT RopahFk;.

6. vil vd;gJ nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; <h;g;G tpirahFk;. NkYk; nghUis Nky;Nehf;fp J}f;Fk; NghJ nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy <h;g;G tpirf;F vjpuhf nra;ag;gl;l NtiyahFk;.

7. <h;g;G tpirapdhy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiyapd; kjpg;Gk;> <h;g;G tpirapid vjph;j;J nra;ag;gl;l Ntiyapd; kjpg;Gk; RopahFk;.

8. Ntiy vd;gJ tpir. tpirapd; jpirapy; mile;j ,lg;ngah;r;rpapd; ngUf;fw;gyd; MFk;.

W = F x S

9. SI myfpy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiyapd; msit [Py; vd;w myfhy; msf;fpNwhk;. 10. [Py; vd;w mwpQh; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyapd; msT> ntg;g msT> ve;jpu Mw;wyhy; nra;ag;gLk;

Ntiyapd; msT Mfpatw;wpw;fhd njhlh;ig epWtpdhh;.

11. jpwd; vd;gJ xU tpdhb Neuj;jpy; Ntiy nra;ag;gLk; tPjk; MFk;.

12. jpwd; = nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy / vLj;Jf;nfhz;l fhyk;

13. SI mstPl;L Kiwapy; jpwdpd; myF thl; MFk;. 14. nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyapd; msNt Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;. Mw;wypd; nghpa msTfs; fpNyh [Py;>

nkfh [Py; MFk;.

15. kpd;dhw;wypd; gad;ghl;L myF fpNyhthl; kzp my;yJ A+dpl; MFk;.

1 fpNyhthl; kzp = 3600000 [Py; 16. Mw;wy; moptpd;ik tpjpapd; gb Mw;wiy Mf;fNth mopf;fNth ,ayhJ. xUtif Mw;wiy

kw;nwhU tif Mw;wyhf khw;w KbAk;;.

17. ntg;g Mw;wy;> kpd;dhw;wy;> fhw;whw;wy;> Ntjpahw;wy;> xspahw;wy;> ntg;g Mw;wy;> mZf;fU Mw;wy;> xyp Mw;wy;> ve;jpu Mw;wy; Nghd;wit Mw;wypd; Kf;fpakhd tiffs; MFk;.

18. nghUshdJ Mw;wiy> xUtifahd Mw;wy; khw;wg;gl;L nghUspy; Vw;fdNt Njq;fpAs;s Mw;wNyhL Nrh;f;fg;gLtjd; %yKk;> Ntiy nra;ag;gLtjd; %yKk; ngw ,aYk;.

19. fhw;wpd; ,af;f Mw;wiy ve;jpu Mw;wyhf khw;Wtjd; %yk; Roy; rf;fuj;ij Roy tplyhk;.

20. #hpadpd; ntg;g Mw;wyhdJ #hpadpd; ikag;gFjpapy; Vw;gLk; mZf;fU Mw;wypy; ,Ue;J Njhd;WfpwJ.

21. jdpj;j mikg;G xd;wpd; nkhj;j Mw;wypd; msthdJ khwpypahf miktNjhL kl;Lkpd;wp mikg;gpw;Fs; xU nghUspypUe;J kw;nwhd;Wf;F khw;wg;gLtjhfTk; mikfpwJ.

22. mikg;G vd;gJ xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l nghUs;fisf; nfhz;ljhf mike;jpUf;Fk; #oypd; kPJ ve;j xU jhf;fj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jhj mikg;G “jdpj;j mikg;G” vdg;gLk;.

23. #oypd; %yk; ve;j xU jhf;fKk; nray;glhj epiyapy; jdpj;j mikg;G xd;wpy; nkhj;j Mw;wyhdJ khwpypahf ,Uf;Fk;.

24. nghUspd; kPJ Ntiy nra;ag;gLk;NghJ nghUs; ngWfpd;w Mw;wiy ve;jpu Mw;wy; vd;fpNwhk;.

25. nghUspd; kPJ Ntiynra;ag;gLk;NghJ Ntf mjpfhpg;G> epiyapy; Vw;gLk; cah;T my;yJ nghUspy; Vw;gLk; jphpG Nghd;w tpisTfs; Vw;gLfpwJ.



26. ,af;fj;jhy; nghUs;fs; ngw;Ws;s Mw;wiy ,af;f Mw;wy; vd;fpNwhk;.

27. ,af;f Mw;wiy KE= 1/2 mv2 vd;w tha;g;ghl;lhy; fzf;fplyhk;.

28. nghUs; xd;W mjd; epiy my;yJ jphpigg; nghWj;J ngw;Ws;s Mw;wy; epiy Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.

30. xU nghUis h kP cauj;jpw;F cah;j;Jtjpdhy; nghUs; ngWk; epiyahw;wiy PE=mgh vd;w tha;g;ghl;bd; %yk; fzf;fplyhk;.

31. mizapy; ,Uf;Fk; ePuhdJ cauj;jpy; ,Ue;J fPo;Nehf;fp gha;tjd; %yk; Roy; rf;fuq;fis ,aq;fr; nra;J kpd;dhw;wy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,J ePh; kpd; cw;gj;jpapd; jj;JtkhFk;.

32. tpy;ypd; tbtj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fshy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l epiy Mw;wy; mk;gpd; ,af;f Mw;wyhf khw;wg;gl;lJ.

33. Fwpg;gpl;l msT epiyahw;wiy ngw;wpUf;Fk; nghUshdJ fPo;Nehf;fptpOk; NghJ epiyahw;wy; Fiwe;J> ,af;f Mw;wy; mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl nry;Yk;.

gphpT – m

1. nghUnshd;wpd; kPJ tpirahy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy vjpu;f;Fwp vdpy;> nghUspd; ,lg;ngah;r;rpahdJ ___________,Uf;Fk;. (tpirapd; jpirapy; / tpirapd; jpirf;F vjph;jpirapy;)

2. gpd;tUk; nghUs;fs; ngw;Ws;s Mw;wypd; jd;ikapd;; mbg;gilapy; khWgl;l xd;iw fz;lwpe;J vOJf. (,af;fj;jpYs;s kfpOe;J> njhl;bapy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk; ePh;> Nkirapd; kPJs;s Gj;jfk;> ,aq;fhj epiyapy; cs;s kpd;tprpwp)

3. kpd;dhw;wypd; tzpfKiw myF_________ ([_y;> [_y;/tpdhb> thl;> fpNyhthl; kzp) 4. Ntiyapd; SI myF __________(thl;> [_y;) 5. nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyapd; msT ______(jpwd;> Mw;wy;) 6. Ntiy = jpwd; x __________(vLj;Jf;nfhz;l fhyk;> ,lg;ngah;r;rp) 7. xU kWh vd;gJ __________(3.6x106J, 360000J) 8. nghUis h kP cauj;jpw;F cah;j;Jk; NghJ epiyahw;wy; ________(1/2mv2, mgh)

