dynamics of care in society 1. differentiate between culture, ethnicity, and race identify some of...
TRANSCRIPT
DIVERSITYIN
HEALTH CARE
Dynamics of Care in Society
1
OBJECTIVES
Differentiate between culture, ethnicity, and race Identify some of the major ethnic groups in the US Provide an example of acculturation in the US Create an example of how bias, prejudice, or stereotype
can cause barriers to effective relationships Describe ways to avoid bias Differentiate between a nuclear and extended family Identify ways in which language, personal, space,
touching, eye contact, and gestures are affected by cultural diversity
Compare and contrast the diverse health beliefs of different ethnic/cultural groups
Give examples of how health care providers can show respect for an individual’s beliefs & for cultural diversity
CULTURE The values, beliefs,
attitudes, languages,
symbols, rituals
behaviors, and
customs unique to a
particular group of
people that is passed
from on generation
to another
Includes: Family relations Child rearing Education Occupational
choice Social interaction Spirituality Religious beliefs Food preferences Health beliefs Health care
CULTURE
Culture is learned. Culture is shared. Culture is social in nature. Culture is dynamic and constantly
changing.
ETHNICITY A classification
of people based on national origin and/or culture.
Members share a common heritage, geographic location, social customs, language, and beliefs.
Common Ethnic Groups African American Asian American European American Hispanic American Middle Eastern / Arabic
American Native American
RACE
Classification of people based on physical or biological characteristics including: Color of skin, hair, and eyes Facial features Blood type Bone structure
Cuts across multiple ethnic/cultural groups
GENDER
Gender: refers to the cultural and social differences that distinguish men from women
Sex: refers to the biological differences that distinguish males from females
Gender equality: the conditions under which girls and boys, women and men, can reach their full potential without discrimination (through equal access to nutrition, health care, education, and opportunities to make decisions in their households and communities, it also includes legal equality)
CULTURAL DIVERSITY
Differences based on culture, ethnicity, and race that influence one’s behavior, self-perception, judgment of others, and interpersonal relationships
Includes: Family organization Language Personal space Touching Eye contact Gestures Health care beliefs Spirituality Religion
CULTURAL ASSIMILATION Absorption of a culturally distinct
group into a dominant or prevailing culture
Requires that a cultural group alter their unique beliefs and behaviors and adopt the ways of the dominant culture
However, in the US, we are striving for a society where cultural differences are appreciated and respected.
ACCULTURATION
The process of learning the beliefs and behaviors of a dominant culture and assuming some of the characteristics.
Occurs slowly over a long period of time.
Example: Recent immigrants are more likely to use
the language and follow the behavior patterns of their origin country than their children or grandchildren
ex: become more “Americanized”
SENSITIVITY
The ability to recognize and appreciate the personal characteristics of others.
It is essential for health care professionals to understand and respect these differences to provide care that meet the needs of all individuals.
BIAS
A preference that inhibits impartial judgment of others
Common biases: Age Education Physical size Occupation Sexual preference Gender
PREJUDICE
A strong feeling or belief about a person or subject that is formed without reviewing facts or information
Causes fear and distrust of others Interferes with interpersonal
relationships Health care workers must be aware of
our prejudices and to make every effort to obtain as much information about a situation as possible
STEREOTYPING Process of assuming that everyone in
a particular group is the same It ignores individual characteristics
and “labels” the individual May occur with regard to:
Race Gender Body size Occupation Ethnicity
Do Now online: At Face Value: Issues with Stereotypes
Stereotyping vs. Generalization
• A stereotype is an ending point.
• No attempt is made to learn whether the individual in question fits the statement.
• Stereotyping can have negative results.
• We often stereotype people simple on the basis of appearance.
Stereotyping vs. Generalization
• A generalization is a beginning point.
• It indicates common trends, but further information is needed to ascertain whether the statement is appropriate to a particular individual.
• It is important to remember that there are always differences between individuals.
OVERCOMING BIAS, PREJUDICE, AND STEREOTYPING
Be conscious of your own personal and professional values and beliefs
Learn as much as you can about different ethnic/cultural groups
Be sensitive to behaviors and practices that are different from your won
Remember that you do not have to adopt others’ beliefs, but you must respect them
OVERCOMING BIAS, PREJUDICE, AND STEREOTYPING
Develop friendships with a wide variety of people
Ask and encourage questions from others to share ideas and beliefs
Evaluate all information before forming an opinion
Be open to all differences Avoid offensive language and jokes Understand that mistakes happen.
Apologize and forgive.
LANGUAGE
Health care provides must determine a patient’s ability to communicate and intervene to help those who do not understand English by use of: Translators Family members Gestures or pictures Cue cards
(read handout)
PERSONAL SPACE
The distance people require to feel comfortable when interacting with others
Varies greatly among ethnic/cultural groups
Health care providers must be alert to a patient’s verbal and nonverbal cues to determine personal space
EYE CONTACT
Eye contact is affected by cultural beliefs
Lack of eye contact is usually interpreted as “not listening” but in some cultures is a sign of respect
Health care workers must be alert to an individuals comfort level when using direct eye contact and adjust accordingly
GESTURES
Are used to communicate (remember non verbal communication)
Can vary among ethnic/cultural groups
Health care providers must be aware of how a patient responds to gestures and avoid any that seem to be offensive
HEALTH CARE BELIEFS
Vary widely throughout all groups Can affect an individuals response
to health care Most cultures have common
conceptions regarding: The cause of illness Ways to maintain health Appropriate response to pain Effective methods of treatment
HEALTH CARE BELIEFS
Reactions to Pain & Other Health Issues Response to pain is culturally influenced Patient in pain may not show it Listen to patients who freely express
their discomfort Recognize influence of cultural &
individual beliefs about health Respect patient’s right to react to
health care issues any way he wants to Don’t stereotype a patient’s perceptions
or responses based on culture
RELIGION
An organized system of belief in a superhuman power or higher power
Are associated with a particular form or place of worship
May include beliefs about birth, life, illness, death, and dietary practices
Atheist – one who does not believe in any deity
Agnostic – one who believes that the existence of God cannot be proved or disproved
RESPECTING CULTURAL DIVERSITY
Each individual must be regarded as a unique individual
Ways to achieve this goal is to: Listen as patients express their beliefs Appreciate individual different
differences Learn more about cultural and ethnic
groups in your area Recognize signs of prejudice, bias, or
stereotyping
CULTURE & HC ACTIVITY
Mark’s Story Disabled (8 min) may have to use google chrome
A Day in the Sleep Clinic (use
handouts)
• Health, United States is an annual CDC report on trends in health statistics
• CDC data on Risk Factors & Health Indicators by Race/Ethnicity & Gender
CDC STATISTICS
dig·ni·ty1. bearing, conduct, or speech indicative of
self-respect or appreciation of the formality or gravity of an occasion or situation.
2. nobility or elevation of character; worthiness: dignity of sentiments.
com·pas·siona feeling of deep sympathy and sorrow for another who is stricken by misfortune, **accompanied by a strong desire to alleviate the suffering.
FOR TEACHING TOLERANCE ACTIVITY