Biodiversity

By Hasimah Azit

KINGDOMS

CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISM

Monera

Protista Fungi

Animalia

Plantae

Monera

Prokaryotic organismNo nuclear membraneE.g. blue green algae and bacteria

Protista

Unicellular organism and a few multicellular.Eukaryotes Include algae protozoa and slime moldsHeterotrophic or autotrophicE.g. Amoeba sp, Paramecium sp,

Trypanasoma sp, Spyrogyra

Diatoms

Fungi

Multicellular and unicellularEukaryoteCell wall contain chitinMain body consist of thread like myceliumSaprophyticE.g. Mucor sp, mushrooms, yeast.

Plantae

ImmobileMulticellularEukaryoteProduce food by photosynthesisCellulose cell wallE.g. moss, fern, conifer and flowering plant

• Eukaryote Multicellular Heterotrophic Terrestrial And Aquatic Sexual ( A Few Asexual) Motile ( A Few Are Nonmotile) Things Like: Sponges, Jellyfish, Mollusks, Round Worms, Flat

Worms, Segmented Worms, Arthropods, Starfish, Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

Animalia

Classification

Classification: The process of putting similar things into groups.

Taxonomy: Is the science of classifying organisms.

4000 B.C. ARISTOTLE (GREEK PHILOSOPHER)Created first written classification scheme

>> TWO groups - plants & animals Animal group - anything that lived on land, in the water or in the air.Plant group - based this on their different stems

History of Classification

1500's - 1700's Many different classification systems created :

• Many of them really complicated

• Names based on common names - This created confusion

• Names also based on long scientific definitions

1700's - Carols Linnaeus Swedish Biologist

• Binomial nomenclature - 2 name naming system - still in use today.

• Created a system of groups called taxa or taxon

• Each taxon is a category into which related organisms are placed

• Approximantly 2.5 million kinds of organisms identified

• KINGDOM• PHYLUM• CLASS• ORDER• FAMILY• GENUS SPECIES

Modern Day Levels of Classification

THE EVIDENCE USED TO CLASSIFY INTO TAXONOMY GROUPS:  

1) EMBRYOLOGY   2) CHROMOSOMES / DNA   3) BIOCHEMISTRY   4) PHYSIOLOGY   5) EVOLUTION   6) BEHAVIOR

Modern Taxonomy

System of scientific naming

TWO NAMES FOR EVERY ORGANISM: (Binomial nomenclature) GENUS SPECIES The system follows certain rules:

The scientific name must be in Greek or Latin language. This helps to accurate communicate information to other biologist around the world who

use many different languages.

The first part of the name is called the genus and the second part of the name is called the species.

The genus name refers to the relatively small group of organisms to which a particular type of organism belongs.

The second part of the name is the species. The species name is usually a Latin description of some important

characteristic of the organism.

• The Genus (or surname) as a general rule starts with a capital letter while the Specific name (or personal name) is written completely in lower case.

At times the Genus will be abbreviated to the first letter (the capital letter) followed by the Specific name in full, however this is only after the entire name has been written out in full once.

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Carnivora

Family: Felidae

Genus: Felis

Species: F. catus

Other member(Panthera tigris) (Panthera tigris)

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Carnivora

Family: Felidae

Genus: Panthera

Species: P. tigris

Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots

(unranked): Rosids

Order: Malvales

Family: Durionaceae

Genus: Durio zibethinus

Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots

(unranked): Rosids

Order: Malvales

Family: Malvaceae

Genus: Hibiscus

Species: H. rosa-sinensis

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Class: Mammalia

Subclass: Theria

Order: Primates

Superfamily: Hominoidea

Family: Hominidae

Subfamily: Homininae

Tribe: Hominini

Subtribe: Hominina

Genus: Homo

Species: H. sapiens

Subspecies: H. s. sapiens

A microorganism or microbe is an organism that is so small that it is microscopic (invisible to the naked eye).

microorganism

DISCUSS THE ROLE OF  GATHER INFORMATIONS ON PATOGEN,VECTORS, SYMPTOMS AND METHODS

IN TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES 

CONDUCT A FORUM TO DISCUSS THEIMPORTANCE OF PRESERVATIONS AND

CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY

useful microorganisms

Anton van Leeuwenhoek's

discover microorganisms in 1675, using a microscope of his own design.

microbes

Microorganisms are very diverse. They include

bacteria, fungi, protists; microscopic plants (called green algae); Microscopic animals such as plankton, the planarian viruses,

HIV

Useful microorganism

Food production Food production

cheese industry in bread making,alcoholic drinks. Vitamins,

Medical Medical

genetically-modified bacteria are engineered to carry the gene for insulin, steroid cortisone, which is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis

the antibiotics

Industrial Industrial Symbiotic microbesSymbiotic microbes

The latest food fads have introduced a whole variety of algae and fungi as food.

Microbial enzymes are added to detergents to enhance their power as stain-removers and colour restorers.

Microbes in our intestines help produce certain essential vitamins

Rhizobium living in the nodules of leguminous plants convert nitrogen from the air

Useful microbes

Environment Environment Water Water

composting, microbes to degrade organic matter into fertile plant stuff, breaking down the organic substances into simple ones,

they break down the oil from oil spills

turning crud into water that is pure enough to be released into rivers or channeled into tanks for chlorination before it once again becomes drinking water

Useful microbes

Harmful microbes

Cause health problems such as strep throat, chickenpox and the common cold

Destroy foodDestroyed crops

Infectious diseases: How they spread?

Direct contact:

An easy way to catch most infectious diseases is by coming in contact with someone who has one.

1. Person to person - direct transfer of bacteria, viruses or other germs from one person to another.

- touches, -coughs on or- kisses someone who isn't infected.- the exchange of body fluids from sexual contact or - a blood transfusion.

Infectious diseases: How they spread?

2. Animal to personpets can carry many germsHandling animal waste can be

hazardous, 3. Mother to unborn child

A pregnant woman may pass germs that cause infectious diseases to her unborn baby.

Indirect contact

Droplet transmission – cough / sneezeInsect vector – dengue fever/ malariaContamination of water – typhoid/

cholera