9. fPo;f;fz;l xt;nthU #o;epiyapYk; Ntiy nra;ag;gl;ljh? my;yJ Ntiy nra;ag;gltpy;iyah? vdf;Fwpg;gpLf. m) gdpr;rWf;F tPuh; 2 kPl;lH njhiytpw;F gdpf;fl;bapy; rWf;Ffpwhh;. - Ntiy nra;ag;gl;lJ. M) rftPuhq;fid> tPuiu 1 kPl;lH cauj;jpw;F NkNy J}f;Ffpwhh;. - Ntiy nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,) rf tPuhq;fid> gdpr;rWf;F tPuiur; Rke;J 3 kPl;lu; J}uk; gazpf;fpwhh;. Ntiy nra;ag;gl;lJ. <) fPopwq;fpa gpd;G rf tPuhq;fid tPuiu 10 kPl;lH njhiytpw;F ,Oj;Jf;nfhz;L tUfpwhh;. Ntiy nra;ag;gl;lJ. c) gdpr;rWf;Fg; gapw;rp Kbj;jg;gpd; tPuu;> 20 N vilAs;s jd; gapw;rp nghUs; igia 0.5 kPl;lH cauj;jpw;F cah;j;Jfpwhh;. Ntiy nra;ag;gl;lJ.

10. vWk;gpid KJfpy; Rke;J nfhz;L Rz;nlyp jiuapy; 10 kPl;lh; J}uk; nry;fpwJ. ,e;epfo;tpy; Rz;nlypahy; Ntiy nra;ag;gl;ljh? tpsf;Ff. vWk;gpid KJfpy; J}f;fpajhYk; 10 kPl;lh; J}uk; efh;e;J nry;tjhYk; Ntiy nra;ag;gLfpwJ. gpupT – M

1. Gtpiar; Rw;wp tUk; Jizf;Nfhspd; kPJ <u;g;gpay; tpirahy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyapd; msT vd;d? G+r;rpak;. Gtp<Hg;G tpir nraw;iff;Nfhis Gtpapd; gf;fk; ,Oj;jhy; kl;LNk <Hg;G

tpirahy; Ntiy nra;ag;gl;lJ.

2. Mw;wiy _______my;yJ _______ ,ayhJ xU tifahd Mw;wiyg; gpupnjhU tifahd Mw;wyhf kl;LNk khw;w ,aYk;. Mw;wiy Mf;fNth my;yJ mopf;fNth ,ayhJ xU tifahd Mw;wiyg; gpupnjhU tifahd Mw;wyhf kl;LNk khw;w ,aYk;.

3. Ntiyia vt;thW mstplyhk;? [_y; vd;w myfpdhy; mstplyhk;



4.

glq;fis Muha;e;J> xt;nthU epfo;tpYk; Ntiy nra;ag;gLfpwjh ,y;iyah vd;gij

tpsf;Ff. i) Ntiy nra;ag;gltpy;iy. ii) Ntiy nra;ag;gLfpwJ. iii) Ntiy nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

5. jpwd; tiuaWf;f. jpwd; vd;gJ Ntiy nra;ag;gLk; tPjk; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.

jpwd; = nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy

vLj;Jf;nfhz;l fhyk;= 𝑃 =

𝑤

𝑡

6. rpy Kf;fpakhd Mw;wy; %yq;fisj; jUf. #hpa Mw;wy;> ePh; Mw;wy;> fhw;W Mw;wy;> Gij tbt vhpg;nghUl;fs;> ,aw;if thA

7. ,af;f Mw;wy; tiuaWf;f. ,af;f epiyapy; cs;s nghUs;fs; Mw;wiyg; ngw;Ws;sd. ,af;fj;jhy; (jpirNtfk;) nghUs;fs;

ngw;Ws;s Mw;wiy ,af;f Mw;wy; vd;fpNwhk;. ,af;f Mw;wiy KE = ½ mv

2 vd;w tha;g;ghL Kyk; fzf;fplyhk;.

8. glq;fis ghu;f;fTk;. xt;nthU fUtpapy; epfOk; Mw;wy; khw;wq;fis Fwpg;gpLf.

i) Ntjp Mw;wy;> kpd;dhw;wyhf khWk;. ii) kpd;dhw;wy; ,af;f Mw;wyhf khWk;. iii) kpd;dhw;wy; xsp Mw;wyhf khWk;. iv) #hpa Mw;wy; kpd;dhw;wyhf khWk;.

9. 40 fpfp vilAs;s ,uh[h> xt;nthd;Wk; 16 nrkP cauk; cs;s 20 gbf;fl;Lfis 20 tpdhbapy; VWfpd;whd; vdpy;> mtd; ntspg;gLj;jpa jpwidf; fhz;f.

m =40kk : h = 16x20x10-2

: t = 20sec

jpwd; = 𝐖

𝐭=

𝐦𝐠𝐡

𝐭 =

𝟒𝟎 𝐱 𝟗.𝟖𝐱 𝟏𝟔𝐱𝟐𝟎

𝟐𝟎 x10

-2 = 6272 x 10

-2 thl; (or) 62.72 thl;

10. fPOs;s ,U glq;fisAk; ghu;f;fTk;> ,U RUs;fisAk; rktpir nfhz;L KOtJk; mKf;fg;gLk; NghJ nra;ag;gl;l Ntiyapd; msitf; fzf;fpLf.

mKf;fg;gl;l RUs;tpy;ypy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk; epiyahw;wypd; msT W = FxS = 10 x 4 x 10

-2 = 0.4 [_y;

11. m) Ntiy> tpir kw;Wk; njhiyT vt;thW njhlu;G nfhz;Ls;sJ? W = FxS Ntiy vd;gJ tpir kw;Wk; njhiytpd; ngUf;fy; gyd;.

M) 10 N tpirAld; nghUnshd;iwj; jiuapypUe;J 5kP cauj;jpw;Ff; fg;gpapdhy; cau;j;Jk; NghJ nra;ag;gl;l Ntiyiaf; fzf;fpLf. mg = F =10N h = 5 kP W = mgh = 10 x 5 = 50J



12. ePq;fs; 120 N vilAs;s KJFr;Rikia cau;j;j 150 J msTs;s Ntiyia

nra;Js;sPu;fs; vd;why;> m) Rikia cau;j;jpa cauk; vt;tsT? Mg = 120 N W = mgh = 150J mgh = 150J

h = 𝟏𝟓𝟎

𝒎𝒈 =

𝟏𝟓𝟎

𝟏𝟐𝟎 = 𝟏.𝟐𝟓𝒎

h = 1.25 m

M) 1 gTz;L = 4.448 N vdpy; Rikapd; viliag; gTz;by; fzf;fpLf. 1 gTz;L = 4.448 N

1N = 1/4448 gTz;L

nghUspd; vil = mg = 120N

=120 x1/4448

In = 26.98 gTz;L

13. ePq;fs; 450 N vilAs;s muprp Kl;ilia 1.2 kP cau;j;jp gpd;G 10kP njhiytpYs;s

rikayiwf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;y nra;ag;gl;l Ntiyiaf; fzf;fpLf. F = mg =450N h =1.2 m

1.2 cah;e;j nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy mgh = 450 x 1.2

mgh = 540 J

10kP njhiyT nry;y nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy W = FxS

= 450x 10

=4500J

nkhj;jNtiy W = 540 + 4500 = 5040 J

14. 5N vilAs;s Gj;jfj;ij jiuapypUe;J mykhupapy; 1kP 1.5kP 2.0kP cauj;jpYs;s

jl;LfSf;F efu;j;Jk; NghJ mjd; epiyahw;wypd; msTfisf; fzf;fpLf. F = mg =5N h = 1m h2 =1.5m h3 =2m

epiyahw;wy; = mgh1 = 5x1=5J epiyahw;wy; = mgh2 = 5x1.5 =7.5J

epiyahw;wy; = mgh3 = 5x2= 10J

15. khyjp gad;gLj;Jk; ntw;wplj; J}a;ikahf;fp (vacuum cleaner) apd; jpwd; 200 thl;.

fUtpahdJ 360>000 [_y; Ntiy nra;jpl khyjp nrytpl;l Neuj;ijf; fzf;fpLf. kpd;jpwd; = 200NV W = 360,000J

jpwd; P = 𝑾

𝒕 vdNt t =

𝑾

𝑷

t = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 1800 tpdhbfs;

16. fpz;zj;jpYs;s #g;gpid #L nra;a 1000 thl; jpwd; ngw;w ikf;Nuh rikay; fyDf;F MFk; fhyk; 90 tpdhb vdpy; gad;gLj;jpa Mw;wiy [_ypy; fzf;fpLf. jpwd; = 1000 thl; t = 90 tpdhb Mw;wy; = W

jpwd; = 𝑾

𝒕

Mw;wy; W = jpwd; x fhyk; = 1000 x 90

= 90000 J = 9 x 104 J



gpupT - ,

1. jhNd jilapd;wpf; fPNo tpOk; nghUs; xd;wpd; epiyfs; glj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;sd. A vd;w Gs;spapy; ,af;f Mw;wy; = 0, epiy Mw;wy; = mgh B vd;w Gs;spapy; ,af;f Mw;wy; = mgx C vd;w vd;w Gs;spapy; ,af;f Mw;wy; = mgh, epiyahw;wy; = 0.

m) B vd;w Gs;spapy; nghUspd; epiy Mw;wiyf; fhz;f. mgh M) A,B kw;Wk; C vd;w epiyfspd; nghUspd; nkhj;j Mw;wiyf;

fzf;fpLf. mgh ,) nkhj;j Mw;wypy; VNjDk; khWghL cs;sjh? KbtpypUe;J ePtPh;

mwptd ahJ? nkhj;j Mw;wypy; vt;tpj khWghLk; ,y;iy ,jpypUe;J xU

tif Mw;wy; kw;nwhU tif Mw;wyhf khw;wk; ngWk; mikg;gpd; nkhj;j Mw;wy; xU khwpypahFk;.

2. epiyahw;wy; tiuaWf;f. ,jw;fhd rkd;ghl;il jUtpf;f. nghUs; xd;W mjd; epiy my;yJ jphpigg; nghWj;J> ngw;Ws;s Mw;wy; epiyahw;wy; vdg;gLk;. nghUspd; epiw m vdTk;> mJ jiukl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J h cauj;jpw;F cah;j;Jk; NghJ tpir Njitg;gLfpwJ. nghUspd; kPjhd fPo;Nehf;fpa Gtp<h;;g;G tpir = mg. vdNt> nghUis Nky;Nehf;fp h cauj;jpw;F cah;j;jr; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy W = F x S = mg x h = mgh

3. fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy; Vw;gLk; Mw;wy; khw;wj;ij vOJf. m) kpd; Nkhl;lhu; kpd; Mw;wy; ve;jpu Mw;wyhf khWfpwJ. M) xsp kpd;fyk; xsp Mw;wy; kpd;

Mw;wyhf khWfpwJ. ,) kpd; #Nlw;wp kpd; Mw;wy; ntg;g Mw;wyhf khWfpwJ. <) jhtuq;fspd; xspr;Nru;f;if xsp Mw;wy; NtjpMw;wyhf khWfpwJ. c) kpd;tpsf;F kpd; Mw;wy; xsp Mw;wyhf khWfpwJ.

4. ngUk Ntiyiar; nra;jth; ahu;? m) NtZ 1000kP njhiytpYs;s filf;Fr; nrd;W 4.448 N vilAs;s kpl;lhia thq;fpf;

nfhz;L 500kP njhiytpYs;s ez;gdpd; ,y;yj;jpw;F vLj;Jr;nry;fpwhd;. M) fyh 22N vilAs;s G+idia 0.5kP cauj;jpw;Fj; J}f;Ffpwhs;. ,) xt;nthd;Wk; 40 N vilAs;s 10 igfspy; cs;s kspifr;rhkhd;fis ,uhK

kfpOe;jpypUe;J 10kP njhiytpYs;s tPl;bw;F xt;nthd;iwAk; 1kP cau;j;jpagb vLj;Jr;nry;fpwhH.

m) NtZ nra;j Ntiy W = F x S = 4.448 x + 500 = 4.448 x 500 = 2224 J

M) fyh nra;j Ntiy W = F x S = 22 x 0.5 = 11 J

,) ,uhK nra;j Ntiy W = F x S = 40 x 10 x 10 = 4000 J

vdNt ngUk Ntiyia nra;jtu; ,uhK Mthu;.

5. 2 fp.fp epiwAs;s nghUis 2kP / tp vd;w Ntfj;jpYk; 4 fp.fp. epiwAs;s nghUis 3kP/tp vd;w Ntfj;jpYk; Xh; ve;jpuj;jpd; cjtpapdhy; cau;j;jg;gLfpwJ.

m) cau;j;jg;gLk; NghJ ve;jg; nghUs; mjpf ,af;f Mw;wiyg; ngWk;? M) 10kP cau;j;jpa epiyapy; ve;jg;nghUs; mjpf epiy Mw;wiyg; ngWk;? [g = 9.8 kP/tp2]

m) ,af;f Mw;wYf;fhd rkd;ghL = ½ mv2

vdNt 2 fp.fp nghUis 2 kP/tp Ntfj;jpy; cau;j;Jk; NghJ ngWk; Mw;wy; = ½ mv

2 = ½ x 2 x 2 = 2 J

4 fp.fp. nghUis 3 kP/tp Ntfj;jpy; cau;j;Jk;NghJ ngWk; ,af;f Mw;wy; = ½ mv

2 = ½ x 4 x 3 = 6 J

vdNt 4 fp.fp. epiwAs;s nghUs; mjpf ,af;f Mw;wiyg;ngWk;.



M) epiyahw;wYf;fhd rkd;ghL = mgh 10 kP cau;j;jpa epiyapy; Kjy; nghUs; ngWk; epiyahw;wy; = 2 x 9.8 x 10 = 196 J

,uz;lhk; nghUs; ngWk; epiyahw;wy; = 4 x 9.8 x 10 = 392 J vdNt 4 fp.fp. epiwAs;s nghUs; mjpf ,af;f Mw;wiyg; ngWk;.

6. kpj;uhTk; mf;\ahTk; Gj;jf mykhupapy; Gj;jfq;fis mLf;Ftjw;F mz;il tPl;lhUf;F cjtp nra;fpwhu;fs;. ,UtUk; jyh 300 N vilAs;s Gj;jff; fl;Lfis vLj;J 7kP cauj;jpy; cs;s mykhupapy; itf;fpwhh;fs;. kpj;uhtpw;F Md Neuk; 10 epkplq;fs;. Mdhy; mf;\ahtpw;F 20 epkplk; Njitg;gl;lJ vdpy; mjpfj; jpwd; ngw;wtu; ahu;?

kpj;uh nra;j Ntiy = W= F x S = 300 x 7 = 2100J

kpj;uh vLj;Jf;nfhz;l (t1) = 10 ep = 600 tpdhb mf;\ah nra;j Ntiy = W= FxS = 300 x 7 = 2100J mf;\ah vLj;Jf;nfhz;l (t2) = 20ep = 1200 tpdhb

kpj;uhtpd; jpwd; = 𝑾

𝒕𝟏 =

𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟔𝟎𝟎 = 3.5thl;

mf;\ah jpwd; = 𝑾

𝒕𝟐 =

𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 1.75 thl;

kpj;uh mjpfj;jpwd; ngw;wth;. 7. 200 thl; jpwd; ngw;w ve;jpuj;jpw;Fg; nghUs; xd;iw 15kP njhiyT efu;j;j 25 epkplk;

Njitg;gLfpwJ vdpy; tpirapd; msitAk; NtiyiaAk; fzf;fpLf. jpwd; (P) = 200 thl; njhiyT = (S) = 15kP fhyk; (t) = 25ep = 25x60 = 1500tp

P = 𝑾

𝑻 =

𝑭 𝐱 𝑺

𝑻

F x S = P x t

F = 𝑷 𝐱 𝒕

𝑺 =

𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟓 = 20000 N



7. ntg;gk;> thA tpjpfs; gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;:

1. cyfpy; Kjd;Kjypy; ntg;g fhw;W gY}d;fis fl;likj;J tpsf;fpath;fs; khd;l;Nfhy;gah; rNfhjuh;fs; Mthh;.

2. ,uhgh;l; rNfhjuh;fs; i`l;u[dhy; epug;gg;gl;l cyfpd; Kjy; gY}id gwf;ftpl;ldh;.

3. ePuhtpapd; rf;jpahy; ,aq;Fk; ,ae;jpuj;ij n`d;wp fPNghh;L tbtikj;jhh;.

4. mYkpdpak; kw;Wk; kuj;Jz;Lfshy; Md gY}d; Nghd;w mikg;G ,uhZtg; gad;ghl;bw;fhfTk; vjphpfis gaKWj;jTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

5. N[f;Fap]; rhh;y]; vd;gth; thAf;fspy; ntg;gepiy> gUkd; Fwpj;j khw;wq;fSf;fhd tpjpfis cUthf;fpdhh;.

6. ntg;gk; vd;gJ ntg;gepiy> NtWghL vd;w ,U mikg;G> #oYf;fpilNa eilngWk; Mw;wy; ghpkhw;wk; MFk;. ntg;g mstpw;fhd FwpaPL Q MFk;.

7. xNu ntg;gepiyapYs;s ,U nghUs;fis xd;Nwhnlhd;W Nrh;f;Fk; NghJ mtw;wpdpilNa vt;tpj ntg;g ghpkhw;wKk; eilngwhJ.

8. nghUspd; ntg;gepiy cah;T> nghUspd; epiw> jd;ikiar; rhh;e;jJ. mtw;wpd; nkhj;j tpisit tpsf;f ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd; vd;w mstpidg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

9. XuyF epiwAs;s nghUspd; ntg;gepiyia xU myF cah;j;j Njitahd ntg;g Mw;wypd; msT jd; ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd; vdg;gLk;. ,jd; FwpaPL C MFk;.

10. SI Kiwapy; jd; ntg;g Vw;Gj; jpwdpd; myF [Py; / fpNyhfpuhk; / nfy;tpd; J kg-1

k-1

11. nghUnshd;wpd; ntg;gepiyia xU nfy;tpd; cah;j;j Njitahd ntg;g Mw;wypd; msT mjd; ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd; vdg;gLk;.

12. nghUshdJ xUepiyapypUe;J kw;nwhU epiyf;F khWk; epfo;T epiy khw;wk; vdg;gLk;.

13. ePhpd; jd;ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd; 4180 J / kg / K MFk;. ,jdhy; ePiu Fsph;tpg;ghdhf gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. 14. ntg;g ePh;f;FLitfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ePh; clk;G typfSf;F rpfpr;ir nra;a gad;gLfpwJ.

15. ghjurj;jpd; jd;ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd; 140J / kg/ K MFk;.

16. cs;Siw ntg;gk; vd;gJ ntg;gj;ij fz;zhy; fhz Kbahj my;yJ kiwe;j epiy MFk;.

17. xU nghUs; cUFtjw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; cs;Siw ntg;gk; cUFjypd; cs;Siw ntg;gk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; myF J / kg MFk;.

18. khwhntg;gepiyapy; 1kg nghUis Mtpahf;fj; Njitg;gLk; ntg;g Mw;wypd; msT mjd; Mtpahjypd; cs;Siw ntg;gk; vdg;gLk;.

19. ghapy; tpjpapd; gb> ntg;gepiy khwhky; cs;sNghJ> Fwpg;gpl;l epiwAs;s thAtpd; mOj;jk;> mjd; fd mstpw;F vjph; jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

20. ghjur mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp tspkz;ly mOj;jj;ij mstplyhk;.

21. ,uhgh;l; ghapy; vd;gthpd; fUj;jpd; gb gUg;nghUs; Jfs;fSf;Fj; jdpkk; vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngah; jug;gl;lJ.

22. mOj;jk; khwhky; cs;sNghJ Fwpg;gpl;l epiwAs;s thAtpd; fdmsT mjd; nfy;tpd; ntg;gepiyf;F Neh;j;jftpy; mikAk;. ,J rhh;y]; tpjp my;yJ fdmsT tpjp vdg;gLk;.

23. ey;ypay;G thAr; rkd;ghL PV/T MFk;.

24. nfy;tpd; fzf;fPl;bd; gb jdpr;Rop ntg;gepiy Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyapd; kjpg;G -2730C MFk;. 25. Fwpg;gpl;l epiwAs;s thAtpd; fdmsT khwhky; cs;sNghJ thAtpd; mOj;jk; mjd;

nfy;tpd; ntg;gepiyf;F Neh;j;jftpy; mikAk;. ,J mOj;jtpjp vdg;gLk;.

26. nfy;tpd; mstPl;by; ntg;gepiy -2730C Mf ,Ue;jhy; mij jdpr;Rop ntg;gepiy vd;fpNwhk;. 27. rhh;y]; vd;w mwptpay; mwpQh; rkntg;gepiy NtWghl;bw;F ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ midj;J

thAf;fSk; RUq;fp tphptilAk; vdf; fz;lwpe;jhh;.

28. ntg;gepiyia msg;gjw;fhd msitf; fz;lwpe;jth; nfy;tpd; vd;w ,aw;gpayhsh; Mthh;.

29. 2015-y; epA+l;hpNdhtpd; miytpaf;f Muha;r;rpf;fhf jfhfp f[pl;lh> Mh;j;J}h; gp. nkf;nlhdhy;L MfpNahUf;F Nehgy; ghpR toq;fg;gl;lJ.



gphpT – m

1. xU nghUspd; ntg;gj;jpd; msT (m) Fsph;r;rpapd; msT vd;gJ mg;nghUspd; ________ (ntg;gk;> ntg;gepiy) 2. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; jd; ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd; kjpg;G 4180 Jkg-1 k-1 nfhz;l jputj;jpidj; Njh;e;njLf;f (ghjurk;> kz;nzz;nza;> ePu;> Njq;fha; vz;nza;) 3. ntg;gk; gw;wpa tiuaiwapypUe;J ngwg;gLk; ,uz;L fUj;Jfs.;; m) ntg;gk; xUtif Mw;wy; mJ xU nghUspypUe;J kw;nwhU nghUSf;F khw;wg;gLtjd; fhuzk;____ (cau NtWghL> ntg;gepiy NtWghL> epiw NtWghL> jpirNtf NtWghL) M) ntg;g Mw;wyhdJ __ MFk;. (flj;Jk; jd;ik> epiyj;jd;ik> nghUs; ,Uf;Fk; jd;ik) 4. khw;wg;gLk; ntg;g msthdJ ____ , ___ kw;Wk;____ ,d; ngUf;fy; gyDf;Fr;rkk;.

epiw> jd;ntg;gVw;Gj;jpwd;> ntg;gepiy khw;wk; 5. ntg;gk; vd;gJ_______(guTk; Mw;wy;> guth Mw;wy;) 6. jdpr; Rop ntg;g epiy mstPL vd;gJ _________ (nry;rpa]; mstPL> nfy;tpd; mstPL) 7. jd; ntg;g Vw;Gj; jpwdpd; SI myF _________ (Jkg

-1 k

-1, Jk-1) 8. nfy;tpd; ntg;gepiy mstPl;bd; jdpr;Rop ntg;g epiy vd;gJ _________ (0K, 0oc) 9. nghUspd; ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd; vd;gJ _____ (m x c x t, m x c)

10.100fp ePupd; ntg;gepiyia 10oc ypUe;J 25oc tiu cau;j;j Njitg;gLk; ntg;gj;jpd; msT ahJ? (ePupd; jd;ntg;gVw;Gj;jpwd; = 4180 J/kg/k)

m = 100fp = 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 fp.fp = 0.1 fp.fp

t = 250 – 10

0 = 308K – 283K = 15K

C = 4180 J/Kg/ K

Q = mc t = 0.1 x 4180 x 15 Q = 6270J

11. Xu; mwptpay; mwpQu; 0.1 Kg epiwAs;s fz;zhbapd; ntg;g epiyia -45oc apypUe;J 15oc tiu cau;j;j Njitg;gLk; ntg;g Mw;wypd; msT ahJ? (fz;zhbapd; jd;ntg;gVw;Gj;jpwd; 8J/Kg/oC)

m = 0.1Kg

t = 15 – [ - 45] = 15 + 45 = 60K

C = 85/ Kg/ K

Q = mc t = 0.1 x 8x 60 Q = 48J

12. 3 fp.fp epiwTs;s gdpf;fl;bia cUf;fj; Njitg;gLk; ntg;g msT ahJ? (ePupd; jd;ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd; 4180 J/Kg/K)

m = 3fp.fp gdpf;fl;bapd; cUFjypd; cs;Siw ntg;gk; = 334x103J/nfy;tpd; Q = mL = 3x 334 x 10

3J

Q = 1002 x 103J

13. gdpf;fl;b xd;wpd; epiw 20 fp.fp mjd; ntg;gepiy -4oC vd;f. mjid 20oC y; ePuhf khw;wj;Njitg;gLk; ntg;g msitf; fzf;fpLf. gpd;tUk; kjpg;Gfspy; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; Nju;e;njLj;J fzf;fpLf. m) gdpf;fl;bapd; cUFjypd; cs;Siw ntg;gk; 3.34x105 J/Kg

m = 20Kg

4oC ypUe;J 20

oCf;F ntg;gepiyia cah;j;j Njitg;gLk; ntg;g Mw;wy;

Q = mcΔt m = 20 Kg

C = 2093 J / Kg/ K

Δ t = -[-4] = 40

Q = 20x2093 x4

= 80 x 2093

Q = 167440J

M) ePupd; jd;ntg;gVw;Gj;jpwd; 4180 J/Kg/K 0

oC KOtJkhf ePuhf cUFtjw;F Njitg;gLk; ntg;g Mw;wy;

Q2 = mL



= 20 x 226 x 104

= 4520 x 104J

Q2 = 42200000J

,) gdpf;fl;bapd; jd;ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd; 2093 J/Kg/K 0o

C ypUe;J 20oCf;F ntg;gepiyia cah;j;j Njitg;gLk; ntg;g Mw;wy;

Q = mc Δ t

C = 4180J/Kg /K

C = 4180J / Kg /K

Δt = 20-0 =20K

Q3 = 20 x 4180 x 20

= 40 x 4180

Q3 = 167200

nkhj;j ntg;g Mw;wy; = Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3

=167440 + 42200000 + 167200 = 42534640 J

gpupT – M 1. nghUj;Jf : m)

epiykhw;wk; rhd;W tpilfs;

1) Mtpahjy; m) fw;g+uk; vupjy; m) ePuhtp

2) Fspu;jy; M) ePu; gdpf;fl;bahf khWjy; M) kio

3) ciwjy; ,) ePuhtp ,) ePu; gdpf;fl;bahf khWjy;

4) gjq;fkhjy; <) kio <) fw;g+uk; vupjy;

M) 1) ghapy; tpjp m) P/T = khwpyp m) PV = khwpyp

2) rhu;y]; tpjp M) PV = khwpyp M) V/T = khwpyp

3) mOj;j tpjp ,) V/T = khwpyp ,) P/T = khwpyp

2. ePupd; nfhjpepiy 100oK ,f;$w;wpy; cs;s jtiwf; fz;Lgpbj;J nfy;tpd;msT Kiwapy; vOJf. ePupd; nfhjpepiy 100

oC, ,jd; nfy;tpd; msT K = 273 + 100 = 373 K

3. kw;w cNyhfq;fistpl jhkpu mbg;gFjp nfhz;l ghj;jpuq;fis jw;fhyj;jpy; rikaYf;fhf gad;gLj;JtJ Vd;?

,jd; jd;ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd; FiwT.

4. Mtp Fspu;e;J jputkhf khWk; nghOJ ntg;gk; ntspg;gLtJ Vd;? Mtpapd; ntg;gj;ij Fiwg;gjd; %yk; MtpFsph;e;J jputkhf khWfpwJ. Fsph;jypy; Mtpapd;

cs;Siw ntg;gk; ntspNaWfpwJ. vdNt MtpFsph;e;J jputkhf khWk; NghJ ntg;gk; ntspg;gLfpwJ.

5. Mtpahjy; Fspu;jYld; njhlu;G nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff. Mtpahjypd; kPs;tpidNa Fsph;jy; MFk;;;. jputk; Mtp ntg;gk; cl;nfhs;sg;gLk; jputk; Mtp ntg;gk; ntspaplg;gLk;.

6. thAtpjpfspd; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUtdtw;iw tpsf;Ff. m) gaz Kbtpd; NghJ kfpOe;J laupy; fhw;wOj;jk; cau;e;Js;sJ Vd;? rhiyapd; ntg;gepiyapd; fhuzkhf gUkd; khwhjNghJ thAtpd; mOj;jk; ntg;gepiyf;Nfw;g mjpfhpf;Fk;. M) ntg;gkhd ez;;gfypy; fhw;W epug;gg;gl;l fhy; ge;J tpiug;ghfTk; khiy Ntisfspy; kpUJthfTk; cs;sJ.

ntg;gj;jhy; fhw;W tpuptilAk;. ez;gfypy; ntg;gk; mjpfkhjyhy; mjd; mOj;jKk; mjpfk; vdNt ge;J tpiug;ghf cs;sJ. khiyapy; ntg;gk; Fiwtjhy; mOj;jKk; FiwthfptpLtjhy; kpUJthfptpLfpwJ.



,) i`l;u[d; thA epug;gg;gl;l gY}d; xd;W tspkz;lyj;jpy; Nky;Nehf;fpr; nry;fpwJ. Mdhy; 1 fp.kP cauj;jpw;F nrd;w gpwF ntbf;fpwJ. Vd;?

tspkz;lyj;jpy; NkNy nry;yr;nry;y fhw;wpd; mlu;j;jp Fiwe;Jnfhz;Nl nry;Yk;. mlu;j;jp Fiwtjhy; gY}Df;Fs; cs;s mOj;jk; kpFe;j fhw;iw ntspapy; cs;s mOj;jk; Fiwe;j fhw;iw rkd;nra;a KaYk;. ,jdhy; gY}d; ngupjhfpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. gY}d; 1 fpkP cauk; nrd;wTld; Nkw;nfhz;L ngupjhf Kbahjjhy; ntbj;JtpLfpwJ.

7. ghapy; tpjpia $Wf. ntg;gepiy khwhky; cs;sNghJ> Fwpg;gpl;l epiwAs;s thAtpd; mOj;jk;> mjd; fdmstpw;F vjph; jftpy; mikAk;.

8. ePhpd; cah; jd;ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwdpd; gad;ghLfisf; Fwpg;gpLf. i) thfdq;fspd; Fsph;tpg;gdhf gad;gLfpwJ. ii) ntg;gePh;f;FLitapy; clk;G typf;F rpfpr;iraspf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

9. epiy khw;wk; vd;why; vd;d? khwh ntg;gepiyapy; nghUs;fs; xU epiyapypUe;J kw;nwhU epiyf;F khWk; epfo;T epiy khw;wk; vdg;gLk;.

10. jd; ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwid tiuaWf;f. xU fpNyhfpuhk; epiwAs;s nghUnshd;wpd; ntg;gepiyia xU nfy;tpd; cah;j;jj; Njitahd

ntg;g Mw;wypd; msT mjd; jd; ntg;g Vw;Gj; jpwd; vdg;gLk;. jd; ntg;g Vw;Gj; jpwdpd; myF [_y;/fpNyhfpuhk;/nfy;tpd; J Kg

-1 K

-1

11. fhd;fphPl; jpz;kk; xd;W 52>800 J ntg;g Mw;wiy Vw;W 50oC ntg;gepiy cah;it ngWk; vdpy; mjd; epiwiaf; fzf;fpLf. (fhd;fphPl;bd; jd;ntg;g Vw;Gjpwd; 880 J/ Kg/oC)

Q = 52,800J

Δt = 50o

c = 880J/Kg/K

Q = mc Δ t

m = 𝐐

𝐜𝚫𝐭=

𝟓𝟐,𝟖𝟎𝟎

𝟖𝟖𝟎 𝐱 𝟓𝟎=

𝟔

𝟓 = 1.2 Kg

12. kUj;Jt ntg;gepiykhdpapy; mike;Js;s FWfpa tistpd; gad; vd;d? clypd; ntg;gepiyia msf;Fk; NghJ> ntg;gepiyia ntspNa vLj;jgpd; ghjurk; jpUk;g

FkpOf;Fs; nry;tij jil nra;a FkpOf;F mUfpy; xU FWfpa tisT cs;sJ. vdNt clypypUe;J ntg;gepiykhdpia ntspNa vLj;j gpwFk; ntg;gepiyiaj; Jy;ypakhf mstplyhk;.

13. fe;jfj;jpd; ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd; 4.84 J/Kg kw;Wk; ntg;g msT 0.706J vdpy; mjd; epiwiaf; fzf;fpLf. ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd; = 4.84 J/Kg

Q = 0.706J

epiw = Q

ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd; =

0.706

4.84Kg

epiw = 𝟕𝟎𝟔

𝟒𝟖𝟒𝟎 = 0.146 fp.fp

14. uNk\; vd;gth; 18oC ntg;gepiyapy; 2 ypl;lh; gUkd; nfhz;l gY}Dld; gRgpf; ngUq;flypy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpag; ngUq;fliy Nehf;fpg; gazpf;fpd;whh;. ,e;jpag;ngUq;fliy mile;jJk; gY}dpd; ntg;gepiy 25oC vdpy; gY}dpd; gUkd; ahJ? rhh;y]; tpjpg;gb Vα T V = (khwpyp)T V1 = (khwpyp) T1 V2 = (khwpyp) T2

V1 = T1

V2 T2

V1 T2 = V2 T1

2 x 25 = V2x 18

V2 = 50/ 18 = 2.77 yp V2 = 2.77 yp



15. jputj;ij jdpr;Rop ntg;gepiyf;F (0K) Fsph;tpf;f ,ayhJ? Vd;? ve;j xU nghUisAk; jdpr;Rop ntg;gepiyf;Ff; Fspu;tpf;f ,ayhJ. Vnddpy; mjid Fspu;tpf;f

gad;gLj;Jk; thA jdpr;Rop ntg;gepiyia miltjw;F Kd;dNu jputkhfp gpd; jplg;nghUshfTk; khwptpLk;.

16. mLg;gpy; itj;Js;s mOj;j rikaw;fyDf;F mspf;fg;gLk; ntg;gj;ij epWj;jhky; tpl;Ltpl;lhy; Vw;gLk; epfo;it tpsf;Ff.

mOj;j rikaw;fydpy; ntg;gj;ij epWj;jhky; tpl;Ltpl;lhy; rhh;y]; mOj;j tpjpapd;gb> khwh fdmstpy; nghUspd; mOj;jk; ntg;gepiy cah;tpw;F Vw;wg;gb mjpfhpj;J ,Wjpapy; ntbj;JtpLk;.

17. fhw;Wf;Fkpo; xd;W ejpePhpy; fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fp tUk; NghJ mjd; gUkd; mjpfhpf;ff; fhuzk; vd;d?

ghapy; tpjpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. P α 𝟏

𝑽

Moj;jpy; mOj;jk; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy; mjd; gUkdsT Fiwe;J rpwpajhf cs;sJ. fPopUe;J NkNy nry;yr; nry;y mOj;jk; Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl nry;tjhy; gUkdsT mjpfhpf;fpwJ.

18. Fwpg;gpl;l gUkDs;s thA xd;wpd; ntg;gepiy kw;Wk; mOj;jk; KiwNa 600 K> 0.4 tspkz;ly mOj;jk; vdpy; 273 K ntg;gepiyapy; mjd; mOj;jk; ahJ? T1 = 600K , P1 = 0.4 tspkz;ly mOj;jk; T2 = 273K rhh;y]; tpjpg;gb P α T mjhtJ P/T = khwpyp

𝑃1

𝑇1 =

𝑃2

𝑇2

P1 T2 = P2 T1

0.4 x 273 = P2 x 600

P2 = 𝟎.𝟒 𝐱 𝟐𝟕𝟑

𝟔𝟎𝟎 = 0.182 tspkz;ly mOj;jk;

19. lah;fSf;F fhw;W epug;Gk; cgfuzg; ngl;bapy; cs;s cah; mOj;jf; fhw;W nfhs;fyd; xd;wpw;F> tspkz;ly mOj;jj;jpy; 10 ypl;lh; gUkDs;s fhw;iw 1 ypl;lh; gUkDf;F khw;Wk; NghJ fydpd; mOj;jj;ijf; fzf;fpLf. V1 = 10yp P1 = tspkz;ly mOj;jk; = 0.76 V2 = 1yp PV = khwpyp P1 V1 = P2 V2

(0.76) x 10 = P2 (1)

P2 = 7.6 tspkz;ly mOj;jk;

20. Mo;fly; Muha;r;rpahsh; Rthrpf;f vLj;Jr;nry;Yk; fydpy; 12.5 ypl;lh; gUkDk; 202 fpNyh gh];fy; mOj;jKk; cs;s Mf;]p[d; epuk;gpAs;sJ. epug;Gtjw;F Kd;G fyDf;Fj; Njitahd Mf;]p[d; tsp kz;ly mOj;jj;jpy; ngWk; gUkidf; fzf;fpLf.

tspkz;ly mOj;jk; P1 = 0.76 atm V1=? P2 = 202 fp gh];fy; V2 = 12.5 ypl;lh; P1 V1 = P2 V2

0.76 x V1 = 202 x 12.5

V1 = 𝟐𝟎𝟐 𝐱 𝟏𝟐.𝟓

𝟎.𝟕𝟔 = 3322.37 ypl;lu;

fyDf;Fj; Njitahd Mf;]p[d; tspkz;ly mOj;jj;jpy; ngWk; gUkd; 3322.37 ypl;lu;

gphpT - ,

1. njhlf;fj;jpy; thA xd;wpd; mOj;jk; 84 fpNyh gh];fy;> ntg;gepiy 35oC NkYk; 23oC $Ljyhf ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ thAtpd; mOj;jk; vt;tsT? (nfhs;fydpd; gUkd; khwpyp vdf; nfhs;f.) P1 = 84 fpNyh gh];fy; T1 = 273 + 35 = 308 K T2 = 308 + 23 = 331 K P2 = ?



𝑃1

𝑃2 =

𝑇1

𝑇2

P2 = 𝑇2 𝑃1

𝑇1 =

331 x 84

308 = 90.27 fpNyh gh];fy;

MfNt 230C $Ljyhf ntg;gg;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ Vw;gLk; mOj;jk; 90.27 fpNyh gh];fy;

2. fhw;W epug;gg;gl;l gY}dpy; cs;s mOj;jk; 1.25 (atm) (tspkz;ly mOj;jk;) gUkd; 2.50 yp vdpy; flYf;fbapy; khwh ntg;gepiyapy;> 95 atm mOj;jk; cs;s ,lj;jpw;F gY}idf; nfhz;L

nry;Yk; nghOJ mjd; Gjpa gUkd; vd;d? P1 = 1.25 atm V1 = 2.50 ypl;lh; P2 = 95 atm V2 = ?

P1V1 = P2V2

V2 = 𝑃1𝑉1

𝑃2 =

1.25 x 2.50

95 = 0.033 ypl;lh;

vdNt 95 atm mOj;jk; cs;s ,lj;jpw;F gY}idf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; nghOJ mjd; Gjpa gUkd; = 0.033 ypl;lu;

3. ghapy; tpjpia rhpghh;g;gjw;fhd Nrhjidia tpthpf;f. ghapy; tpjp: ntg;gepiy khwhky; cs;sNghJ Fwpg;gpl;l epiwAs;s thAtpd; mOj;jk;. mjd; fd mstpw;F vjpu; jftpy; mikAk;.

P ∞ 1/V vspa U tbt Foha; cgfuzj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ghapy;

tpjpia rupghu;f;f KbAk;. U tbt Foha; fz;zhbahyhdJ. ,jd; xU Kid (,lJGwk;) %lg;gl;Ls;sJ. kWKid tspkz;lyf; fhw;Wld; njhlh;Gf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. %lg;gl;l Kidapy;> ghjurj;jpw;F Nky;Gwk; fhw;W my;yJ Nrhjidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLk; thAthdJ milgLk; tifapy; FohapDs; ghjurk; epug;g Ntz;Lk;. ghjur kl;lj;jpd; cauk; AB(kp.kP). tspkz;ly mOj;jk; PA vd;gJ milf;fg;gl;l thAtpd; mOj;jj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. nra;Kiw: ghjur mOj;jkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp tspkz;ly mOj;jk; PA (kp.kP. ghjur mstpy;) Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. „U‟ tbt Fohapy; cs;s ghjurj;jpd; cauk; „h‟ vdf;Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. gpwF PA + h kjpg;igf; fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. %ba Kidapy; milgl;l fhw;wpd; ePsk; L

mstplg;gLfpwJ. (PA + h) x L kjpg;G fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. L–d; kjpg;ig khw;wp kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; (PA +

h) x L kjpg;G fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. mJ xU khwpypahf tUtJ ghapy; tpjpia ep&gpf;fpwJ.

4. epiykhw;wj;jpid tpthpf;f. nghUl;fs; xU epiyapypUe;J kw;nwhU epiyf;F

khWk; epfo;T epiykhw;wk; MFk;. miwntg;gepiyapy; jplepiyapy; cs;s nghUl;fs;

ntg;gepiy mjpfg;gLj;Jk;NghJ cUfp jputepiyia milfpwJ. mit NkYk; ntg;gg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; thAepiyia milfpwJ. thAg;nghUl;fs; Fspu;tpf;fg;gl;lhy; jputkhf khw;wk; milfpwJ. jput epiyapy; cs;s nghUl;fisf; NkYk; Fspu;tpf;Fk;NghJ ciwe;J jplg;nghUshf khWfpwJ.

rpy jplg;nghUl;fis ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ gjq;fkhjy; Vw;gl;L jputepiyia milahky; Neubahf thAepiyia milfpd;wd. mj;jifa nghUl;fis Fspu;tpf;Fk;NghJ gbfkhjy; Vw;gl;L kPz;Lk; jplg;nghUshf khWfpwJ.

5. jP tpgj;jpdhy; fl;llk; xd;wpy; cs;s miwapd; ntg;gepiy cah;e;J nfhz;Nl nry;fpwJ. mjpy; cs;s miw ntg;gepiyapy; 18.4 ypl;lh; nfhs;ssT cs;s vhpthAf;fyd; ve;j ntg;gepiyapy; ntbf;Fk; (fydpd; ngUkkjpg;G 36.8 ypl;lh; vdf;nfhs;f.)

jPtpgj;Jf;F Kd;G miw ntg;gepiy 300C vd;f T1 = 300C = 303 K

vupthAf;fydpd; nfhs;ssT 18.4 ypl;lu;. V1 = 18.4 ypl;lu;



fydpd; ngUk kjpg;G 36.8 ypl;lu; V2 = 36.8 ypl;lu; ntbf;Fk; ntg;gepiy T2 = ?

𝑉1

𝑉2 =

𝑇1

𝑇2

T2 = 𝑇1𝑉2

𝑉1 =

303 x 36.8

18.4 = 606 K

606 K ntg;gepiyia tpl mjpfkhFk;NghJ vupthAf;fyd; ntbf;Fk;.

6. fhw;whdJ> fhw;W epug;Gk; fUtpapy; 130 cc gUkdpy; 1 tspkz;ly mOj;jj;jpy; cs;sJ. fhw;wpd; gUkdsit 40 cc Mff; Fiwf;fg;gLk; NghJ mjd; mOj;jj;jpid tspkz;ly mOj;jj;jpy; fzf;fpLf. V1 = 130 cc V2 = 40 cc P1 = 1 atm P2 = ?

P1V1 = P2V2

P2 = 𝑃1𝑉1

𝑉2 =

1 x 130

40 = 3.25 atm

fhw;wpd; gUkdsT 40 cc Mf Fiwf;Fk;NghJ mjd; mOj;jk; 3.25 atm MFk;

7. rhh;y]; tpjpia gad;gLj;jp fPo;fz;l ml;ltizia epug;Gf. V1 T1 V2 T2

A 840 K 1070kp.yp 147 K

B 3250 kp.yp 475oC 50oC

C 10 ypl;lh; 15 ypl;lh; 50oC rhu;y]; tpjpg;gb mOj;jk; khwhj NghJ Fwpg;gpl;l epiwAs;s thAtpd; fdmsT mjd;

nfy;tpd; ntg;gepiyf;F Neu;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;. V ∞ T V/T = khwpyp

vdNt 𝑉1

𝑇1 =

𝑉2

𝑇2

thA A-y; V1 = 𝑇1𝑉2

𝑇2 =

840 x 1070

147 = 6114.28 ypl;lh;

thA B-y; V2 = 𝑇2𝑉1

𝑇1 =

323 x 3250

748 = 1403.41 ypl;lh;

thA C-y; T1 = 𝑉1𝑇2

𝑉2 =

10 x 323

15 = 215.33 K = -57.67oC

8. nkOfpd; cUFepiyiaf; fz;lwpAk; Nrhjidia tpthpf;fTk;.

rpwpjsT nkOfpid vLj;Jf; nfhz;L mjid ntg;gg;gLj;jTk;. ntg;gepiy cau;tij ftdpf;fTk;. xt;nthU 15 tpdhbf;Fk; ntg;gepiy cau;it fzf;fplTk;. tiuglj;jhspy; X-mr;rpy; fhyj;ijAk; Y-mr;rpy; ntg;gepiyiaAk; Fwpf;fTk;.

Neuk; mjpfupf;f mjpfupf;f nkOfpd; ntg;gepiy msTk; rpwpJ rpwpjhf mjpfupj;J cUFepiyia milfpwJ. nkOF cUfj;njhlq;fpagpd; ntg;gk; njhlu;e;J nfhLf;fg;gl;lhYk; ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;gJ epd;WtpLk;. KOtJk; cUfp KbAk; tiu mNj ntg;gepiyapy; njhlu;e;J ,Uf;Fk;. nkOF KOtJk; cUfpa gpwF kPz;Lk; ntg;gepiy cauj;njhlq;FfpwJ. tiuglj;jpy; cs;s fpilkl;lf;NfhL cUFepiyiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

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